eChapters

I. FILL UPS

1. The initial handful of seeds obtained from selected individual plants of a particular variety is called as _____.
2. The panicles collected should be stored in a airtight drum under _____.
3. _____ is the original purified seed stock of a new variety in the hands of a plant breeder.
4. The seeds of a notified variety collected from the evolving institute with all the passport information is considered as _____.
5. Nucleus seed is produced by _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Seed village is also known as _____.
2. ITC with Zeneca stands for _____.
3. ITC Zeneca has recently changed name to _____.
4. CENSAR stands for _____.
5. _____ is a compact area approach in which the whole village involved in seed production.
6. The concept of seed village is a _____.
7. Seed village concept was started in_____.
8. _____ has guided the experiment in wheat.
9. _____ is a milestone in green revolution.
10. CAPART stands for _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Green revolution in wheat was started by _____ in Mexico.
2. Wheat revolution in India was started by_____.
3. Isolation distance for wheat seed production is _____.
4. Seed rate for wheat seed production is _____.
5. Wheat is a _____ pollinated crop
6. Seed multiplication ratio for wheat is ranged from _____.
7. Spacing adopted in wheat seed production plot is _____.
8. Average seed yield in wheat is _____.
9. _____ is the critical moisture content for wheat seed storage
10. The minimum pure seed percentage for wheat foundation seed is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. The inflorescence of sorghum is _____.
2. The pollen viability in sorghum is_____.
3. Spacing adopted in sorghum seed production is _____.
4. Seed rate recommended for sorghum seed production is_____.
5. Seed yield of sorghum is _____.
6. The moisture content of sorghum seed should be _____ during storage.
7. Isolation distance for hybrid sorghum seed production is_____.
8. Sorghum is a_____ pollinated crop.
9. _____ crop is used as a feedstock for production of ethanol.
10. _____ hybridization technique is followed for sorghum.

I. FILL UPS

1. Pearl millet is a_____ pollinated crop.
2. An example for protogyny is_____.
3. The isolation distance for foundation seed production of pearl millet is _____.
4. The spacing adopted for pearl millet is _____.
5. Seed yield of pearl millet is_____.
6. The moisture content of pearl millet seed during storage should be_____.
7. The planting ratio for pearl millet hybrid seed production is _____.
8. Presence of fertile counter part of female plants in the female rows is called _____.
9. In some female plants, fertile anthers may be hanging out only from a portion of the panicle. Such plants are called _____.
10. _____ technique is used for hybrid seed production of pearl millet.

I. FILL UPS

1. Redgram is commonly is known as _____.
2. _____ is the second most important pulse crop after chick pea.
3. Redgram, being a _____ capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
4. Pigeon pea contains_____% protein.
5. Isolation distance of redgram must be_____.
6. The spacing adopted for short duration red gram is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Blackgram is commonly known as _____.
2. Adopted spacing for blackgram is _____.
3. Seed rate for blackgram is _____.
4. Moisture content must be reduced to _____ for short term storage of blackgram seeds
5. Isolation distance for blackgram seed crop is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. The isolation distance for seed crop of greengram must be _____.
2. Spacing adopted for greengram seed production is _____.
3. Seed rate of greengram is_____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Cowpea is a _____ crop.
2. Isolation distance for cowpea foundation seed production is _____.
3. Spacing adopted for cowpea is _____.
4. Seed rate for cowpea seed production is _____.
5. The maximum permitted limit of offtypes for CS is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Lab lab is a _____ crop.
2. Spacing adopted for lablab seed production is _____.
3. The isolation distance for lab lab crop is _____.
4. The offtypes permitted for CS in lab lab crop is _____.
5. Seed rate for field lab lab is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Soybean is also known as_____.
2. _____ is the largest oil seed crop in the world.
3. Soybean is a_____ crop.
4. The isolation distance for soybean is _____.
5. Spacing adopted for soybean is _____.
6. Seed rate for soybean is _____.
7. _____ extracted from soybean oil used as emulsifier and lubricant.

I. FILL UPS

1. The isolation distance is _____ for foundation seed production of jute.
2. The maximum permitted limit of off types for foundation seed is _____.
3. The water requirement of jute crop is _____.
4. Seed rate recommended for olitorius type of jute is _____.
5. Seed rate recommended for capsularis type of jute is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Groundnut contains _____ oil.
2. Groundnut contains _____ protein.
3. Groundnut is a _____crop.
4. Stigma receptivity is for _____ after anthesis.
5. Fertilization occurs about_____ after pollination.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the fastest growing oilseed crop in India.
2. The inflorescence of sunflower is _____.
3. The tiny flowers (or) florets are attached on a platform called _____.
4. Sunflowers in bud stage exhibit _____.
5. _____ is a tuft of hairs on the fruit.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ seed is one of the oldest condiments the human race has ever known.
2. Sesame seed contains _____ oil and _____ protein.
3. Sesame oil contains about _____ % oleic acid.
4. Isolation distance for gingelly certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Castor seeds contain _____ % oil.
2. The castor is rich in which triglycerides _____.
3. _____is a toxin present in castor seed.
4. Castor is a _____ crop.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is a multipurpose crop that has been grown for orange red dye.
2. Safflower oil contains _____ % linoleic acid.
3. Orange red dye extracted from safflower flowers is called _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Tomato is a _____ pollinated crop.
2. _____ pigment is responsible for red colour of tomato.
3. Seed rate recommended for tomato is _____.
4. Isolation distance recommended for foundation seeds of tomato is _____.
5. Spacing adopted for tomato is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Brinjal is rich in _____ and _____.
2. In brinjal, _____ is the common feature in case of style.
3. Stigma receptivity of brinjal is _____.
4. Pollen viability in brinjal is _____.
5. The isolation distance recommended for brinjal certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Dehydrated green chilli is a good source of _____.
2. Isolation distance adopted for chilli for foundation seed production is _____.
3. Seed rate of chilli is _____.
4. Spacing generally adopted for chillies are _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Capsicum belongs to _____ family.
2. _____ active ingredient is present in capsicum.
3. Ideal day temperature for flowering is _____

