eChapters

ABSTRACT

Ethical conduct of research is utmost important which form the basis of overall development of society. Academic institutions can play key role in promoting scientific integrity by creating awareness about scientific misconduct and can frame policies to curb scientific misconduct. As a part of course curriculum knowledge about various issues related to academic integrity can be easily passed to young researchers and students of the institution. Awareness programs can play significant role in promoting research integrity for which academic libraries can be the frontrunner. Librarians’ role is also changing as they have not limited themselves to traditional services but are also providing web based services to the users. They can support research community by providing services like reference management through the use of reference management tools and data management and preservation services. Faculty development programs are also helping the working librarians to update their knowledge. This article discuss about the concept of academic integrity and role of academic institution in promoting it in general and library in particular. PA U library faculty has taken a lead in raising the awareness of students and researchers about research and publication ethics by teaching this course to as part of the course curriculum to research scholars and post graduate students of the university. It is also facilitating teaching community and researchers in plagiarism checking of the manuscripts through the use of antiplagiarism software.

Keywords: Scientific integrity, Research integrity, Research ethics, User education and research ethics, User awareness programs.

ABSTRACT

Nowadays it is very important to evaluate research publications. They are evaluated by impact factors and citation indices. The research value of an author and journal is ascertained from several citation indices, from which it is known that what Impact of a research publication is in market. The h index is based on diagnostic importance or productivity so it confers a delegate index of scientific result. The h-index is used to measure of published work of a scientist or scholar as well as also assess the achievement of research groups. The present paper describe about the h-index. Specifically, it explains its origin, advantages, and disadvantages and how calculates individual’s h-index in different databases.

Keywords: Citation, Impact, H-Index, Research productivity, Scientific publications.

ABSTRACTS

Historiography deals with the idea of history writing in different timeframe in different environments and in this discourse historian plays significant role. Indian ancient past is a fertile ground to understand different socio-political aspects of the country from various standpoints. Remaining within the paradigm of historiography historian like Romila Thapar not only emphasizing to understand the past but also tries to disseminate these through their writings in different scholarly platform. Apart from her valuable writings in the form of books, her writings in different reputed journals also impress sizable generations of new scholars. In this study an attempt has been made to study her contribution in intellectual field through writing history of Indian past.

Keywords: History, Historian, Romila Thapar, Past, Historiography.

While fertilizer injectors that mixes fertilizer solutions with the irrigation water flow in the micro irrigation systems, a scientifically prepared fertigation schedule is the software that farmers need to implement a successful fertigation plan.

Though water soluble fertilizers are a special grade of fertilizers manufactured for fertigation per se; I have been assisting farmers to do fertigation with conventional fertilizers, those are familiar to them; like Urea for N, white muriate of potash (MOP) for K. Only in the case of P source they need to acquire water soluble special fertilizers like Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) or Phosphoric acid. Historically, fertigation by our small holder farmer began in India just by fertigating Urea alone. And applying P and K as direct dry application to the soil with Single Super Phosphate (SSP) or pink MOP, both are not water soluble. Gradually, when farmers realised that fertigation is giving them more yield of the crop and income they warmed up to the idea of full fertigation and demand for water soluble fertilizers like MAP, White Potash, SOP etc. grew.

10.1. Phosphate Solubilisers

10.1.1. Aspergillus spp.

Several species of Aspergillus (Fig. 249) have been reported to be involved in the solubilization of inorganic phosphates such as A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. awamori. A. niger and A. terreus.

These fungi are able to solubilize inorganic phosphate through the production of acids viz. citric, gluconic, glycolic, oxalic acids and succinic acid.

Aspergillus fumigates isolated from compost has been reported to be potassium releasing fungus.

1. The Following disease of cocoa is characterized by formation of water soaked lesions on pod either at tip or stalk
   1. Collectotrichum pod rot
   2. Withches broom
   3. Charcoal pod rot
   4. Blight
2. The following species of coffee is affected by white stem borer grown under inadequate shade
   1. Robusta
   2. Arabica
   3. Tree coffee
   4. both a and B
3. The following disease is major in arecanut
   1. Koleroga
   2. Fruit rot
   3. Mohali
   4. All of these

1. K-8 is a variety of
   1. Aloe
   2. Coleus
   3. Ashwagandha
   4. Buckwheat
2. The following variety is aloe vera
   1. CIM – Sheel
   2. CIM - Sheetel
   3. CIM – Jeevan
   4. CIM - Mithi
3. Haryana Mulhatti -1 is a variety of
   1. Fox Glove
   2. Long pepper
   3. Liquorice
   4. Safed musli

