eChapters

Introduction

In an era defined by unprecedented connectivity and shared global challenges, the assurance of food security emerges as a cornerstone of human welfare and societal stability. At its core, the concept of global food security embodies a delicate equilibrium—wherein the abundant availability, accessibility, utilization, and consistency of nutritious sustenance are assured for all. Yet, this equilibrium remains precariously fragile amidst a confluence of modern predicaments. The imperatives of nourishment transcend mere sustenance; they intertwine with the fabric of public health, economic fortitude, and societal harmony. The imperious need to address food security issues stems from the stark realities it imposes: a profound impact on individual health, the stifling of economic prosperity, and the potential for social unrest. 

Introduction

In the verdant landscapes and bustling fields of India, the heartbeat of a nation pulses through its agriculture. For millennia, farming has been not just a livelihood but an intrinsic part of the cultural fabric, shaping traditions, festivals, and the very essence of community life. Yet, the modern agricultural practices, driven by the pursuit of higher yields, have strained the very soil that nurtured this civilization for centuries. In this crucible of tradition and progress, a beacon of hope emerges - regenerative agriculture - offering a path to restore, revitalize, and safeguard India's precious ecosystems.

Introduction

The agricultural sector stands at a crossroads, facing the dual challenge of meeting the escalating global demand for food while grappling with the impact of climate change and an aging farming population. In this context, the empowerment of youth emerges as a beacon of hope, holding the key to transforming agriculture into a dynamic, sustainable, and innovative sector. This chapter embarks on a journey to explore the pivotal role of empowering youth in agriculture, underscoring its significance not only on a global scale but also within the vibrant context of India, notably in the state of Odisha.

Introduction

Agriculture came into existence around 12,000 years ago laying foundations for human civilization, helping people to live in a permanent settlement instead of a continuous nomadic lifestyle. The primitive form of farming was subsistence farming, where all the crops and livestock raised by the farmers was solely for the consumption of their family or community. People exchanged what they produced. The activity of marketing was just an activity of distribution. With development of civilization with social stratification, developed transportation and communication, the process of marketing became necessary and complex at the same time.

Introduction

Sustainable farming, rooted in the harmonious interaction between nature and agriculture, stands as a beacon of hope for India's agricultural landscape, paving the way for a resilient and ecologically balanced future. In a world increasingly confronted by environmental challenges, the urgency to adopt sustainable farming practices has become paramount, and India, with its rich agricultural heritage, exemplifies a tapestry of wisdom and innovation in this regard.For millennia, India's agrarian communities have cultivated a deep relationship with the land, inheriting traditional farming practices that fostered harmony with nature. From the ancient techniques of the Indus Valley Civilization to the holistic principles of Ayurveda influencing farming methods, the country's agricultural history is a repository of sustainable wisdom. These practices, ingrained in the cultural fabric, not only sustained livelihoods but also preserved the ecological equilibrium.

The present research had been conducted to study the Entrepreneurial behaviour of farmers in farmer producer organisations(FPO) in selected block of Odisha and in the end the comparison is made. The study had been conducted on 2 Farmer producer organisations (FPO) of Ranpur block from Nayagarh district of Odisha. A pilot study was conducted to understand the area,its people, institution ,communication and extension system of these states.

An exhaustive list of respondents was prepared critically with the help of FPO members. From the list, 100 respondents were selected for the study through Snowball sampling method. The primary data were collected with the help of structured interviewschedule by following the personal interview method. The secondary data werecollected from our departmental library, internet, Department of Agriculture, Odisha, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya ,etc.for establishing the conceptual framework of the study.

Table 6.1: Descriptive Statistics of Variable with respect to Minimum, Maximum, Range, Mean, Standard Deviation of Values, Variance, and Coefficient of Variance

Result: Table 6.1 presents the distribution of 24 independent variables (x₁-x₂₄) and 8 independent variables (y₁-y₈) in terms of their range, mean, standard deviation and co-efficient of variance.

Revelation: The distribution pattern of variable, age, depicts that the minimum age of the respondents is 25 and maximum is 80. The mean age is 49.830 with S.D 13.954. The Coefficient of variance (CV) is 28.003 per cent which indicates that the distribution pattern of the variable is highly consistent.

The distribution pattern of variable, education, depicts that the minimum education of the respondents is 0(illiterate) and maximum is 12 (12th standard). The mean education is 7.650 with S.D 3.043. The Coefficient of variance (CV) is 39.778 per cent which indicates that the distribution pattern of the variable is fairly consistent.