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ crop stabilizes the blood sugar by curbing the rate at which sugar is absorbed from the intestinal tract.
2. Okra is _____ crop.
3. The isolation distance adopted for okra for foundation seeds is _____.
4. Seed rate of okra is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Onion is a bulbous _____ herb.
2. Onion is a _____ pollinated crop.
3. Thin white mass within the seed coat is called _____.
4. _____ method is commonly followed for onion seed production.
5. The minimum isolation distance for foundation seed is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ vegetable is botanically called as a fruit.
2. Fruit of pumpkin is called _____.
3. The isolation distance for pumpkin foundation seed production is _____.
4. The isolation distance for pumpkin certified seed production is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. Ashgourd is a _____ crop.
2. Stigma receptivity is for _____.
3. Ashgourd is a _____ pollinated crop.
4. Ashgourd fruit is a _____.
5. The isolation distance for ashgourd certified seed production is_____.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ vegetable contain anti-diabetic properties.
2. Bittergourd has _____ similar to bovine insulin.
3. Bittergourd is popularly seen as a _____.
4. Bittergourd is a _____ plant.

I. FILL UPS

1. The stigma receptivity of ribbedgourd is_____.
2. Ribbedgourd is a _____ pollinated crop.
   1. Isolation distance for foundation seed production of ribbedgourd is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. The viability of pollen grains in snakegourd is for _____.
2. Stigma receptivity is for _____hours after opening.
3. The isolation distance for snakegourd foundation seed production is _____.
4. The wild species of snakegourd is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. The potato is made up of _____ and _____.
2. Potato is a _____ pollinated crop
3. Potato fruit is called as_____.
4. An example of stem tuber is a _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ number of beds measuring 8 m, 0.6 m are sufficient for raising sufficient seedling for one hectare.
2. Seeds are sown singly at _____distance apart in the furrow.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ and _____ seeds give highest grain yield.
2. Assessment of _____ is one of the basic requirement for quality control of seed under the seed act.
3. The minimum number of seeds for germination test of _____.
4. The purity analysis in groundnut is done with working sample size is _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the official measure for controlling the genetic purity of the seed lot.
2. _____ serves as ‘pre-control’ as well as ‘post-control’ for avoiding genetic contaminations.
3. _____ can also be used as a measure to judge the efficacy of the certification agency or the inspector.
4. The minimum population requirement for taking the observations shall be _____ plants.

I. FILL UPS

1. ISTA was founded in _____.
2. ISTA secretariat is located at _____.
3. _____ was founded with the aim to develop and publish standard procedures in the field of seed testing.
4. _____ is one of the leading international journals featuring papers and articles on seed quality and physiology published by ISTA.
5. The technical committees are made up of _____ number of members.

1. VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION

3 m : Rice, soybean

5 m : Blackgram, greengram, cowpea, field lab lab lab lab

5-10 m : Groundnut

25 m : Tomato

60% - Bottlegourd, pumpkin, bittergourd, watermelon

65% - Cotton varieties, bhendi

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ are capable of reducing the age induced damages and restoring the seed vigour by controlling free radical reactions.
2. _____ is the process of soaking the low and medium vigour seeds in water with or without adding chemicals to raise seed moisture and drying back for safe storage of seeds.
3. _____ treatment is similar to the moisture equilibration treatment.

I. FILL UPS

1. RCA stands for _____.
2. Expert standing committee was set up in _____.
3. In _____year, All India Co-ordinated maize improvement programme was started.
4. First maize hybrid was released in the year _____.
5. All India co-ordinated bajra and sorghum improvement programme was started in _____.
6. First sorghum hybrid was released in the year _____.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ refers to the actual acquisition and selling packed seeds, intermediate storage delivery and sales promotional activities.
2. _____ entails using marketing information for the purpose of planning.
3. _____ is one of the major channel through which bulk of paddy seeds, pulses seeds and oil seeds are marketed in the state.

Change in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc., for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”.

The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e.g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e.g. by shading or use of wind breaks.

GENERAL CHARACTERS

• The majority of the members are saprobic. A few Zygomycetes are weak parasites, attacking plants and animals.
• Most Zygomycetes produce a well developed and branched mycelium, consisting of coenocytic hyphae.
• Cell wall is mainly composed of chitin.
• Motile cells or zoospores are absent.
• Asexual reproduction takes place by non motile sporangiospores called aplanospores.
• Sexual reproduction takes place by gametangial fusion.
• Gametangial fusion results in the production of a thick walled resting spore, called zygospore.