1. Seed rate of celery is
   1. 0.5 kg/ha
   2. 2.5 kg/ha
   3. 0.25 kg/ha
   4. 1.5 kg/ha
2. Davana seedlings will be ready for transplanting
   1. 10 – 12 weeks after sowing
   2. 6 – 8 weeks after sowing
   3. 4 – 5 weeks after sowing
   4. 2 – 3 weeks after sowing
3. Bursera planting is done at a spacing of
   1. 2 m x 2 m
   2. 4 m x 4 m
   3. 6 m x 6 m
   4. 8 m x 8 m

1. Pick odd one out
   1. Nima
   2. Pragati
   3. Jeva 2
   4. Praman
2. The following type of vetiver is high in oil yield but its oil quality is inferior
   1. East Indian Type
   2. North Indian Type
   3. West Indian Type
   4. South Indian Type
3. Vaishnavi is a variety of
   1. Vetiver
   2. Lemongrass
   3. Palmarosa
   4. Patchouli

9.1 Introduction

Pineapple is one of the most important commercial fruits of the world. It is good source of vitamin A, B and fairly rich in vitamin C, minerals like calcium, phosphorous and iron. Fresh fruit is used as dessert. Fruit is also used for juice, squash, jam, mixed jam and in canned form. Fruit core is used for preparing candy. Some cultivars of pineapple are used for extraction of fibre. The important pineapple growing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.

10.1 Introduction

Litchi is a delicious fruit and generally consumed as a table fruit. It is one of the most popular fruits in India. It is also recognized as “Queen of Fruits”. It is a subtropical evergreen fruit crop. Its climatic requirements are highly specific. Thus, its commercial cultivation is restricted to only a few subtropical countries of the world. The major litchi producing countries are China, India, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. In India, the important litchi growing states are Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Litchi makes an excellent canned fruit and highly flavoured squash is prepared from inferior fruits.

14.1 Introduction

Apple is the most widely grown temperate fruit of the world. It is considered as King of temperate fruits. It is rich in carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorous, iron, potassium, vitamin B6 . Apple is rich in antioxidant, flavonoids and dietary fibre. It is recommended to reduce the incidence of dental caries. The phytonutrients and antioxidants may help reduce the risk of developing cancers, hypertensions, diabetes and heart disease. Apple is mainly used for table purpose. The various processed products are prepared from fruit, e.g., juice, jelly, preserve, canned slice, wine, concentrated juice, cider and powder. It is widely cultivated in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan etc.

15.1 Introduction

Pear is one of the important fruit crops that belong to the family Rosaceae. In the world pear is cultivated in China, USA, Argentina, Italy, Turkey, Spain, India, South Africa, Japan, Belgium etc. It is grown under a wide variety of climatic regimes ranging from cold dry temperate hilly conditions to warm humid sub-tropical conditions on the plains of northern India. In India pear is widely cultivated in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc.

16.1 Introduction

Peach is one of the important fruits grown in warm temperate zones of the world. Fruits are rich in protein, sugar, minerals and vitamins. Peaches are highly valued as table fruit for their attractive colour and palatability. Canned peaches, dried frozen preserves, jams, nectar are principal processed products of peach. It is grown mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Nilgiri hills, Jharkhand and North-Eastern States.

20.1 Introduction

Arecanut (or betel palm) is chewed as narcotic either alone or more commonly along with betel leaf. Its nut has medicinal and pharmaceutical properties. About 1/10th of world population has a habit of betel chewing. Nut contains polyphenol (11-18 %) which includes flavonols like catechin, epicatechin, leucocyanidin, fat (9-15%), polysaccharides (17-25%), fibre and protein (6- 7.5%) and some minerals like calcium, phosphorous and iron.

21.1 Introduction

Cashewnut or cashew is an export-oriented crop grown for its nuts, a true drupe. It is often referred to as ‘wonder nut’. It is highly delicious and nutritive. Its nutritional composition compares well with almond, hazelnut and walnut. The economic part is kernel which is a unique combination of fats (47%), protein (21%), carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Nutritionally it is equivalent to milk, egg and meat, it is good appetizer, an excellent nerve tonic, stimulant, body builder. India is the largest producer, processor and exporter; and second largest consumer in the world. Cashew is grown in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra along the west coast and in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal along the east coast.

