eChapters

Electrocardiograph, electrocardiography and electrocardiogram are the three terms commonly associated with ECG or EKG. Though, these terms are interdependent, there is clear differentiation and demarcation between these terms and should not be used as synonym.

Electrocardiograph

The term “Electrocardiograph” refers to an instrument or machine that records surface potentials associated with the electrical activity of the heart to generate a graphic representation, the electrocardiogram (Fig.1).

1. Alphabet Inc. (marketed as Alphabet) is the parent company of:

a) Google

b) Yahoo

c) Microsoft

d) Apple

2. Human Rights Day is celebrated annually across the world on ................. every year.

a) 10 October

b) 10 November

c) 10 December

d) 10 January

1. The nodal agency for international co-operation in the area of agricultural research and education in India is:

 a) ICAR b) DARE

 c) CAU d) CSIR

 2. Which of the following countries is not a member of G-8?

 a) Canada b) france

 c) Germany d) Spain

 3. FSSAI does not provide licensing for:

 a) Non-alcoholic beverage b) Alcoholic beverage

 c) Milk products d) Organic products

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).

 Assertion (A) : Ditch system of planting is common planting system in Diara land cultivation of cucurbitaceous crops.

 Reason (R) : To  manage   the  availability  of moisture  and higher temperature, the trenches are dug in North-West direction.

 In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Which portion of the sugarcane is the best for use as seed?

a) Top 1/3 to 1/2 portion

b) Top 2/3 to 3/4 portion

c) 2/3 portion of bottom

d) 3/4 portion of bottom

2. Flower drop and less fruit setting/fruit drop in chilli can be controlled by spraying

a) Sulphur (1.52%) at 10 days intervals at growing stage.

 b) Planofix (NAA) @ 2-3 ml per 10 litres water at flowering stage.

 c) Dicofol (0.25%) at flowering stage.

 d) Fipronil (5% SC) 1ml per litre at flowering stage.

1. Which of the following is a variety of black carrot?

 a) Pusa Meghali b) Pusa Asita

 c) Pusa Rudhira d) Pusa Vasuda

 2. NRC for orchid is situated at:

 a) Pakyong b) Gangtok

 c) Lachen d) Aritar

 3. Bonneville variety of pea has been introduced from:

 a) USA b) Germany

 c) Sweden d) UK

1. The end product of glycolysis is:

 a) Malic acid b) Citric acid

 c) Pyruvic acid d) Oxalic acid

 2. Tag colour of certified seed is:

 a) White b) Purple

 c) Blue d) Golden yellow

 3. Which of the following varietyiesof sweet potato is rich in carotene content?

 a) Gauri b) Rajendra Shakarkand-35

 c) Pusa Sundri d) Rajendra Shakarkand-43

1. The first Indian scientist who won the ‘World Food Prize’ is:

 a) Sanjay Rajaram b) M.S. Swaminathan

 c) Vergese Kurien d) G.S. Khus

 2. Seed rate of paddy (kg/ha) in SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method of cultivation is:

 a) 5-6 b) 8-10

 c) 12-14 d) 18-20

 3. AVRDC is situated at:

 a) Phillipines b Taiwan

 c) Japan d) India

1. The total annual rainfall of India is about:

 a) 1190 mm b) 1250 mm

 c) 1050 mm d) 1350 mm

 2. Net cultivated area of India is:

 a) 142 mha b) 150 mha

 c) 140 mha d) 152 mha

 3. Amrapali is a cross between:

 a) Neelum x Dushehari b) Dushehari x alphonso

 c) Ratna x Alphonso d) Dushehari x Neelum

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. Among all floricultural products, the contribution of dry flowers in total exports is:

 a) 40 b) 50

 c) 60 d) 70

 3. Protein synthesis takes place in:

 a) Nucleus b) Nucleolus

 c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. World Trade Organization is situated at:

 a) Geneva b) Rome

 c) Paris d) Brazil

 3. AVRDC is situated at:

 a) Phillipines b) Taiwan

 c) Japan d) India

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. Which of the following is / are pre-emergence herbicide(s)?

