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"Understanding earth systems and its dynamic behavior requires objective insights into the complex observational data sets and their interrelationships. Drawing meaningful inferences from such data is not always an easy task as the deterministic relationships between various geological variables often remain obscured. These interrelationships need to be determined empirically through the analysis of a large set of data and validated through numerical simulations. The ever widening horizon of techniques of numerical analysis and simulation now provides a good number of tools to aid the interpretation. However, due to the inherent complexity of earth science data, expert supervision is required at all stages of analysis from collection to dissemination. This ensures that the most appropriate methodology is adopted and the results remain consistent with the geological principles. Discussions on these practical issues often lie beyond the scope of textbooks and this is precisely where this book is placed. In this book eminent geoscientists present their experiences in analyzing and managing earth science data as well as in designing numerical models to simulate earth processes. Apart from giving a discourse of their own approach towards a particular research problem they also discuss at length the relative merits of alternative methodologies. These seven authoritative articles, richly illustrated, will be a valuable resource for research students and professionals interested in research and teaching in various branches of earth science like, tectonics, GPS geodesy, sedimentology, geographical information science, and evolutionary biology."
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Active Deformation in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya based on 2000-2004 Geodetic Global Positioning System Measurements
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 The Global Positioning System
1.1.2 Active Deformation in the Indian Plate using Global Positioning System
1.1.3 Active Tectonics in the Himalaya using Global Positioning System
1.1.4 Regional Geology of the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya
1.1.5 Seismotectonics in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya
1.2 Geodetic Global Positioning System Measurements in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya
1.2.1 Data Processing and Analysis
1.2.2 Active Tectonics in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya from GPS
1.2.3 Quantification of Present-day Slip Rate on the Gish Transverse Fault (GTF)
1.3 Implications for Himalayan Deformation
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Preliminary Results of a Study of Crustal Deformation in the Himalayan Frontal Zone in North Bengal using GPS Geodesy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 GPS Data Acquisition and Processing
2.3 GPS Results
2.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Strain Fields in Orogenic Belts: An Analysis Based on Kinematic Models
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Field Observations
3.2.1 Cuddapah Orogenic Belt
3.2.2 Temporal Variation of Strain
3.3 Tectonic Model
3.3.1 Corner Flow Theory
3.3.2 Finite Element Approach
3.4 Discussions and Conclusions
3.4.1 Interpretation of Regional Ductile Deformations in Orogenic Belts
3.4.2 Structural Analysis of Active Orogenic Belts
3.4.3 Modelling Approach
3.4.4 Limitations of The Kinematic Model
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Grain Size Distribution Patterns of Some Rivers in the Light of Three Model Distributions
4.1. Introduction
4.2. River System Characteristics
4.2.1 Ganga-Bhagirathi River System
4.2.2 Ajoy River
4.2.3 Damodar River
4.2.4 Usri River
4.3 Statistical Modeling
4.3.1 Normal (Gaussian)
4.3.2 Hyperbolic
4.3.3 Skew-Laplace
4.4 Results of Statistical Analysis
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Estimation of Shape Changes of Skull Roof Bones in Benthosuchus sushkini, a Temnospondyl Amphibian from the Triassic of Russia
5.1 Introduction
5.2. Material and Method
5.2.1 Preparation of Digital Bone Boundary Dataset
5.2.2 Formulation of Optimization
5.2.3 Method for Finding the Optimal Placement
5.2.4 Measure for the Degree of Shape Change
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Results
5.3.2 Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Spatial Mathematical Models for Mineral Potential Mapping
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Generalized Methodology
6.2.1 Step 1: Identification of Base-metal Deposit Recognition Criteria
6.2.2 Step 2: Generation of Unique Conditions Grid
6.2.3 Step 3: Spatial Mathematical Modeling
6.2.4 Step 4: Generation of Continuous-scale Favorability Maps
6.2.5 Step 5: Generation of Binary/ternary Favorability Maps
6.2.6 Step 6: Validation of Favorability Maps
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Enterprise GIS in Geological Survey of India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background Information
7.2.1 Organizational Structure
7.2.2 Overview of GSI Data
7.2.3 GIS Activities in GSI
7.2.4 Project Geoinformatics
7.2.5 Problems Faced
7.3 Needs and Requirements
7.3.1 Organizational Perspective
7.3.2 Security Perspective
7.3.3 User Perspective
7.4 System Design and Architecture
7.4.1 Architecture Overview
7.4.2 Functional Overview
7.4.3 The Spatial Data Ware House
7.4.4 Load and Update Subsystem
7.4.5 Metadata Editor and Explorer
7.4.6 The Inquiry Subsystem
7.4.7 Security Mechanism
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Annexure
Index