The distribution pattern of variable, no. of enterprise, depicts that the minimum number of respondents is 2 and maximum is 9. The mean no. of enterprise is 3.820 with S.D 1.388. The Coefficient of variance (CV) is 36.338 per cent which indicates that the distribution pattern of the variable is fairly consistent.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research
2. Sampling design
3. Pilot study
4. Variables and their measurements
5. Methods of data collection
6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

In any scientific investigation and research, a comprehensive review of literature is very essential. Its main function, apart from determining the work done before concerning the problem area i.e., area of investigation, to provide an insight into the methods and procedures and create a basis for interpretation of findings. As direct references of all the items are not in abundance, certain specific references along with some indirect references have been incorporated in this chapter for the purpose of meaningful use. In the present study, reviews of literature have been summarized in the following table

To tackle modern-day challenges and attain a sustainable growth while managing farm enterprises, the farmers have to undergo rigorous behavioral change to transform themselves as entrepreneur. Thus, the present chapter deals with incorporating an understanding about the idea of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurship and the organization level, present status and promotional opportunities of FPOs.

2.1 Who is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is someone or a group of individuals who conceptualize, start, and sustain for a long enough period of time a social organization that provides financial rewards, or, to put it another way, who see a business opportunity and create a firm to pursue it. (Cole,1968)

Albeit a mammoth volume of food grain production in India, 320 million tons and close to 350 million tons of vegetables production in 2023 evinces the emergence of mighty Indian agriculture over the geo-political expanse at global level, yet the income from agriculture to her 140 millions of farmers is not secured, persistent and satisfying. This is due to a mal orchestration of weather-market-job-technolgy uncertainties. The farmers producer organization offers them a new hope and aspiration for small-marginal tiny agricultural producers of India.

Good governance is crucial for the effective functioning and development of any country, including India. To ensure good governance, several steps have been undertaken in India. Here is an introduction to some of these steps;

1. Strengthening the Democratic Decentralization

The 73^rd and 74^th Amendments to the Constitution of India are pivotal in strengthening democratic decentralization in the country. These amendments, passed in 1992, provide constitutional recognition and support for local self-governance in rural and urban areas, respectively. The 73^rd and 74^th Amendments establish Panchayats (rural local bodies) and Municipalities (urban local bodies) as institutions of self-government. They empower these local bodies with the authority to plan and implement economic development programs, social justice initiatives, and the provision of essential services within their jurisdictions.

Poor Governance

Bad governance refers to how decisions are made in government and business. It is opposite of good leadership. Poor governance entails systemic corruption and a lack of openness and accountability, arbitrary policymaking, and the deception of those who are ruled.

Government

Government is a territorial based body that makes authoritative decisions (for which it has constitutional or legislative authority) that are binding on residents and businesses within its boundaries. It is the executive arm of the state. Government refers to actions carried out within a formal legal setting; governance involves all activities of government along with formal activities even outside a formal governmental setting, which are meant to achieve common goals.

Governance is the process of governing through which decisions are made that are intended to affect societal outcomes, including economic, social, environmental and other important outcomes. It encompasses the direct and indirect roles of formal institutions of local government and government hierarchies, as well as the roles of informal norms, networks, community organizations, and neighborhood associations in pursuing collective actions.

In recent years the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being used frequently in development literature. The concept of good governance is related to all branches of social sciences, especially, to political science, public administration, and economics. The term governance has become synonymous to sound development management. The concept of "governance" not new, it is as old as government itself. The term governance has become synonymous to sound development management. In recent times the concept of Good Governance first emerged in the mid-1980s as governability with the emphasis on adherence to the rule of law.

The 73rd and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992 enjoin upon the states to establish a three-tier system of Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels and Municipalities in the urban areas respectively. States are expected to devolve adequate powers, responsibilities and finances upon these bodies so as to enable them to prepare plans and implement schemes for economic development and social justice.

These Acts provide a basic framework of decentralisation of powers and authorities to the Panchayati Raj/Municipal bodies at different levels.

The 73^rd and the 74^th Amendments to the Constitution of India are the new chapters in the democratic decentralization process in India.

Village Panchayats existed in India long back, but the system has inherent weaknesses like the inability to be a people's government responsiveness to their needs. This was due to a variety of factors like a lack of financial resources, no regular elections and inadequate representation of the weaker sections (scheduled castes/ tribes and women) of the society. The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitution of India lays down in Article 40 that the government should facilitate the establishment and smooth functioning of the gram panchayats.

The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, in its 1957 report, proposed the establishment of a Panchayati Raj System consisting of three tiers: Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block or intermediate level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. The National Development Council also supported a similar structure in 1958, with villages at the bottom and districts at the top. However, it was the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992 that gave the Panchayati Raj System its current form. Most states now have Panchayati Raj Institutions operating at three levels: village, intermediate, and district. However, smaller states with populations under 20 lakh have only two tiers: the village level and the district level.