 a) Diquat b) Paraquat

 c) Diuron d) All of these

 3. Potassium plays an important role in:

 a) Osmotic regulation b) Opening and closing of stomata

 c) Sugar translocation d) All of these

1. Low chill varieties of peach needs chilling of

 a) 50-100 hr b) 250-300 hr

 c) 600-650 hr d) 800-900 hr

 2. Nectarine is a mutant of

 a) Peach b) Plum

 c) Apricot d) Almond

 3. Nematode resistant rootstocks of peach is

 a) GF 667 b) St. Julien

 c) Siberian C d) Shalil

1. Partial ringing of branches above a dormant lateral bud is known as

 a) Ringing b) Notching

 c) Smudging d) Nicking

 2. Epigenous germination is found in which of the following fruit crops

 a) Mango b) Tamarind

 c) Cashewnut d) All of them

 3. The development of seed portion viz. two polar nuclei+ sperm nucleus results into which of the following fruit organ

 a) Seed coat b) Perisperm

 b) Endosperm d) Zygote

1. Apple was introduced in India in the year

 a) 1865 b) 1855

 c) 1900 d) 1910

 2. To break bud dormancy, most of delicious apple varieties require chilling hours of

 a) 200-300 b) 500-600

 c) 700-800 d) 1000-1600

 3. Late season variety of apple is

 a) Granny Smith b) Red Gold

 c) Starking Delicious d) Michal

1. In every winters peach requires heavy pruning because:

a) It bears on current season’s growth

Ib) t bears on previous season’s growth only

c) It bears on two years’ old wood only

Id) t bears on spur

2. Mango wilt/decline is spread through:

a) Mealy bug

b) White grub

c) Beetle

d) Leaf hopper

1. ‘Flying Dragon’ a dwarfing rootstock of citrus. The dwarfness is governed by:

 a) Single dominant gene b) Single recessive gene

 c) Polygenes d) Additive genes

 2. India’s contribution in the total world production of fruits is.

 a) 10.5% b) 12.5%

 d) 17.5% c) 15.5%

 3. In which fruit crop the first transgenic was produced:

 a) Papaya c) Pear

 b) Plum d) Walnut

1. Colt, a dwarfing rootstock of cherry is a cross between:

 a) P. avium × P. cerasifera b) P. avium × P. mahaleb

 c) P. avium × P. pseudocerasus d) P. avium × P. cerasoides

 2. GF-677 is a cross of:

 a) Almond × Peach b) Peach × Almond

 c) Peach × Apricot d) Apricot × Peach

 3. Coat protein mediated resistance has been developed in:

 a) Papaya b) Banana

 c) Citrus d) All the above

1. Which of the following variety of grape is commercially grown in North India?

 a) Pearlette  b) Pusa Seedless

 c) Thompson Seedless  d) Pusa Navrang

 2. Which of the following is highly shade tolerant fruit crop?

 a) Carambola  b) Coconut

 c) Citrus  d) Mango

 3. Type of apomixis present in citrus is:

 a) Non recurrent  b) Recurrent

 c) Parthenocarpy  d) All of the above

1. The average productivity of fruits in india is:

 a) 9.2 t/ha b) 12.2 t/ha

 c) 14.2 t/ha d) 16.2 t/ha

 2. The leading state in fruit production in india is:

 a) A.P. b) U.P.

 c) Maharashtra d) Karnataka

 3. The leading state in pineapple production in india is:

 a) Maharashtra b) Assam

 c) West Bengal d) Tripura

1. ‘National horticulture mission’ was launched during

 a) 2003 b) 2004

 c) 2005 d) 2006

 2. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India in:

 a) 1980 b) 1985

 c) 1990 d) 1995

 3. Which of the following ‘journal’ is published from indian academy of horticultural sciences ?

 a) Indian journal of horticulture

 b) Progressive horticulture

 c) South indian journal of horticulture

 d) Indian  journal   of ornamental horticultur

1. Which rare species of Mangifera is endemic to the Philippines

 a) Mangifera  merrillii b) Mangifera minutifolia

 c) Mangifera laurina d) Mangifera paludosa

 2. Which of the following crops is largely exported from India?

 a) Walnut b) Mango

 c) Grape d) Banana

 3. Lowest number of AEZs belongs which state?

 a) Maharashtra b) Karnataka

 c) West Bengal d) Andhra Pradesh

1. Shot berry in Perlette grape can be overcome by spray of ethrel @:

 a) 15 ppm b) 20 ppm

 c) 25 ppm d) 30 ppm

 2. Which of the following plant growth regulator is used for somatic embryogenesis in mango?

 a) Kinetin b) 2, 4-D

 c) GA3 d) ABA

 3. Which of the following fruit crops has the highest chilling requirement?

 a) Cherry b) Apple

 c) Walnut d) Apricot

1. Seedlessness in grapes is due to:

 a) Vegetative parthenocarpy b) Stimulative parthenocarpy

 c) Stenospermocarpy d) All of these

 2. Bitterness in almond kernel is governed by:

 a) Single dominant gene b) Single recessive gene

 c) Mutagens d) Multiple genes

 3. M-9 a dwarfing rootstock of apple has originated as a result of:

 a) Bud mutation b) Chance seedling selection

 c) Hybridization d) Clonal selection

1. Pineapple is commercially propagated by:

 a) Slips b) Suckers

 c) Crown d) Runners

 2. Colt is a dwarfing rootstock of:

 a) Cherry b) Peach

 c) Plum d) Apricot

 3. Palmette system of training is a modification of:

 a) Central leader b) Spindle bush

 c) Dwarf pyramid d) Open center

1. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) belongs to the family:

 a) Anacardiaceae b) Caricaceae

 c) Rosaceae d) Clusiaceae

 2. Amrit Sagar is a variety of:

 a) Aonla b) Bael

 c) Banana d) Grape

 3. Nendran banana belongs to which genomic group?

 a) AAA b) AAB

 c) ABB d) AB

1. The term ‘Chimera’ was coined by:

 a) Webber b) Winkler

 c) Wester d) Swingle

 2. What is the optimum pH for cultivation of Kinnow mandarin?

 a) 4-5 b) 5-6

 c) 6-7 d) 7-8

 3. Amygdalin is found in:

 a) Apple b) Apricot

 c) Aonla d) Almond

1. National Agriculture Market (NAM), an online trading portal for farm produce was launched on:

 a) 4 April 2016 b) 10 April 2016

 c) 14 April 2016 d) 16 April 2016

 2. UN General Assembly declared 2016 as:

 a) International Year of  Oilseeds

 b) International Year of Pulses

 c) International Year of Sustainable Agri.

 d) International Year of Cereals

 3. Which of the following is the richest source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?

 a) Lime b) Guava

 c) Aonla d) Ber

1. DD Kisan was launched on:

 a) 23 May 2015 b) 26 May 2015

 c) 29 May 2015 d) 16 May 2015

 2. UN General Assembly declared 2015 as:

 a) International Year of Soil

 b) International Year of Pulses

 c) International Year of Sustainable Agri.

 d) International Year of Family Farming

 3. As per the advance estimates for 2014-15, the total food grain production in the country is estimated at:

 a) 247 million tonnes b) 253 million tonnes

 c) 257 million tonnes d) 264 million tonnes

1. Who is the present Chairman of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Right Authority (PPV&ERA)?

Dr. R.R. Hanchinal

Dr. P.L. Gautam

Dr. S. Nagarajan

Dr. Swapan K. Datta

2. Which among the following is another name of vitamin B12?

Niacin

Pyridoxal phosphate

Cobalamin

Riboflavin

1. Which of the following crops have been approved for commercial cultivation in India?

Bt cotton and Bt brinjal

Bt cotton and Golden Rice

Bt maize and Bt. cotton

Bt cotton only

2.

The expected food grain production in India for the year 2010-11 was:

212 million tonnes

220 million tonnes

235 million tonnes

250 million tones

1. The share of agriculture and allied activities in India’s GDP at constant prices in 2008-09   was:

 a) 15.1% b) 17.1%

 c) 21.6% d) 24.0%

 2. The total area under transgenic crop in India during 2008-09 was:

 a) 4.4 million ha b) 6.4 million ha

 c) 8.4 million ha d) 10.4 million ha

 3. Fertilizer consumption in India during 2009-10 was:

 a) 128 kg/ha b) 138 kg/ha

 c) 148 kg/ha d) 158 kg/ha

 4. The genome of which of the following crops is still not completely sequenced?

 a) Rice b) Aerabidopsis

 c) Papaya d) Wheat

Poultry is one of the most emerging growth components of Indian agriculture, with egg and meat production rising at the rate of 8-10% per year when compared to crop production (1.5 - 2% each year). In India, the poultry population stood at 851.81 million in the 20th livestock census, an increase of 16.8% over the 19th census. Poultry sectors contribute 1% of national GDP and 25% in livestock GDP (FAO, 2021). According to DAHD’s 2022 report, our nation produces 122.05 billion eggs and 4.47 million tonnes of poultry meat altogether. India ranks eighth in terms of total meat production and third in terms of total egg production (DAHD, 2022).

