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The book is divided into four sections, minerals, crystals, rocks and ores. Section A incorporates nine s, begins with presenting salient features of the earth--its structure and composition. The second Minerals and Mineralogy briefly tells about their diversity and their categorisation and introduces the interesting way they are named. Crystal chemistry the third is the heart and soul of mineralogy and deals in somewhat details about the building blocks of minerals -atoms and ions and the way they form diverse types of minerals are. It tries to tell why every combination of chemical compounds cannot result into a naturally occurring mineral. The fourth and fifth s deal with Properties of Minerals, physical and optical. The s describe various physical properties that are helpful in the identification both in hand specimens and as thin section under the microscope. These two s are adequately aided with a number of illustrations, photographs and photomicrographs to bring home the point. five deals with classification of minerals and their occurrence and forms a prelude to the next two s on descriptive mineralogy. Important silicate and non silicate minerals are described in s eight and nine. A brief description of mineral uses is dealt with in both descriptive mineralogy as well Section D on mineral deposits, however, the last , Mineral uses presents an overall picture and will be interesting as well as educating to students and even general readeSection B is devoted to crystals and crystallography. one introduces the subject while two presents basic crystallographic elements. three deals with the main six crystals systems while also giving a preliminary idea about stereographic projection and x-ray crystallography. Section C covers petrology, beginning with introduction to science of petrology, rock nomenclature. two is devoted to the study of igneous rocks, including their forms, composition, textures, structures, classification and description. Sedimentary rocks is the theme of three while different aspects of metamorphic rocks including kinds and agents of metamorphism and classification and description of metamorphism. The last portion of this also considers metamorphism in the background of global tectonics. five, the rock cycle presents a concise summary of geological events that have shaped the planet earth. The last section D is what geology is all about for a man on the street and its significance in nation building--the Ore minerals. It begins with what ore is and its place in human affairs as a well as presenting the important terminology in economic geology. two deals with ore genesis and presents various hypogene and supergene process that carves out ore deposits from non economic materials. three, mineral deposits and global tectonics is becoming a very popular theme among the earth scientists. A brief introduction of the same will be certainly appreciated by the student community and prompt them for further study in this direction. A general survey of India's mineral resources is the theme of four. It covers almost all of the commonly used ores, metallic, non metallic or fuels. The last of section D and the boom, 'Indian mineral industry: some facts and figures' will present where our country stands in the realm of mineral resources. Latest available data of resources, production, export, import, organisations that matter and other useful facts and figures are presented.

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgement

Section A: Minerals

Chapter 1 The Earth

Salient Features; Crust Mantle and Core

Chapter 2 Minerals and Mineralogy

Minerals and Minerals; Different Categories of Minerals; Naming of Minerals

Chapter 3 Elements of Crystal Chemistry

The Solid State; Atoms, Ions, Ionic-size, Ionic-charge, Coordination Number; The Design in Metals; Bonding in Minerals; The Ionic Bond; The Covalent Bond; The Metallic Bond; van der Walls’ Bond; Summary; The Silicate Structures; Isomorphism; Atomic Substitution and Atomic Substitution;Polymorphism; Breaking apart a Crystal Lattice

Chapter 4 Physical Properties of Minerals

Characters depending on Light, Colour; Transparency; Lustre; Characters depending on State of Aggregation, Specific Gravity; Form; Habit; Cleavage; Parting; Fracture; Hardness; Tenacity; Pseudomorphism and Polymorphism; Characters depending on Senses, Feel, Odour, Taste; Characters depending upon-Heat, Magnetism, Electricity and Radioactivity; Properties under darkness; Macroscopic identification of Minerals: Few Examples; Self Assesment Questions

Chapter 5 Optical Properties of Minerals

Light; Refractive Index; The Petrological Microscope; Plane Polarised Light; Double Refraction; Uniaxial +ve and –ve Minerals, The Nicol Prism; Preparation of Thin Section; Microscopic Adjustments, Illumination, The Nicol Position; Vibration Direction of Polarisor; Centring the Objective; Mineral under the Microscope; Properties under Ordinary Light- Colour; Transparency, Relief; Cleavage; Inclusion; Alteration; Properies under P.P.L. Pleochroism; Pleochroic Haloes; Twinkling; Isotropic & Anisotropic Minerals Under Crossed Nicols; Isotropic Minerals; Anisotropic Minerals; Polarisation Colours; The reason behind Polarisation Colours; Phase Difference, Retardation and Birefringence; Phase Difference, Order of Colours & the Quartz Wedge; Determining the order of Polarisation Colours; Gypsum & Mica Plate; Polarisation Colours and the Extinction Position; Extinction and Extinction Angle; Types of Extinction; Other Properties-Twinning; Zoning; Elongation; Alteration; Mineral Under Microscope- Garnet; Olivine, Hornblend; Plagioclase; Studies under Convergent Light; The Optical Indicatrix; Interference Figures; Uniaxial Minerals, Biaxial Minerals; Preliminary ideas on Reflected Light Microscopy