22.1 Introduction

Tea is the most important non-alcoholic beverage gaining further popularity as an important “health drink”. It is consumed as a morning drink by 2/3rd of world population. Tea was initially used as a medicine and subsequently as beverage and now has proven to be a potential raw material for pharmaceutical industry. Tea is mainly consumed in the form of ‘fermented tea’ or ‘black tea’, ‘non-fermented tea’ or ‘green tea’ and ‘semi-fermented tea’ or ‘oolong tea’. Green leaves are also used as vegetables such as ‘leppet tea’ in Burma and ‘meing tea’ in Thailand. Tea leaves have more than 700 chemical constituents among which flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins (C, E, K), caffeine and polysaccharides are important to human health. The stimulating effect of tea is due to caffeine (1.25-4.5%). Per cup value of caffeine in tea is three and half times less than that of coffee and is less harmful than coffee. Importantly, the vitamin C content in leaves is comparable to that of lemon.

23.1 Introduction

Coffee is the second important popular beverage for its aroma and mild stimulant action. Its dried beans are roasted, ground and brewed to make a stimulating and refreshing beverage. Use of coffee has evolved from original chewing of leaves and beans of the plant to relieve pain, hunger and fatigue to the present more sophisticated uses, like espresso and decaffeinated coffees. Its use was first discovered in Arabia around mid-15th century.

Diagnostic Symptom

• Circular to oval, dark brown to black spots appear on the leaves.The spots enlarge into round to irregular spots with concentric rings and coalesce causing blighting and withering of leaves.

• These are surrounded by chlorotic zone with grey white necrotic center.

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Symptoms can occur at both the seedling and plant developmental stages and appear as patches in the field

• It usually occurs near or at the reproductive stages (flowering to podfilling) of crop growth

Gummosis

Phytophthora spp

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Dark water soaked large patches appear on the basal portions of the stem near the ground level.

Purple blotch

Alternaria porri

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Disease symptoms occurs on leaf and flower stalks.

Leaf spot

Colletotrichum capsici

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Initially oblong brown spots having about 4-5 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width with grey centres surrounded with yellow hallo are found on the leaves .

Stem gall

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Symptom appears in the form of tumor-like swellings of leaf veins, leaf stalks, peduncles, stems as well as fruits.

• Infected veins show a swollen hanging appearance to the leaves.

5.1 A great deal of research

A great deal of research has been carried out on listening in communication. According to the researchers, listening comes at top of the list of the four forms of communication

Presentation takes place all the time in organization. We are required to make presentation in meeting, seminar, conference etc. The presenter should know certain techniques to make his presentation effective.

1 True vomiting is seen in

a) Pseudoruminants b) Monogastric animal

c) Ruminants d) All

1 Metabolic profile test to know the nutritional status of a dairy animal, by assessing the blood used components

a) Complete profile test b) Metabolic profile test

c) Compton metabolic profile test d) Dairy animal metabolism test

For the protection of all the factors of environment, laws were formed and amended from time to time as per the requirement. There are many acts according to the main factors and separate laws, for the enforcement. Also, the are some control acts, which can be implemented by states for the local environmental problems.

The term digital is derived from the word digit or digitus, a Latin word for finger, as fingers are often used for discrete counting. A variable is discrete when it is countable in a finite time and its instantaneous value at any timing/ instant belongs to a set of finite values.

One of the major goals in agricultural crop management is to achieve maximum yield with minimum investment while maintaining a good quality of the crop produce. Crop infestation due to insects, diseases, and weeds are some of the major factors responsible for loss in crop yield. Further, an efficient Precision Agriculture Crop Management System is one, which is capable of precisely detecting the crop yield indicators (or crop health parameters) at an early stage and can predict the yield at any point of time of the crop cycle.

Ultrasound is an excellent diagnostic modality for detecting visceral abnormalities. Detection of masses, nodules or effusions through sonography provides non-specific diagnosis. For specific/definite diagnosis tissue samples are necessary for histopathological examination. The techniques of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and core biopsy are of great help in establishing etiological diagnosis.

The pancreas is a thin and elongated ‘V’ shaped organ having two lobes (right and left) and body. It lies in the right cranial quadrant of the abdomen. It is difficult to visualize normal pancreas sonographically because of its echogenicity similar to that of adjacent mesentery and fat.

