This book is designed as a concise and focused resource for candidates preparing for the ARS Main Examination in the discipline of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology. It offers:


    A curated set of instant notes for quick revision.
    Model answers to selected questions from previous years.
    A structured approach to understanding key concepts relevant to the ARS syllabus.


While this book serves as a practical guide for exam readiness, it is not a substitute for comprehensive textbooks in Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Instead, it complements standard references and aims to sharpen the candidate’s ability to articulate scientific knowledge effectively during the Mains Examination.

We hope this compilation supports aspirants in their journey toward becoming part of India’s vibrant agricultural research community.
 

1. Explain briefly the molecular organization of eukaryotic plasma membrane (ARS -2006, 2008, 2009)
2. Describe the structure of G proteins in brief. Discuss the role of these proteins in signal transduction. (ARS-2009)
3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Describe the structure of the enzyme complex and discuss the enzyme activates involved in catalysis.(ARS-2009)
4. Describe the reaction involved in pentose phosphate pathway. Discuss the importance of the pathway. (ARS-2009)
5. What is Ketogenesis? What are the causes of Ketosis in ruminants? (ARS-2009)
6. Peptides are synthesized by solid phase synthesis method in laboratory. Explain briefly the steps involved in solid phase peptide synthesis (ARS-2009)
7. In which cell compartment β oxidation of fatty acids takes place? Briefly explain the steps involved in β-oxidation. How many ATP molecules are produced when palmitic acid undergoes β-oxidation? (ARS-2009)
8. Explain the role of omega-3 fatty acids in human health. Give example for omega-3 fatty acids.(ARS-2009)
9. What is α – helix conformation of protein? How it is different from β-sheet conformation? (ARS-2009)
10. What is site directed mutagenesis? Describe the methods to introduce site directed mutagenesis.(ARS-2006)
11. How gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes? Explain the regulation of Lac and Trp operons with illustration. (ARS-2006)
12. Explain the synthesis and processing of rRNA and tRNA. (ARS-2006)
13. Ammonia is liberated during the degradation of amino acids. Describe the steps involved in excretion of ammonia from the system. (ARS-2009)
14. What are allosteric enzyme? Discuss the regulation of these enzymes with a suitable example. (ARS-2009)
15. Describe the structure of E. coli DNA polymerase. Discuss different enzyme activities of the enzyme. (ARS-2009)
16. What is RNA splicing? Discuss the role of RNA splicing in the maturation of mRNA. (ARS-2006,2009)
17. List the different proteins & enzyme taking part in bacterial replication. Describe the function of each in replication. (ARS-2006)
18. What is microRNA? How it is different from siRNA? Describe the role of microRNA in the regulation of gene expression. (ARS-2009,2007)
19. Explain the propionate metabolism in ruminants (ARS-2007)
20. Prove that citric acid cycle is amphibolic in nature. (ARS-2007)
21. Discuss the role of various hormones in energy metabolism during fed, starvation, emergency and prolonged starvation situations. (ARS-2007)
22. Write down the basic principles and applications of following techniques? (ARS-2006,2009)
23. Write down thePrinciple and applications of PCR
24. What are reactive oxygen species? Describe various antioxidants in the biological system. (ARS-2007)
25. Dietary methionine has at best 3 important biosynthetic roles in mammals. What are they? Show giving reaction steps (ARS-2006)
26. Describe the conversion of aminoacids to other bioactive compounds. (ARS-2006)
27. Define the difference between co-translational and post translational translocation of proteins across membranes and explain which process applies to (ARS-2007)
28. What do you understand by detoxification. Explain the role of liver and kidney in detoxification of foreign compounds. . OR Define the term detoxification. Enlist various types of detoxifications. Describe detoxification of following compounds
29. What are liver function test? What are the indications and limitations of liver function test€/ classify liver function tests by giving suitable examples. (ARS-2005, 2010) OR Explain the tests based on protein metabolic function of liver
30. What is kidney function test. Classify different kidney function tests
31. Discuss the role of kidney in acid base balance of the body
32. Describe different sources and toxic effects of air pollutants to animals. (ARS-2005)
33. Discuss the mechanism of immune suppression in cancer therapy and organ transplantation
34. Describe role of biotechnology in pollution control. (ARS-2005).....100
35. What are zymogens? Give at best six examples with the agent by which they became active. What are markers enzymes? Give the names of marker enzymes for cell organelles. Give the clinical significance of enzyme concentration measurement in blood. (ARS-2005)
36. What are Isoenzymes? How they are classified. What is the clinical significance of isoenzymes
