Preface The biological science are at the cross road. Evolution, propagation and expression of the traits of the organism confine to DNA - the wonder molecule embodied in the cell. The secret of this protein polymer has been revealed in the early 20th century. Now a days maximum time, energy and fund is being invested in understanding the structure and function of DNA. Possibly the answers to most of our questions related to life  on this earth lies in the DNA. A lot of many methods to study the DNA from different facets have been invented. Our knowledge about this miraculous molecule is increasing every day. All engaged in the life science be the academicians or professionals wants to know the basics and advances taking place in understanding DNA.  The DNA is of concern for the pharma, food, fibre, plastics, energy, industry and even up to schooling guys. We decided to cater the need of the all of them in a single document. Thus, this collection has been composed to explain the history, chemistry, biochemistry and even research methods involved in understanding the DNA. A few protocols have also been described for the beginners working with DNA. The properties of the reagents used in working with DNA are described in the last chapter. It will be helpful in understanding the cause effect relations operating in the standard procedures involved in studying DNA. It will also help resolve the methodological artifacts encountered in the laboratory work related to DNA. The glossary of terms related to DNA  is the last portion of this text. It will be useful in understanding any further reading related to DNA . We hope that this little book will help in promoting the science of DNA.

1.1     Prokaryotic       1.2     Eukaryotic      1.3     Cell orgenellie

2.1     Regulation of the Cell Cycle       2.2     Mitosis      2.3     Meiosis

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the giant molecule that carries genetic information in living things, is made up of just a few chemical building blocks that bond together in very particular ways. A typical molecule of DNA consists of two strands that are linked together. A segment can be visualized as a ladder-like structure: The DNA as made of two strands, a left and a right, which are linked in the middle. In reality, since the ladder is twisted, there really is no “right” or “left,” but we use that terminology here since it applies to the model graphs. The square shapes and diamonds you see in the middles of the “rungs” are the links, which are meant to represent the different chemical bonds between the two strands of DNA.

4.1 DNA: The word means      4.2 Double Helical Structure: The Watson and Crick Model      4.3 Family of DNA       4.4 The Chromosomes

5.1 Replication     DNA Replication in Bacteria     DNA Replication in Eukaryotes      5.2 Transcription 5.3 Translation

6.1 Prokaryotic Gene Expression      6.2 The lac  Operon      6.3 The trp  Operon

7.1 Gel Electrophoresis      7.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)      7.3 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)      7.4 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)      7.5 Amplified Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)

8.1 Sub Cloning      8.2 Cloning into a Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC)      8.3 DNA Libraries

9.1 Methylases      9.2 Polymerases      9.3 Nucleases      9.4 Ligases      9.5 Phosphatase      9.6 Topoisomerase      9.7 Restriction enzymes

10.1 Plasmids      10.2 Retrovirus

11.1 Total DNA Extraction by cTAB Method      11.2 Extraction, Purification Estimation of DNA      11.3 Potassium Acetate Procedure      11.4 DNA  Estimation      11.5 Restriction Enzymes

Acetic acid                  Molecular weight    60.05             Melting point (ºC)    17             Boiling point (ºC)    118             Flash point (ºC)    40             Auto-ignition point (ºC)    426             Specific gravity at 20ºC    1.05             Molarity of the concentrated acid (M)    17.4         1 M solution    57.5 ml concentrated acid per litre

Glossary      Index      Colour Versions of Original Plates in Text