competitive agriculture, students, graduates, faculty members, agriculture, agronomy, agrometeorology, plant breeding, genetics, soil science, agricultural chemistry, agricultural entomology, plant pathology, agricultural microbiology, crop physiology, seed science, agricultural biotechnology, economics, marketing, extension, rural sociology, horticulture, forestry, farm machinery, renewable energy, livestock, poultry rearing
This book “Competitive Agriculture” is culmination of tireless effort for the benediction of students, graduates and faculties in the satire of agriculture and allied sectors. It consists of totally around eighteen units which includes Importance of Agriculture, Agronomy and Agrometeorology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Entomology, Plant Pathology, Agricultural Microbiology, Crop Physiology, Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Economics, Finance and Agricultural Business, Agricultural Marketing and Intelligence, Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Horticulture, Forestry, Farm Machinery and Renewable energy, Livestock and Poultry rearing. Each unit has different chapters embodied according to the respective course content of ICAR syllabus. This compilation of question bank is highly useful in preparation for Central and State Public Service Commission examinations, Forestry examinations, ARS, ICAR-NET, Post graduate entrance examinations and all other competitive examinations.
Preface “Agriculture was the first occupation of man, and as it embraces the whole earth, it is the foundation of all other industries”. -Edward W. Stewart Agriculture is essentially a way of lifestyle and not a mere economic engine. Generations together, Indian agriculture which is primarily monsoon dependent, has faced tumultuous ups and downs leaving the farmers in lambasting hypocrises. Indian agriculture is ought to undergo a critical surgery to provide panglossian disposition to the plowman. According to NITI Aayog, since 1970-71, trend growth in Indian agriculture has been approximately 3%, above that in population but, well below that in the entire economy consisting of agriculture, industry and services. By implication, while per-capita agricultural output has seen a steady rise, the share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen. The rise in per-capita agricultural production has gone a long way towards easing pressure on meeting food and nutritional security of the country. Agricultural research and development (R&D) in India has made impressive contribution in the past. Today, the agricultural sector has witnessed the infusion of digital intervention. In India, an encouraging sign for the exchanges is the growing popularity among farmers of the e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM). During this era of Industrial revolution 4.0, Agriculture should tap the verdure of avant-garde technologies such as Artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT) etc., and use such other spin of technologies thereby, Climate resilient smart agriculture is not a nightmare anymore. To instill fortitude and double the farmer’s income, corralling of agriculture knowledge is need of the hour. To get into service of the billions through competitive examinations, outrageous support by this book “Competitive Agriculture” is guaranteed.
Preface
UNIT I: IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
1. General Agriculture
2. Agricultural Development through Five Years Plans
3. Area, Production and Productivity of Crops in India
4. Government Agricultural Policies
5. Import and Export
6. Role of National Organisations in Agriculture
UNIT II: AGRONOMY AND AGROMETEOROLOGY
1. Fundamentals of Crop Production
2. Production Technology of Field Crops
2.1 Cereals
2.1.1 Rice
2.1.2 Wheat
2.1.3 Barley
2.1.4 Oats
2.2 Millets
2.2.1 Maize
2.2.2 Sorghum
2.2.3 Pearl millet
2.2.4 Finger millet
2.2.5 Minor millets
2.3 Pulses
2.3.1 Pigeon pea (Redgram)
2.3.2 Blackgram
2.3.3 Greengram
2.3.4 Cowpea
2.3.5 Bengalgram (Chickpea)
2.3.6 Soybean
2.3.7 Lentil
2.4 Oilseeds
2.4.1 Groundnut
2.4.2 Sunflower
2.4.3 Sesamum
2.4.4 Mustard
2.4.5 Safflower
2.4.6 Castor
2.4.7 Linseed
2.4.8 Niger
2.4.9 Oil palm
2.4.10 Coconut
2.5 Cash crops
2.5.1 Cotton
2.5.2 Jute
2.5.3 Sugarcane
2.5.4 Tobacco
2.5.5 Mulberry
3. Irrigation Management
4. Dry Farming
5. Weeds and Their Management
6. Agrometeorology
UNIT III: PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS
1. Principles of Genetics and Cytogenetics
2. Plant Domestication and Plant Introduction
3. Breeding Methods for Self Pollinated Crops
4. Breeding Methods for Cross Pollinated Crops