37. What is apoptosis? Describe the biochemical and molecular changes associated with apoptosis. What advantages gained by having cells die by apoptosis rather than by necrosis or acute injury? (ARS-2006,2007,2009)
38. Describe the different types of transport mechanism across the cell membrane. (ARS-2005)
39. Describe the different ways by which recombinant plasmid introduced into bacteria E. coli
40. Describe about the use of different enzyme in preparation of recombinant DNA molecule
41. What are the mucopolysaccharides? Describe mucopolysaccharides in detail and their utility
42. Cytokines mediated signals transmitted by JAK-STAT pathway. Describe the steps involved in pathways. (ARS-2009)
43. Describe different stages of fatty acid synthesis an E. coli and its regulation
44. Discuss the role of adrenal hormone in biochemical adjustment of body. Enlist hormones of pituitary gland and their release factors
45. (a) Enlist the GI tract hormones and describe their function. (b) Compare and contrast the metabolic effects of thyroxine and growth hormone
46. Give the mobile carriers of electron transport chain with their function. (ARS-2006)
47. Give the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase. Taking an example each show the difference between an inhibitor of electron transport and an uncoupler of electron transport with respect to NADH utilization, proton pumping and ATP. (ARS-2006)
48. Briefly explain how monoclonal Abs are produced. How they differ from polyclonals.(ARS-2006,2007)
49. Discuss the application of monoclonal Ab in diagnosis and vaccinology. (ARS-2006,2009)
50. Briefly explain what are primary cultures and how they differ from cell lines.(ARS-2006)
51. Briefly enumerate the major application of animal cell culture in animal health and production. (ARS-2006)
52. Explain various steps in protein synthesis
53. What are the requirements for prokaryotic expression vector. How it different from a eukaryotic expression vector? How fusion proteins expressed with tagged ligands are purified. (ARS-2006,2009)
54. Decribe the Implications and applications of recombinant DNA technology in animal health and production
55. Write principle and applicatiotn of following techniques used for protein purification
56. Write the principle, methodology and application of HPLC
57. Write the Principle,application and methodology of isoelectric focusing (IEF)
58. Differentiate between adsorption and partition chromatography? Write principles of paper chromatography, TLC, GLC, care and conditioning of GLC. (ARS-2005)
59. Discuss theelectrophoresis of proteins and DNA
60. Describe in details for determination of sequence of bases by Sanger’s method and by Maxam and Gilbert method
61. Discuss the role of Volatile fatty acid as energy source in ruminants
62. What is nucleic acid chemistry?
63. Mechanism of DNA replication in bacteria
64. Mention the Important plasma proteins and their functions
65. Discuss the role of Hb in O2 and CO2 transport
66. Write short note on ATP synthetase/synthase (ARS-2009)
67. Short note on Hexagonal phase
68. Short note on Liposome
69. Write short note on Molecular chaperones (ARS-2006)
70. Short note on STAT proteins (ARS-2006)
71. Short note on Cell imaging 
72. Short note Reporter gene
73. Short note on NA probes (ARS-2005)
74. Write short note on Free radicals
75. Short note on Oncogenes
76. Short note on Carcinogenesis 
77. Discuss the regulation of calcium homeostasis through different hormones
78. Short note on two hybrid analysis (SN)
79. Discuss about post translational modification of proteins 
80. Short note on Integrin (ARS-2005)
81. Differentiate between symport and antiport transport system (ARS -2006)
82. Short note on Glycocalyx (ARS-2005)
83. Write short note on E. coli promoter and its function. (ARS-2006)
84. Explain geneticode – degenerate
85. Short note on Wobble hypothesis
86. Differentiate between – E. coli Initiator tRNA fMet – tRNA fMet and Non-initiator, Methionyl tRNA Met – tRNA Met (ARS-2005)
87. Short note on G – protein coupled receptors
88. Short note on Enzyme linked receptors
89. Differentiate between α-amylase and β-amylase (ARS 2006)
90. Short note on non protein aminoacids
91. Describe the structure of E. coli ribosome
92. Differentiate between Primer and template 
93. Write short note on Biosensor(ARS-2006)
94. Short note on cell surface glycoprotein / glycosylation
95. Write short note on S’ phase of cell growth. (ARS-2006)
96. Differentiate between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition (ARS-2011)
97. Differentiate between coenzyme and cofactor (ARS-2011, ARS-2021)
98. Write short note on Glycogen staorage disease (ARS-2021)
99. Write short note on mRNA vaccine
100. Short note on Proteoforms
101. Short note on Protein structure prediction
102. Short note on Cardiac glycosides (ARS-2023)
103. Short note on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology (ARS-2023)
104. Short note on Hybridoma cell production or Hybridoma technology (ARS-2021)
105. Short note on Kreb’s bicycle
106. Short note on phenomics
107. Short note on Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) (ARS-2023)
108. Short note on Omics technology