Chapter 6 Minerals: Their Classification and Occurrence

Classification; The Occurrence of Minerals; Common Mineral of Igneous Rocks; Common Minerals of Sedimentary Rocks; Common Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks; Minerals of Pegmatites; Minerals and Ore Deposits

Chapter 7 The Silicate Minerals

Silicate & Non-Silicate Minerals; The Silicate Minerals; Olivine; Pyroxenes; Amphiboles; Pyroxenes and Amphiboles, Similarities & Differences; Micas; Felspars, Potash Felspars, Plagioclase Felspars; Felspathoids; Zeolites; Pegmatites and Accessory Minerals, Tourmaline, Topaz, Beryl, Sphene, Zirion; Common Metamorphic Minerals, Garnets; Alumino Silicates, Kyanite, Andalusite, Sillimanite, Staurolite; The Green Group; The White & Grey Minerals, Minerals; Pyroxenoids; Other common Metamorphic Minerals

Chapter 8 The Non-Silicate Minerals

Metals; Non Metals; Sulphides; Phosphates; Carbonates; Haloids; Oxides; Common Sedimentary Minerals, Carbonates; Sedimentary Oxides and Hydroxides; Sulphates; The Clay Minerals; Special Weathering product, Bauxite; Gem Stones

Chapter 9 Mineral Uses

Introduction, Two Mineral Innumerable Uses; Abrasives, Adsorbents, Building Stones and Road metal; Cement, Ceramics and Glass, Chemicals; Cosmetics, Decorative and Ornamental Stones, Drilling and Cutting, Dyeing and Pigments, Insulators; Electronics, Fertilisers, Insecticides and Pesticides, Fillers, Extenders and Dilutants; Flux, Food Industry, Foundry, Fuels; Gemstones and Jewellery; International Monetary Settlement, Medicinal, Metals and Alloys; Nuclear Applications; Optics, Paints, Primers, Lubricants and Plastics, Petroleum/Gas Refining, Pyro and Piezoelectrics; Refractory, Rubber and Leather, Scientific Equipments, Miscellaneous; Per Capita Consumption of Minerals

Section B: Crystals

Chapter 1 Introduction

Introduction; Minerals as Crystals; Brief Historical Background; Mineral Kingdom into Six Systems; Some fundamental Definitions

Chapter 2 Elements of Crystallography

Morphological Elements; Faces, Edges, and Soild Angle; Symmetry Elements; Plane of Symmetry; Axes of Symmetry; Centre of Symmetry; Axial Length and Axial Ratios; Indexing a Face; Parameters and Indices; Notation of Crystal Faces; Parameter System of Weiss; Miller’s Index System; Open and Closed Forms

Chapter 3 The Six Crystal Systems

Introduction; Cubic or Isometric System; Galena Type; Forms, a general statement; Etch Figures and Solution Pits; Galena Type Forms; Combinations in Galena Type; Common Galena Type Minerals; Pyrite Type, Forms; Pyritohedron and Diploid; Common Minerals; Tetrahedrite Type; Common Minerals; Hemihedrism; Tetragonal System; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Zircon Type Minerals; Orthorhombic System; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Baryte Type Minerals; Monoclinic System; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Minerals; Triclinic System; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Minerals; Hexagonal and Trigonal Systems; Hexagonal System; Beryl Type; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Minerals; Trigonal System; Calcite Type; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Minerals; Tourmaline Type; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Common Minerals; Quartz Type; Symmetry Elements; Forms; Symmetry Elements; Twinning, Twin Plane; Twin Axis; Composition Plane and the Twin Laws; Recognising Twins; Types of Twins; Twinning in Six Systems; Has Twinning some uses?