Urban local bodies refer to the local government institutions that are responsible for the administration and governance of urban areas. These bodies are established to address the specific needs and challenges of urban areas, including cities, towns, and other urban settlements. Urban local bodies play a crucial role in managing urban infrastructure, providing essential services, and promoting urban development. They are responsible for areas such as urban planning, public health, sanitation, solid waste management, transportation, water supply, and housing. The composition and structure of urban local bodies vary across different countries and regions, but they typically consist of elected representatives who work towards the overall development and well-being of urban communities.

Local government is essential for responsive governance, citizen participation, effective service delivery, and sustainable development at the grassroots level. It ensures that decisions are made with the best interests of the community in mind, leading to improved quality of life and overall well-being for its residents. Local government ensures that decision-making is participatory, responsive, and tailored to the needs of the community, promoting effective governance and sustainable development at the grassroots level.

The Election Commission of India is an independent constitutional body that has the responsibility of managing elections in India. It oversees the electoral processes for various positions such as the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies, as well as the offices ofthe President and Vice President. The Election Commission operates under the authority of the Constitution, specifically Article 324, and the Representation of the People Act. In situations where existing laws are inadequate to handle specific election-related issues, the Commission has the power to take appropriate action in accordance with the Constitution.

Democracy has been one of the most generally adopted forms of government around the world. Democracy, founded on the values of popular sovereignty, equality, and civic involvement, seeks to give the people political authority. Democracy has had a variety of consequences and impacts on the society and governments that have accepted it throughout history. These outcomes have shaped people's lives, influenced political landscapes, and had far-reaching consequences in the social, economic, and cultural arenas. Ofcourse, democracy may face challenges, its ability to adapt, evolve, and engage citizens in the decision-making process makes it a crucial system for fostering inclusive and prosperous societies. Below, we will explore some of the positive outcomes and challenges before democracy.

The fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India are a cornerstone of the country's democratic framework, guaranteeing essential protections and liberties to its citizens. These rights, often referred to as the "heart and soul" of the Constitution, reflect the deep commitment of the framers to create a just and inclusive society. The Constitution, adopted on January 26, 1950, sets forth a comprehensive set of fundamental rights that safeguard individual autonomy, promote equality, and protect against discrimination and abuse of power.

Features of Democracy

Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the power to participate in the decision-making process. There are several features of democracy which can helps in the determination of working of Government. The features of democracy ensure that the government is accountable to the people, and that individual rights are protected. These are explained below:

• Free and fair elections: Elections are the cornerstone of democracy, and free and fair elections are crucial to ensuring that the people have a say in the government.
• Rule of law: The rule of law means that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. This principle ensures that no one is above the law, and that everyone is held accountable for their actions.
• Protection of individual rights: Democracies protect the individual rights of their citizens, including freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
• Separation of powers: Democracies typically have a system of checks and balances that prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. This separation of powers ensures that no one person or group has too much control.

The Principles of Democracy

Democracy is a form of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise that power either directly or through representatives. The principles of democracy are a set of fundamental values and beliefs that are essential to the functioning of a democratic society. These principles are intended to ensure that the government is answerable to the people, that individual rights and liberties are protected, and that all citizens have an equal say in decision-making.

The principles of democracy include popular sovereignty, the rule of law, separation of powers, protection of individual rights and liberties, accountability and transparency, pluralism, civil society, and political tolerance. These principles form the foundation of democratic governance and are essential to ensuring that government is responsive to the needs and desires of the people. While the specific implementation of democratic principles can vary from country to country, they are generally seen as essential to a healthy democracy. By upholding these principles, democratic societies are able to promote freedom, equality, and justice, and to provide opportunities for all citizens to participate in the decision-making process.

Democracy is a system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It is a form of government that allows for the free and fair participation of citizens in the decision-making process of the country. In a democratic system, all citizens have the right to vote and participate in the political process, and the government is accountable to the people. Key features of democracy include a free press, an independent judiciary, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. While there are many variations of democracy, the basic principles include equality, freedom, and the rule of law.

