eChapters

Site of Incision

Make an incision around the eyeball at the margin of orbit.Then remove the supraorbital process by cutting dorsal and ventral end to access inside the orbit. Remove all the attachments of eyeball from osseous orbit through carefull dissection. Then remove all the extraoccular and periorbital fat to expose the muscles of eyeball.

Site of incision: Make an incision from distal end of cranial margin of stifle joint to coxal tuber and extend it dorsally up to mid dorsal line of the body. Make another incision at mid caudal of thigh from stifle region to tuber ischii and extend it to mid dorsal up to the base of the tail and then connects the distal ends of both previous incisions and reflect the skin up to mid dorsal line of the body.

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the vital cereal crop, probably the oldest cultivated grain crop, produced under varied ecosystems is consumed as the primary source of food by the billions of people throughout the world covering 9% of total arable land among world. India is one of the top leading countries in the entire world in case of both production and consumption of rice. Rice is cultivated in 43.86 m ha geographical area of the country producing 115.6 million tons (2018- 2019) of rice. It is produced in various ecosystems throughout the country under diverse climatic and soil condition but the productivity is much lower as compared to other countries. According to Pandey et al. (2006), the average loss of rice production during drought years in major rainfed rice grown states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha was found to be 30 percent of the annual production in case of non-drought years.

Introduction

Pulses are a part of healthy and balanced diet and have special importance for vegetarians in fulfilling their daily requirements for body proteins. Low productivity in pulses is due to nutritional deficiency in soil and imbalanced external fertilization (Awomi et al., 2012). Nitrogen (N) is more important as it is essential component of amino acids and proteins. It fixes atmospheric N of about 35 kg ha-1 by the help of symbiotic Rhizobium, a soil bacterium (Movalia et al., 2020). Globally, Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium can fix approximately 175 x 106tons of N every year which is higher than the annual total chemical N fertilizer production of 30 x 106tons (Hidayatullah et al., 2016). The element molybdenum (Mo) is crucial for functions of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, the two important enzymes that act as catalyst for N fixation. These two enzymes work properly in presence of Mo as nitrogenase contains Fe-Mo and Fe-Fd proteins, and N fixation cannot take place without these proteins (Hidayatullah et al., 2016).

Introduction

The much awaited new educational Policy 2020 approved and released by the Central Government on July, 29, 2020. A document which is set to transform Indian education system in most holistic way and will exert a long lasting influence on framing the Indian education system by addressing the vivid issues across the discipline and streams. The implementation of this policy will be under a single body HECI (Higher Education Council of India) well supported by multiple bodies like National Higher Education Regulatory Council(NHREC), Meta-accrediting body referred as Nation accreditation Council (NAC), Higher Education Grant Council (HEGC), General Education Council(GEC) also called Graduate attributes, it will formulate the National Higher Education Qualification Frame work (NHEQF). This council will take over presently regulating bodies of higher education like University Grant Commission, All India Council of Technical Education and National Council of Teachers Education.

Introduction

Agriculture is the main sector of the Odisha economy and contributes approximately 42% to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs over 80% of the population. Despite its role, agricultural production is constrained by high climate variability where rainfall distribution is extremely uneven and this has negative implications for the livelihoods of people .Drought frequently results in crop failure, while high rainfall intensities result in low infiltration and high runoff causing enhanced soil erosion and land degradation. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion and declining land fertility is a serious challenge to agricultural productivity and economic growth (Lemenih, 2004).Studies indicate that the tribal district of Odisha have experienced high rates of soil erosion and deforestation, resulting in sediment accumulation in downstream reservoirs and rivers.

Introduction

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the major starchy tuber vegetable crops of the world. It is a unique crop which can supplement the food needs of the country in a substantial manner. Today, potato is the need of life or poor man’s food in many countries including India. Potato production in India has made tremendous progress only with the development of new technologies in different fields of agriculture. It has been observed that the farmers are not adopting recommended practices and consequently not realizing the potential yield of potato. To understand the problems of farmers in the adoption of complete recommended farm practices, researchers as well as extension workers should come out with some concrete findings and suggestions, which can solve these problems. It has been seen that a large number of techniques and practices do not reach the farmer’s fields and those carried to the farmers get considerably distorted or often adopted partially with the result that farmers do not get the potential yield.

Introduction

Rice, being an important crop in India, there is a part to focus on improving rice production and productivity. A number of biotic and abiotic factors mostly referred as production constraints that affect the rice yield adversely and subsequently, needs an extraordinary consideration to the developing demand of continuously emerging population of India (Kumar and Jha, 2000). Abiotic stress has been estimated that more than half of the yield potential of major crops is mainly affected due to unfavourable growing environments such as drought (Cortina and Culianez-Macia, 2005). The current study was aimed to carry out to assess the impact of Pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) and plant growth promoters on mitigating drought stress effects in semi dry rice.