Organic farming has undergone rapid growth in recent years across various agricultural and livestock sectors, including poultry production. The escalation of health concerns stemming from the presence of numerous medications and pesticide residues in conventional products has underscored the importance of ensuring the quality of egg and meat products. In this global context, there is a notable surge in demand for organic meat, prompting nations to explore organic poultry production.

Artificial insemination (AI) technology is one of the important managemental tools for the successful poultry industry. It has several uses and a few limitations also. This technique is performed to avoid the spread of venereal diseases by natural mating and to increase the dissemination of genetic material to a large number of birds. This technique include: semen collection, semen evaluation (physical and biochemical characteristics), semen dilution and preservation and deposition of semen in the female genitalia. Semen dilution is one of the most critical components of AI technology. Several suitable semen dilutors are reviewed for low temperature storage up to around 48 hours.

Introduction

Commercially laying of poultry birds carried out for a laying year or cycle after that as egg production decreases then they are usually culled when birds starts shedding of feathers. If we still keep these birds after allowing shedding and renewing of feathers birds take sufficient rest to builds up its body reserve of nutrients for next laying cycles. Their production regains 80-83% of the first laying cycle therefore recycling of laying can be carried out by shedding and renewing of feathers which is nothing but the “molting.”

Poultry hatchery is a place where the hatching egg is transformed into a one day old chick, during 21 days. The environment of a poultry hatchery is very susceptible to contamination by microorganisms which can adversely affect hatchability of the eggs and can result in embryonic deaths. E. coli, Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species, Aspergillus fumigates and Pseudomonas species are mainly isolated from hatchery and it adversely affects chick quality and cause embryonic deaths. Poor standards of hatchery hygiene may lead ultimately to an explosion of pathogenic organisms resulting in severe economic loss.

There has been a paradigm shift in the poultry sector regarding its structure and operations. Over five decades, backyard farming has transformed into a dynamic commercial agri-business. The poultry raised commercially is more enterprise-oriented, whereas poultry raised in backyards and small farms has proven to provide nutritional security worldwide. Although backyard poultry contributes more than 12% to national egg production, it is often neglected. There is a high concentration of commercial poultry egg and meat production in urban and semi-urban areas.

Laying and broiler breeding are the backbone of the poultry industry. Fertility and hatchability are the two most important reproductive traits of breeder birds that highly influence the supply of quality day-old commercial chicks and growth of poultry industry. Fertility and hatchability are parameters of economic viability (King’Ori, 2011; Malik et al., 2015) and interrelated heritable traits that vary among breeds, variety and individuals in a breed or variety. Fertility refers to the average percentage of eggs that were fertilized and hatchability refers to the proportion of chicks hatched from the total number of eggs set for incubation (hatchability on the basis of total egg set), and based on the total number of fertile eggs (hatchability on the basis of fertile eggs set) (Wolc et al., 2019).

The profitability of poultry farming primarily depends on reduction in feed cost, which can be achieved by utilizing optimum concentrations of energy and crude protein (CP) from economically viable and nutritionally balanced feed ingredients. Soya bean meal (SBM) is conventionally used as a source of protein in poultry diet. However, the shortage and escalating cost of this prime protein source makes poultry farming uneconomical in many developing countries. Continuous efforts are, therefore, is on in search of viable alternate protein feed ingredients for SBM. 

Introduction

The rare-earth elements (REEs) consist of a group of 17 elements that have atomic numbers between 57 (lanthanum) and 71 (lutetium). They are also known as lanthanides. The European Union banned all in-feed growth promoting antibiotics in 2006 because of public fears about the transmission and development of multi-resistant bacteria, which pose a threat to human health. Such restrictions have prompted the need to explore new safe, efficient, and inexpensive feed additives as alternative sources of growth promoters. Rare earth elements (REEs) have been used as feed additives for the last few decades due to their effectiveness in improving the body weight, feed conversion rate (FCR), and milk and egg production in various farm animals, including cattle, poultry, and swine.

Most raw feed ingredients used as an energy and/or a protein source in poultry feed are grown, harvested, processed, and transported from outside of the poultry industry. Poultry feed are routinely subjected to contamination from diverse sources which may have a serious consequences on the safety of poultry products. Public concerns over food safety from the food of animal origin is a cause of global concern in the recent years due to problems such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), dioxin and melamine contaminations, microbial resistance to antibiotics and outbreak of food borne bacterial infections (food poisoning) (Panda, 2013).