Imaging of muscles, tendons, joints and bones is not common practice in canine and feline medicine. However, scanning of tendons and ligaments is extensively done in race horses to see their fitness. Adhesions, ruptures/ tears and inflammation of tendons and ligaments can be detected by sonographic imaging of these structures. These structures are relatively superficial so a high frequency linear or curvilinear transducer (7.5 to 13.0 MHz) is used to scan these structures. For scanning of joints acoustic window is relatively small so micro convex or sector probes are more appropriate.

Beside heart, ultrasound of the thorax facilitates the imaging of lungs, pleura, mediastinum, chest wall and diaphragm. Sonographic examination of the heart is discussed in chapter16. Because of nearly total reflection of sound waves at gas interfaces (Fig. 176) thoracic ultrasound has limitations. Pulmonary and mediastinal lesions located deep are difficult to image. Peripheral pulmonary lesions and pleural fluid can be visualized.

Abdominal organs in different species of animals have distinctive features with respect to their shape, size, location and echogenicity and echo texture. This is true for dogs and cats also. Therefore, information with respect to sonographic features of dogs cannot be taken for granted for cats in totality

Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (abdominal and thoracic) refers to the limited ultrasound examination with the main focus on quick identification of the presence of free fluid within peritoneal, pleural and pericardial spaces in trauma cases in intensive care units. Despite limitations, findings of FAST are helpful in stabilizing the emergency patients.

Utility of ultrasound has extended from diagnostic realm to alternate therapies. Therapeutic ultrasound is also known as ultrasound physiotherapy. It is a commonly used modality for the rehabilitation of the soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system.

This is a procedure for transforming bacterial cells with circular DNA plasmids containing an origin of autonomous DNA replication and a selective marker (antibiotic resistance). Logarithmically growing cells are made permeable to DNA by incubation in CaCl2 and the DNA is taken up from the surrounding buffer.

DNA fragment to be used as a probe should be purified by gel electrophoresis. The band can be located after staining with ethidium bromide and electroeluted.

The in vitro radioactive labeling of DNA fragment is accomplished by the incorporation of a radioactive nucleotide during strand synthesis with Klenow enzyme (large subunit of DNA polymerase-I).

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a very powerful new method used for in vitro to amplify a deoxynibonuclic specific region that lies between two regions of known DNA sequence single molecule to million folds in short time. This is achieved by an enzyme taq. DNA polymerase which is thermostable using this enzyme can synthesize microgram quantities of DNA of specified length and sequence from pictogram quantities of complex template in a few hours time.

The Internet, new information and communication technologies today are being entrenched into the fabric of our society at a very rapid rate. The Internet has emerged as an extraordinary prominent medium having a tremendous impact on and within society.

The curl of the vector A= xyi + yzj + zxk (i, j and k represents unit vectors along the three orthogonal axis) is

(A) xi + yj + zk         (B) – xi – yj – zk

(C) yi + zj + xk          (D) – yi - zj - xk

Q. 1 Toe-in and toe-out are related with
(A) Front axle of tractor     (B) Rear axle of tractor
(C) Tractor steering           (D) Transmission system

Q. 1 A device which is used to store energy in hydraulic system is known as
(A) Motor             (B) Cylinder
(C) Accumulator  (D) Pump

Q. 1 In agricultural tractors, the vibration level is in the range of .......... Hz.
(A) 0 – 2         (B) 2 - 8
(C) 8 – 20       (D) More than 20

Q. 1 Weight of a manually operated chaff cutter’s fly wheel should not be
below than
(A) 24 kg      (B) 30 kg
(C) 32 kg      (D) 35 kg
(E) 27 kg

Electrical conductivity of the soil is the quantity of electricity in coulombs that passes per second per cm3 of the soil solution under an applied potential difference of 1 volt. It is written as EC in abbreviated form and is expressed in millimohs cm-1 or dS m-1 (deciSiemen m-1). Current flows in the soil solution due to presence of soluble salts like Cl- , SO2- 4 and NO3 - of Na+, K+ Ca++ and Mg++. These salts fully dissociate in water to their constituent cations and anions and the current is carried by those cations anions in the soil solution.

Nandina domestica Thunb. (Berberidaceae): Eng.- Chinese Sacred Bamboo [NI]. An evergreen or semi-evergreen ornamental shrub with upright shoots. Leaves mostly bi-to tripinnate, rich green purple on fall. Flowers star shaped, white with large yellow anthers, in erect panicles followed by long lasting, spherical bright red fruit.