Introduction

Agricultural production system achieved a miracle by the way of green revolution which compactualized the potential of photoperiod and the thermo insensitive input responsive crop culture. The productive trends of food crops continued with increased fertilizer consumption, irrigation potential and improved agro-techniques. However science based intensive agriculture with intensive irrigation due to its inappropriate, inpropotional and ambitious approaches put the agriculture productivity on back foot. Because of these problems the arable land is facing the problem to sustain itself in terms of its capacity to produce desirable output. The scenario is further threatened with increase in climate change impact on various natural resources. The projected food crisis is on the card.

Introduction

Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy and it contributes about 17.4% to the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA) for the year 2016-17 provides employment to over 54.6 % of the population. There has been a continuous decline in the share of agriculture and allied sector in GVA from 18.6% in 2013 14 to 17.4% in 2016-17. Falling share of agriculture and allied sector in GVA is an expected outcome in a fast growing and structurally changing economy. However since 54.6% of the population is still dependent on agriculture and engaged in improving the agricultural production and overall income. The agricultural production system required timely and adequate agriculture credit to fulfill farmers need. Agricultural Finance ensures provision of multiple types of services dedicated to support both on- and off-farm agricultural activities and businesses including input provision, production, and distribution, wholesale, processing and marketing.

Introduction Soil ecosystems are the foundation of human life support systems. Soil erosion, loss of soil organic matter and nutrient depletion are among the leading contributors to impaired soil health, reduced crop yields and poverty. Realizing the significant role that soils play in food and environmental security and in abating climate change, the United Nations declared 2015 as the Year of Soils. The International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), in 2002, proposed to observe the 5th December as “World Soil Day” [WSD] to create awareness among all stakeholders on the importance of soil as a critical component of the natural system and as a vital contributor to human commonwealth through its contribution to food, water and energy security and as a mitigation of biodiversity loss and climate change. These occasions remind all stakeholders associated with agriculture all over the world to put in all efforts to promote scientific management of soil resources for soil protection, conservation and sustainable productivity.

Vermicompost is the result of the biooxidation and stabilization process of organic wastes by joint action of earthworms and microbial decomposers. In this process all nutrients present in organic wastes are transformed to plant available forms. Earthworms also secret various plant growth hormones along with polysaccharides, proteins and other nitrogenous compounds. Vermicompost, therefore, improves aeration, soil structure, nutrient availability, water holding capacity, ground biodiversity and nutrient efficiency, enhancing germination, growth and yield of crops. As compaired to farm yard manure, vermicompost contains 40 to 60% higher levels of humic substances and is superior in quality than conventional composts. The effect of humic substances is more prominent in stimulating root respiration, formation and growth, which in turn improves upper growth including the shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits (Theunissen et al., 2010).

9.1 Introduction and Definition

Literally, econometrics means “Economic measurements”. Although measurement is an important part of econometrics, the scope of econometrics is much broader. Econometrics is an amalgam of economic theory, mathematical economics, economic statistics and mathematical statistics. It can also be stated that “Econometrics consists of the application of mathematical statistics to economic data to provide empirical support to the model constituted by mathematical economics and to obtain numerical results from such data.

14.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we have to present the review matters related to the theory of the “Classical Linear Regression Model (C.L.R.M.) and Testing of Significance of Statistical Hypothesis”. Here, I have to provide the references about the topics and the names of the books from where the readers can refer about the availability of the subject matters (preliminaries, procedures and interpretations) of numerical results obtained through the statistical analysis carried out for the empirical studies considered there in.

Introduction

Most common improvement of host resistance to almost any pathogen is brought about by improving the genetic resistance of the host, that is by breeding and using resistance varieties.

Genetic engineering technology made possible the isolation of individual resistance (R) genes from resistant plants and the transfer of such genes into susceptible plants in which they induce the hypersensitive resistant response.

Thus, genetic engineering technology combined with Conventional plant breeding, will provide one of the most effective tools for controlling plant diseases.

Disease Control vs. Disease Management

The word control evokes the notion of finality, the final elimination of problems .

It is impossible to exclude , eliminate or prevent diseases.

Control is ecologically and practically not possible.

Although disease control is an established and widely understood concept, there are compelling reasons to replace control with management .

Introduction

It is becoming increasingly difficult to find workers to work in agriculture.

Younger generations do not want to work in plant protection.

We can see that the average age of farmers is getting older.

This leaves the fields unprotected from disease and insects and greatly reduces yields.

Fortunately, this gloomy situation has changed since 2015 thanks to modern technology.

Digital tools are among the most innovative crop protection tools in modern agriculture.