Chapter 4 Preliminary Ideas on Stereographic Projection and X-ray Crystallography

Introduction; Stereographic Projection; Stereographic Net; X-ray Crystallography

Section C Rocks

Chapter 1 Introduction

Petrology; Petrography and Petrogenesis; Rocks as storehouses of Minerals; The Three Groups of Rocks

Chapter 2 Igneous Rocks

Introduction; Intrusive Rocks; Forms of Intrusive Rocks; Batholith; Stock; Laccolith; Lopolith; Phacolith; Sill, Dykes; Veins and Reef; Extrusive Rocks; Plateau Basalts; Volcanic Mountains; Volcanic Craters; Calderas; Pyroclastics; Textures and Structures of Igneous Rocks; Textural Elements; Grain Size; Shape of the Mineral Grains; Texture Types; Granular; Porphyritic and Intergrowth; Miscellaneous Textures; Common Structures; Classification of Igneous Rocks; Introduction; Field Classification; Textural Classification; Colour Criteria; CIPW Classification; Mineralogical classification; IUGS Classification; Chemical Classification; Variation Diagrams; Description of Igneous Rocks; Ultrabasic Rocks; Perdotites; Dunite; Pyroxenites; Hornblendite; Volcanic Ultrabasites; Komatite; Kimberlites; Basic Rocks; Gabbro; Anorthosites; Basalt; Lunar Basalt; Dolerite; Intermediate Rocks; Diorites; Andesites; Intermediate Rocks with K- Felspar; Syenites; Trachytes; Acid Rocks; Granites; The Granite Family; Vein Rocks; Acid Volcanics; Alkaline Rocks; Some peculiar Igneous Rocks; Lampropyres; Carbonatites; Ophiolites

Chapter 3 Sedimentary Rocks

Introduction; Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks; Broad Categories of Sediments; Factors affecting Sedimentary Process; The sequence of breakdown; Primary and Secondary Minerals; Mineralogy of Sedimentary Rocks; Mineralogical Maturity; Depositional Environments; Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks; Textures of Sedimentary Rocks; Sedimentary Structures; Depositional Sedimentary Structures; Erosional Sedimentary Structures; Secondary Sedimentary Structures; Miscellaneous Sedimentary Structures; Biogenic Structures; Description of Sedimentary Rocks; Rudaceous Rocks; Conglomerates; Breccias; Agglomerate; Volcanic Ash; Arenaceous Rocks; Sandstone; Graywackes; Arkose, Grit; Orthoquartzite; Matrix and Cement; Argillaceous Rocks; Shale; Mudstone; Claystone; Orthochemical and Allochemical Rocks; Chemically Precipitated; Clastic/Detrital; Organic Limestones; Dolomites and Dolomitisation; Other Chemically Precipitated Rocks; Chert; Evaporites; Phosphates; Carbonaceous Rocks; Sedimentary Rocks and Natural Resources

Chapter 4 Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism and Metasomatism; Agents of Metamorphism; Types of Memorphism; Thermal Metamorphism; Dynamic Metamorphism; Regional Metamorphism; Polymetamnorphism; Retrograde Metamorphism; Autometamorphism; Shock Metamorphism; Ultramtamorphism; Metamorphic Minerals; Naming Metamorphic Rocks; Grade of Metamorphism; Metamorphic Zones and Index Minerals; Metamorphic Facies; The Original eight Facies of Eskola; Newly Introduced Facies; Textures and structures of Metamorphic Rocks; Textures; Igneous & Metamorphic; Important Texture types; Description of Metamorphic Rocks; Contact and Regional Metamorphic Rocks; Hornfels, Slates; Phyllites; Schists; Gneisses; Granulites; Eclogites; Quartzites; Marble; Amphibolites; Migmatites; Rocks formed by Dislocation Metamorphism: Crushed; Breccias; Cataclasstics; Mylonites; Phyllonites; Triangular Plots in Metamorphic Petrology; ACF Diagram; AKF Diagram; AFM Diagram; Metamorphism & Global Tectonics; Burial Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism in Orogenic Belts; Blue Schist Metamorphic Belts; Twinned Metamprphic Belts; Metamorphism Along Transform Faults

Chapter 5 The Rock Cycle

Introduction; Involvement of Energy in the Rock Cycle; The Rock Cycle and Mineral Deposits

Section D: Ores

Chapter 1 Ore Minerals

Introduction; Ores; Ore Minerals and Economic Deposits; Minerals in Human Affairs; Ore Minerals Against the Background of Average Crustal Composition; Important Terminology in Economic Geology