Wet litter can be caused by extrinsic or intrinsic factors related to excessive excretion of water. When the moisture content of litter exceeds 35%, it can lead to various issues, including pododermatitis of the foot pads, resulting in poor growth rate in broilers and low fertility in breeder flocks. Wet litter can also contribute to inflammation of the feather follicles. This can lead to gangrenous dermatitis, which is responsible for downgrading at processing or rejection by consumers. Additionally, wet litter is often associated with outbreaks of coccidiosis, as the oocysts of Eimeria spp. require moisture levels over 25% to mature. Necrotic enteritis occurs frequently in houses with areas of wet litter, while damp litter may contribute to the proliferation of toxic fungi.

Poultry holds significant value as it provides essential protein, vitamins, and mineral nutrients, including eggs and chicken meat.Poultry is a significant source of organic fertilizer and generates income and employment for millions of farmers and other poultry cultivators. The bigger and richer the industry, the more problems they face.Infectious diseases transmitted by flies, majorly house flies (Musca domestica) and other insects are the primary concern for poultry farmers on their farm. The threat of flies is a major problem worldwide wherever poultry farming is an important economic activity.In livestock and medical treatments, flies are significant pests that can cause irritation, spoilage of food, and serve as vectors for various pathogenic organisms. They are also highly destructive.

The thermal range ideal for poultry rearing is 130C to 240C and is known as thermo neutral zone. Any temperature on either side of this zone falls in the critical range (240C-380C and 0-130C) and is detrimental to birds. Heat stress (HS) happens when the amount of heat produced by a bird exceeds the bird’s capability to dissipate the heat from the body to its surrounding environment both by sensible and insensible heat loss. The imbalance between heat production and dissipation result due to variations in a combination of various factors viz. sunlight, temperature of the air, humidity etc. and individual variations at bird level viz. sex, breed, species and physiological status (Lara and Rostagno, 2013). During heat stress, the birds reduce their heat production by decreased feed intake and increased water consumption.

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds. More than 25% of world’s food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins (Eskola et al., 2020). Like other environmental pollutants, mycotoxins also harm the health and productivity of animals and poultry. Mycotoxin development typically occurs in the field, during feed processing and storage under unfavourable conditions. Factors such as temperature changes, storage time, and conditions play a crucial role in fungal growth and aflatoxin synthesis.

Losses caused by Eimeria in Intestine of poultry are well known from more than century (Chapman, 2014) and their important information like life cycle, pathogenesis, global distribution are well established (Shirley et al., 2005). Heavy infection of coccidiosis in poultry leads to necrotic enteritis, reduced feed conversion ratio and even some species of Eimeria are responsible for mortality of birds (Shirley et al., 2005; Williams, 1999).Due to economic losses caused by Eimeria, prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs and live parasitic vaccine are used in poultry industry (Blake and Tomley, 2014).

A novel approach to immunisation is edible vaccines that work by using plants as bio factories to create immunogenic proteins that, when ingested, can provide immunity. The idea is to genetically modify plants such that they express genes that code for pathogen proteins or antigens. Then, because they stimulate the synthesis of vaccine components within their tissues, these genetically engineered plants serve as vaccine delivery vehicles. The hepatitis B vaccination served as the model for immunogenicity in humans in the early research on edible vaccines.

Poultry production in India has emerged as a rapid growing sector among agricultural and livestock sector. Indian poultry industry has made a significant impact in economic, nutritional and socio-cultural aspects including livelihoods of poor rural households. Ever since its inception and is presently emerging as sun rise sector with a growth rate of 10-15% and overall turnover of Rs 70,000/- crore. Despite of frequent ingress with various pathogenic avian diseases including avian influenza, which is a severe setback for the industry, India has sustained globally as 3rd and 5th biggest country for egg and meat production respectively. Emerging and re-emerging poultry diseases in the country are posing significant challenges to the poultry industry.

Antibiotics have been used since their discovery to cure illness at therapeutic levels and to boost animal feed production at subtherapeutic levels by promoting animal development. Antibiotics have been regarded as necessary additives or supplements for improved growth and preservation of a healthy intestinal ecology in the production of chicken for more than 50 years (Huyghebaert et al., 2011). The Indian government outlawed the use of antibiotics in poultry feed in 2019. (Colistin, for example, is no longer allowed in poultry feed.) As a result, a lot of effort is being put into creating antibiotic substitutes. Alternatives to antibiotics should ideally possess the same advantageous qualities.