8.1 Recommendations

The specific recommendation for NAZ in promoting CA are

• Since fragmentation has come out as a barrier to CA, the community based CA entrepreneurship will be more successful to make CA ecologically resilient, economically viable and socially adoptable.
• Crop residues are viable source for soil nutrients including organic carbon replenishment, but unfortunately left over crop residues are either burnt out or wrongly used. So, a community bank on crop residues in the form of bio-parks on a commercial basis can be a dependable source of organic manure for being blended into the farm soil. Auditing on volume of disposable CR and its proper application can help in making operating farm more resilient and productive.
• Since CA farmers have to go through a minimum gestation period and they are expected to contribute to the ecological resilience and carbon sequestration, economic incentives must be extended for their productive as well as stewardship function. A policy promulgation is the need of the hour to support their contribution
• Since fragmentation of holding poses a potential threat to resource energy biodiversity and economic conservation, so a strong land and farm policy needs to be there to abate disintegration and fragmentation of holding

Since the Green Revolution of 1960s, Indian agriculture have been highly dependent on chemical fertilizers, exploitation of ground water for irrigation, intensive tillage etc. to raise the food grain production of the country towards ensuring food security for all. The consequences of these practices resulted in declined and degraded soil health, soil erosion and dried up water capillaries - ultimately posing threat to the sustainability of the future production. This invites the need of affordable changes in the agricultural practices without hampering the production. Conservation Agriculture, as put forward by FAO, is a set of sustainable agricultural practices, aims to conserve, improve and make efficient use of natural resources through management of soil, water and biological resources in aid with external inputs. The three basic principles of Conservation Agriculture include - minimum soil disturbances, permanent soil cover and crop rotation or crop diversification.

Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the socio-economic and communication characteristics of the respondents in terms of Range (Minimum and Maximum), Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) of Alluvial Zone in West Bengal

Table 1 Represents the distribution of variables in terms of range i.e. maximum and minimum values, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for alluvial zone of West Bengal.

It has been found that for the independent variable age (x₁), the range lies between 82 and 27 years, where the oldest respondent is of 82 years and the youngest respondent being 27years old. The mean value of the age of the respondents in this study was found to be 51.49 years with a standard deviation of 12.42 in the dataset. Coefficient of variation for this variable was found to be 24.14 per cent, which indicates a high level of consistency in the distribution.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research
2. Sampling design
3. Pilot study
4. Variables and their measurements

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

The last century has witnessed a global change in agricultural practices. From high dependency on external input agriculture, the world is now shifting towards low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). The history of dustbowl devastation in 1930s in America has put agricultural practices, tillage in particular, to question (Friedrich et al., 2012). Traditionally, tillage was believed to be a primary farm operation for preparing a good seedbed, nutrient mobilization, weed management, moisture availability, crop residue incorporation (Hobbs et al., 2008), thereby improving the overall soil health with increased production (Farooq et al., 2011a). The dust bowl devastation of 1930s gave rise to the concept of protecting soil by reducing tillage operation and maintaining ground cover, popularized as conservation tillage (Friedrich et al., 2012). Economic and ecological sufferings caused by the disastrous droughts in USA during 1930s drove the shift towards conservation agriculture (CA) (Haggblade and Tembo, 2003).

This chapter describes about the review of relevant researches related to the present study. This also helps in developing conceptual framework and selecting proper methodology for the study. Although studies have been conducted on different aspects of conservation agriculture in past, but a few reviews were available on social ecology and perceptional change of the farmers in managing critical inputs to agriculture like water, nutrient and soil organic carbon, and ecosystem as a whole. So, reviews having a little indirect bearings are also included in this section. In accordance with the subject of the proposed study, the review of literature has been presented under the following sub-heads:

1.1 Background

The aftermath of Green Revolution has contributed to both coercions and pollution, albeit, it saved human civilization from hunger, malnutrition and impoverishment. The beginning of GR era, with the prevailing objective and condition, has got less but few choices to go for intensive cultivation that invited chemical fertilizer, assured irrigation and farm mechanizations to make the 'magic gene' revolutionizing the production, productivity and livelihood security in agriculture as well.

The welcome of exotic genes into Indian agriculture has also triggered the silent oftraditional cultivars. Nevertheless, the quantum jump of an agriculture with a production of 55 million tons to 120 million tons during 70s, has contributed to make India self-reliant in food and we have been able to earn a new esteem in the global geo-political scenario by throwing away the 'begging bowl' called PL480.

6.1 Role of Media in Democracy: Introduction

The media is the fourth pillar of democracy. The media has a critical role in creating a democratic culture that transcends the political system and gradually enters the general public's consciousness. Voters rely on the political information provided by the media to make their selections. They facilitate discussion and help discover issues facing our society.

5.1 Basics of Writing

Writing news stories involves a specific set of guidelines and practices to ensure accuracy, clarity, and effective communication.

• Writing News Stories

A methodical approach is necessary when writing news articles in order to provide accurate, educational, and captivating information.