5. Breeding Methods for Asexually Propagated Crops
6. Mutation Breeding
7. Polyploid and Resistance Breeding
UNIT IV: SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
1. Soil and its Formation
2. Soil Types
3. Soil Physical Properties
4. Soil Chemical Properties
5. Problem Soils and Their Corrective Measures
6. Fertilizers
7. Nutrient Deficiencies and Their Corrective Measures
8. Soil Fertility and Evaluation
9. Soil Organic Matter and its Decomposition
UNIT V: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
1. Fundamentals of Agricultural Entomology
2. Pests of Field Crops and Their Management
2.1 Cereals and millets
2.2 Pulses
2.3 Oilseeds
2.4 Cash crops
3. Pests of Horticultural Crops and Their Management
3.1 Fruits
3.2 Vegetables
3.3 Spices and plantation crops
3.4 Flower crops
4. Integrated Pest Management
5. Apiculture
6. Sericulture
7. Storage Pests and their Management
8. Nematology
9. Insecticides
UNIT VI: PLANT PATHOLOGY
1. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology
2. Diseases of Field Crops and Their Management
2.1 Cereals and millet
2.2 Pulses
2.3 Oilseeds
2.4 Cash crops
3. Diseases of Horticultural Crops and Their Management
3.1 Fruits
3.2 Vegetables
3.3 Spices and plantation crops
4. Integrated Disease Management
5. Mushroom
6. Fungicides
UNIT VII: AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. History of Mircobiology
2. Soil Microbes and Their Characteristics
3. Composting
4. Vermicomposting
5. Biofertilizers
6. Applied Microbiology
UNIT VIII : CROP PHYSIOLOGY
1. Plant Cell and Anatomy
2. Water Relation and Transport in Plants
3. Mineral Nutrition
4. Photosynthesis and Respiration
5. Physiology of Growth and Development
6. Growth Hormones
7. Environmental Stresses
UNIT IX: SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Seed Biology
2. Seed Production
3. Seed Processing and Quality Enhancement
4. Seed Certification
5. Seed Testing
6. Seed Pathology and Storage
6.1 Seed pathology
6.2 Seed storage
UNIT X: AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Agricultural Biotechnology
UNIT XI: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. Importance of Environmental Science and Natural Resources
2. Ecosystem and Biodiversity
3. Pollution
4. Disaster Management and Impact Assessment
5. Waste Water Management
6. Solid Waste Management
7. Social Issues and the Environment
UNIT XII: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND AGRI BUSINESS
1. Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics and Theory of Consumer Behaviour
2. Theory of Demand and Supply
3. Determination of Price and Output
4. Theory of Production and Cost
5. Factors of Production
6. Inflation, Liberalisation, Privatization and Globalization
7. Basic Concepts in Farm Management
8. Cost Concepts
9. Agricultural Finance and Cooperation
10. Banking
11. Kisan Credit Card
12. Agribusiness Management
UNIT XIII: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND INTELLIGENCE
1. Agricultural Marketing
2. Market Structure and Market Channel
3. Marketing Institutions
UNIT XIV: AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY
1. Extension Education
2. Extension Teaching Methods
3. Communication Models and Programme Planning
4. Rural Developmental Programmes
5. Rural Sociology
UNIT XV: HORTICULTURE
1. Fundamentals of Horticulture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Area, production, export and import of horticultural crops
1.3 Organizations involved in horticulture
1.4 Orchard and its management
1.5 Propagation methods in horticulture
2. Production Technology of Fruits Crops
2.1 Tropical fruits
2.2 Temperate fruits
3. Production Technology of Vegetables
3.1 Tropical vegetables
3.2 Sub-tropical and temperate vegetables
4. Production Technology of Spices and Plantation Crops
4.1 Spices
4.2 Plantation crops
5. Production Technology of Flower Crops
5.1 Flower crops
5.2 Landscaping
6. Production Technology of Medicinal Plants
7. Postharvest Management of Horticultural Crops
UNIT XVI: FORESTRY
1. Importance and Role of Forests
2. Agroforestry
3. Classification of Forestry System
4. Silvicultural Practices
5. Wasteland Management
UNIT XVII: FARM MACHINERY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. Tractors, Power Tillers and Energy Source Equipments
2. Tillage and Irrigation Equipments
3. Sowing and Transplanting Equipments
4. Spraying Equipments
5. Harvesting and Threshing Equipments
6. Post harvest Equipments
7. Renewable Energy
UNIT XVIII: LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY REARING
1. Livestock Rearing
2. Poultry Rearing
3. Sheep and Goat Rearing
4. Swine Farming
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