The Aquatic Resources Research Institute (ARRI) was established to conduct research & answer important impending questions associated with the nation’s aquatic resources, like conservation of marine organisms, marine science, oceanography, aquaculture, biotechnology etc. It also works for transferring or sharing the knowledge to public, for guiding towards sustainable development.

Sichang Marine Science Research & Training Station: (SMaRT) Chonburi Province

Thailand This is another unit of the ARRI. It was established in 1979, in Chonburi Province Thailand.

On 17 October we visited the Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University (BIMS), THAILAND at 9 a.m. The institute is situated in Bangsean. BIMS is a marine research institute of Burapha University. They have 6 organizations: Marine Research Department, Marine Aquarium Department, Marine Museum Department, Academic Service Department, Office of the Director and Research Station.

They have shown us their Life Support System of Public Aquarium and coral propagation and conservation.

1) Public aquarium

We have seen the Life Support System of Public Aquarium i.e. Filtration System, which involves the complex systems and technologies used to maintain the health and well-being of marine life in public aquariums. This is crucial for keeping the animals and ecosystems on display healthy and sustainable. The display tank has having 10,00,000-liter capacity.

Introduction

We, the participants of ITAF2023 with Dr. B. R. Chavan and Dr. Prashant Bodake, visited Boonsawang Co. under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Dr. Naphat Panthukumbol and Mr. Suthi Mahalao on 18/10/2023 at 09:00 am. Boonsawang Co. in Chonburi, owned by Suthi Mahalao, also exports fry to Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Australia, and Israel. In addition, Suthi runs his sea bass farm and is a feed distributor to farms in the province. The purpose of the visit was to learn about the seabass culture system and get familiar with technical aspects. The farm occupies an area of 10 hectares and is covered in 11 ponds. The farm is aimed to grow from fry to marketable size seabass. The single crop duration is divided into 4 periods.

Aim: Study of 3 point and 4-point starter.

Theory

A 3-point starter in simple words is a device that helps in the starting and running of a shunt field or compound excited dc motor. Now the question is why these types of dc motors requires the assistance of the starter in the f irst case. The only explanation to that is given by the presence of back emf Eb , which plays a critical role in governing the operation of the motor. The back emf, develops as the motor armature starts to rotate in presence of the magnetic field, by generating action and counters the supply voltage. This also essentially means that the back emf at the starting is zero, and develops gradually as the motor gathers speed.

The evolution process took millions of years to develop human and animals on the top of the hierarchy. It has moved forward due to ability to survive the various deadly diseases as for the survival of any leaving creature, it have to overcome the threat posed by the pathogens surviving in its environment and most of the time in its close vicinity. These microbes are smarter than us and are the best example of the survival of the fittest. To overcome these, nature has provided defense system to all leaving creatures that neutralize the invasion of pathogens or undesired microbes. The concept is based on the detection of self and nonself molecules.

History

Pauling and his colleagues coined the phrase "molecular disease" in 1949, based on their finding that a single amino acid shift in the β-globin chain causes sickle cell anemia, which is characterized primarily by repeated bouts of acute pain due to vessel occlusion. In theory, their discoveries laid the groundwork for molecular diagnoses, though the major breakthrough came many years later. At the time, when molecular biology was only rapidly growing, providing molecular diagnostic services was unthinkable and practically impossible. In the early days of recombinant DNA technology, many scientists from different f ields collaborated to provide the first seedlings of molecular diagnostics.

Introduction

However, most of the crops get damaged by pest infestation, microbial attacks, and insufficient nutrient availability. Currently, the primary goal of world’s agriculture is to fulfil the nutritional demand of the rapidly growing population. Nanotechnology tries to fill the gaps in agriculture to become more resilient, while making sure there is enough food for everyone. As a result, nanoparticles are evolving into a cutting-edge material that will change how contemporary agriculture is done. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture encompasses the creation of novel materials, devices, and systems at the nanoscale to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and sustainability of agriculture. This technology has the potential to bring a revolutionary change to the field of agriculture by offering innovative solutions to various agricultural problems.

Background and Technology Intervention

The primary resource affected by the climate change is water. In arid and semi-arid regions of India, any shortfall in water supply due to climate change will enhance competition for water use for a wide range of economic, social and environmental applications. The population growth with the improved living conditions also increases the demand for food production and thereby increasing the demand of water in multiple folds in the river basins (UNESCO-WWAP, 2009). The major portion of water available in the Indian River basins are used for cultivating rice and thus poses major challenges to water management, especially during unfavourable climatic conditions.

Background and Technology Intervention

To increase the water use efficiency coupling piped network and micro irrigation, Department of Agricultural Engineering along with the Tamil Nadu Government introduced a project on “Water conveyance works of modernization of on-farm irrigation network in 5(R) and 7(R) sluices Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP)” covering a total area of 109.86 acres in both the sluices.