4.1 The Meaning of Journalism

The profession and practice of journalism entail gathering, confirming, analysing, and distributing news and information to the general public. Reporters, often known as journalists, are essential to the accurate, timely, and insightful coverage of events, problems, and advancements that have an impact on society. They are responsible for presenting the facts, providing diverse viewpoints, and conveying information in a clear, objective, and ethical manner.

3.1 Language and Principles of Writing: Basic Differences Between the Print, Electronic and Online News

Because each media has a unique readership with different needs, writing for print, electronic, and digital news demands distinct terminology and approaches. Here are the key differences:

Print News: Language

1. Conciseness: Print news requires concise and to-the-point writing due to limited space.
2. Formal Language: Language tends to be more formal and structured.
3. Third Person: Writing is often in the third person.
4. Headlines: Print headlines are shorter and must convey the essence of the story.

2.1 Audio-Visual Aids Classification

Audio-visual aids are tools that combine auditory and visual stimuli to facilitate learning and improve comprehension. They can make abstract ideas more concrete and understandable. Here's a classification of some commonly used audio-visual aids:

• Audio Aids

• Tape recorders: are tools for teaching that playback sound or music.
• Radio: Programmes can serve as educational resources and audio learning aids.
• Podcasts are digital audio programs or episodes with a focus on learning.

1.1 Meaning

The English word 'communication' is derived from the Latin communis, which means common sense. In other words, it is the transmission and interaction of facts, ideas, opinions, feelings, or attitudes. Communication is a two-way process that involves transferring info rmation or messages from one person or group to another. This process goes on and includes a minimum of one sender and receiver to pass on the messages. These messages can either be any ideas, imagination, emotions, or thoughts. Communication is a Latin word that means "to share".

Maintenance of optimum fertility and reproductive goals is very important for profitable and economically viable cattle rearing. It is highly desired and essential for the farmers to maintain the high reproductive efficiency in cows so that the losses incurred on infertility are reduced to the maximum extent through good managemental practices and following scientific guidelines properly.

Calves play an important role in the dairy development and successful growth of young calves to mature stage is required for herd replacement and to get economic returns when they are sold. Good calf-care is important for sustenance of the dairy form and preservation and maintenance of good quality germplasm.

Regular deworming of cattle including young stock is essential for economic rearing as sever parasitic infection leads to reduced feed intake, decreased reproductive performance, lower milk production, decreased growth rate and increased incidence of diseases. So, deworming as per scientific schedule and dose rate is a must for animals to keep away these profit eating parasites.

Vaccination of cattle and prevention of diseases causing huge economic losses is very much essential for economic rearing of livestock as prophylactic and strategic vaccination helps in development of immunity against the vaccinated diseases thereby prevents the animals from developing such infections and consequent diseases. Animals should be vaccinated at specific age and at definite time intervals for optimal protection against the diseases.

The diagnosis of pregnancy (Cyesiognosis) was desired earlier by farmers for curiosity, but currently early pregnancy diagnosis is considered essential for economically viable and profitable dairy farming. Clinical methods are commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle with recto genital palpation and trans-rectal ultrasonography as the methods of choice for an accurate and early pregnancy diagnosis.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique in which sperm cells loaded in straws and stored in liquid nitrogen are thawed and manually deposited into the reproductive tract of a female animal at estrus. The recto-vaginal technique is the most commonly used method for artificial insemination in cattle. In order to increase the probability of pregnancy, the animal in estrus should be inseminated at proper time not too early or late.

Estrus is referred to as the period of estrous cycle during which the female animal allows the male for mating. It is the period of estrous cycle during which insemination is done to female animal so that the animal will become pregnant. During estrus, cow usually seeks out the male and ’stands’ for him to mate her. In all domestic species, Ovulation occurs during this phase of the cycle but in case of cow, ovulation occurs about 12 hours after the end of estrus period.

Cystic ovarian disease (Cystic ovarian degenertaion or ovarian cysts) is a common ovarian dysfunction in cattle and causes huge economic loss to farmers due to its high incidence and negative impact on the reproductive performance of cow. Animals having cysts on ovary result in anoestrum as the most significant clinical sign. Althouugh the exact cause that leads to cystic ovarian disease is not yet fully clear but altered release of LH hormone is the most accepted hypothesis.

Uterine torsion in cow is actually the rotation of the pregnant uterus on its longitudinal axis and usually occurs before onset or during late first stage of parturition but rarely encountered during early second stage of parturition. In cattle, uterine torsion involves both gravid and non gravid horns because of strong intercornual ligament and distension of uterine horn and body with placenta and fluid. The remarkable feature of uterine torsion is its association with advanced pregnancy and process of parturition in cow.