Chapter 2 Genesis of Ore Deposits

Introduction; Present Classification; Deposits formed Due to Internal Processes; Magmatic Concentration Deposits; Magmatic Deposits and Rock Associations; Contact Metasomatic Deposits; Some Important Contact Metasomatic Deposits of the World; Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Cavity Filling and Replacement; Resulting Deposits; Different Types of Cavity Filling; Cavity Filled Deposits; Metasomatic Replacement Deposits; Dissiminated Type; Replacement Lode Type; Criteria of Replacement; Significance of Hydrothermal Alterations; Sericitization; Dolomitization; Silicification; Argillic Alteration; Prophylitic Alteration; Summary; Stable Isotopic Studies; Ore Shoots; What is so Special About Porphyry Copper Deposits ? Pegmatite Deposits; Simple and Complex Pegmatites; Zoning in Complex Pegmatites; Sublimates; Metamorphic Deposits; Graphite; Kyanite; Andalusite; Sillimanite; Asbestos; Talc Steatite; Serpentine; Pyrophlllite; Metamorphosed Deposits; Banded Iron Formations; Manganese Deposits; Mineral Deposits formed by Surface Processes; Placer Deposits; Elluvial; Colluvial; Aeolin. Beach; Fossil; Residual Deposits; Residual Aluminium Deposits; Residual Nickel Deposits; Supergene Enrichment Deposits; Anatomy of Supergene Deposit; Chemistry Involved; Gossans or Iron Hat; Chemical Precipitates; Banded Iron Formations (BIF); BIF of Lake superior Area; Phanerozic Iron Ores; Oolites; Sedimentary Manganese Deposits; Volcanogenic Sedimentary Deposits; Non-Volcanogenic Sedimentary Deposits; Separation of Fe and Mn an Enigma; Manganese Nodules; Sedimentary Cu-Pb. Zn Deposits; Stratiform and Stratabound Deposits; Phosphorites; Origin of Phosphorites; Lithoassociation and Phosphorites; Modern Phosphatic Deposits; Evaporite Deposits; Order of Salt Deposition; Types of Deposits; Sabkhas; Microbial Ore Deposition; Metallogenic Provonce and Epoch; Metallogenic Epoch: Indian Scenario; Summary of Standard Classification of Ore Deposits; Some Indian Examples of Classical Ore Types; Energy Resources: Coal and Petroleum; Introduction; Coal; Coal Components; Chemical Composition of Coal; Origin of Coal; Environment and Age of Coal Formation; Age and Distribution; Coal Classification; Rank of Coal; Peat; Lignite; Bituminous Coal; Anthracite; Coal Lithotypes; Coal Macerals; Black Diamond has Its Uses; Oil from Coal; Petroleum; Brief Historical Background; Composition; Rare Elements; Origin of Petroleum; Organic Origin; Migration; Reservoir; Cap-rocks and Traps; Other Fossil Fuels; Oil Shales; Tar Sands

Chapter 3 Mineral Deposits and Global Tectonics

Introduction; Constructive Boundaries; Destructive Boundaries; Conservative Boundaries; Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics; Ore Deposits at Constructive Margins; Ore Deposition at the Destructive Boundary; Mantle Plume; Hot Spots and Ore Deposits; Ore Deposits and Continental Rifting; Petroleum; Salt Deposits and Plate Movements; Ore Deposits in Cratonic Areas; Plate Tectonics and Mineral Exploration

Chapter 4 Indian Mineral Deposits

Introduction; An Applied Classification of Mineral Deposits; Commonly Used Terms; Mineral Occureence; Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources; United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC); Iron, Manganese; Chromium; Nickel & Cobalt; Titanium; Tin; Vanadium; Tungsten; Aluminium; Copper; Lead & Zinc; Precious Metals-Gold; Silver; Platinum; Fertiliser Minerals-Apatite; Phposphorite; Gypsum; Sulphur & Pyrite; Barytes; Limestone and Dolomites; Marble; Wollastonite; The Alumino Silicates-Kyanite; Sillimanite and Andalusite; Clays; Insulators-Mica; Asbestos; Vermiculite; Magnesite; Silica Minerals; Talc; Soapstone; Steatite; Diamond and Gem Stones; Graphite; Minor Minerals; Granite; Slate; Sandstone and Other Dimension Stones; Bentonite and Fuller’s Earth; Salt; Other Minor Minerals; Fuels; Coal; Lignite; Petroleum and Natural Gas; Gas Hydrate-Fuel for Future; Coal Bed Methane Potential; Uranium; Thorium; Rare Earth & Rare Metals; Last but not the Least-Groundwater; Introduction; Groundwater, the hidden Mineral Resource; Summary of Groundwater Scenario in India; Groundwater Reserves; Searching for water; Geological Methods; Geophysical Methods; Depletion Faster than Recharge

Chapter 5 Indian Mineral Industry: Some Facts and Figures

Introduction; Resource Position; Production; Prices; Foreign Trade; Premier Geological Organisations; The Future is Bright

Colour Plate Section

Appendix

1. India’s Mineral Reserves and Resources

2. Objective Type Questions Answers - Section A, B, C and D

Bibliography

References

Index