Significance of this project is to improve the water use efficiency in canal command areas where the farmers were unable to cultivate annual / long term crop due to alternate supply of water in each zone. PAP command area has 4 zones and each zone receives water once in 135 days in a 2 year span through open channel leading farmers to adopt flood irrigation.

Background and Technology Intervention

Tanks are one of the oldest structures in India that has been serving as an important water harvesting device since time immemorial. The total number of irrigation tanks in India is estimated to be around 2, 08,000 of which, three states in South India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounts for nearly 1, 27,000 tanks irrigating 1.8 million hectares of land (Gandhiraj, 2009, Siva Subramanian, 2006, Sakthivadivel et al. 2004, Vaidhyanathan, 2001). In Tamil Nadu for instance, there are more than 39,000 tanks at present many of which were constructed during 18th and 19th centuries by kings, zamindars and Britishers (Jagadeesan, M 2011; Palanisami and Easter 2000: 9). Similarly in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, tank irrigation developed extensively since ancient times. The district of Warangal and Karim Nagar have several old irrigation tank structures.

About 60 per cent of total arable land (142 million ha) in India is rain-fed, characterized by low productivity, low income, low employment with high incidence of poverty and a bulk of fragile and marginal land. Watershed development program is, therefore, considered as an effective tool for addressing many of these problems and recognized as a potential engine for agricultural growth and development in fragile and marginal rain-fed areas. The Government of India has accorded high priority to the holistic and sustainable development of rain-fed areas through the integrated watershed development program since the 7th Five Year Plan (1985-90) and since then a number of watershed programs have been specifically launched in the rain-fed areas with the sole objective to improve the livelihood of poor rural households in a sustainable manner.

While developing the toolkit for Participatory Curriculum Development participatory approaches like Focus Group Discussions and Field Level Workshops were adopted. The goal is to provide demand-driven services and to do so, extension professionals need to respond for farmers’ requests rather than deliver predetermined packaged solutions. It is also time to enable the farmers to empower and make their voices heard. Equally important is to make the service providers accountable to the farmers, which is possible when the farmers pay for the services they receive.

Introduction

The deterioration of interior air quality brought on by dangerous chemicals and other factors is known as indoor air pollution, which can be up to 10 times worse than outside air pollution. This is due to the fact that confined spaces foster the buildup of potential pollutants more than do open spaces. In underdeveloped countries, statistics show that indoor air pollution has a far worse effect on health than outside air pollution. Indoor air pollution can be defined as ‘ the totality of attributes of indoor air that affects a person’s health and well-being’ ( Singh & Jamal, 2012). Indoor air pollution from solid fuels was to blame for 3.5 million fatalities, 16% of particulate matter pollution, and 4.5% of global daily-adjusted life years in 2010. (DALY).

Plant tissue culture is the process in which mass multiplication is possible from the somatic cells of the plant by utilizing the principle of totipotency. Each plant cell can grow into a plant by converting the somatic nature of the cells to embryogenic ones. In tissue culture, plantlets can be produced either directly through organogenesis or indirectly by somatic embryogenesis. Organogenesis is the process in which shoots develop from the explants directly and then rooting is induced. In indirect somatic embryogenesis, the explant cells pass through a callusing stage where the cells get multiplied. These cells then obtain embryogenic potential and develop somatic embryos. These somatic embryos later germinate and develop into plantlets

Arecanut is an important traditional plantation crop of India and South-Eastern Asia. Also known as “betel nut”, the kernel is obtained from its fruit. It is mostly used by the people as masticatory and is an essential requisite during several religious, social and cultural functions of India. Arecanut has been widely used in East Africa, South-East Asia, and the Pacific Ocean islands, providing economic security for millions of people and for many sole means of livelihood in the Indian sub-continent. Arecanut is commercially cultivated in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Its current world production is 17.96 lakh tonnes from 12.26 lakh ha (FAO STAT, 2020).

Nutrition affects the development of human body immune system, playing a vital role in modifying the threat of exposure and susceptibility to infectious patho gens, acuteness of morbidity and success of treatment. Keeping in view the pres ent pandemic and emerging viruses such Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Hantavi ruses, Nipah viruses for which no effective preventive and curative treatment is in hand, a healthy immune system could be one of the most important defences to f ight off (El-Gamal et al., 2011). Vegetables are rich source of essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and dietary fibres; however, certain vegetables hold more significance in view of boosting immunity.

2.1 Introduction

The biochemical environment for egg production and ovulation egg fertilisation is provided by the poultry oviduct. The chickens have two ovaries and an oviduct when they are hatched, but the growth of the right ovary and oviduct stops and regresses over time. The left ovary and oviduct are still functioning and help produce eggs. The oviduct is a long tubular structure that is divided into five functionally and histomorphologically distinct segments: the infundibulum, which is the site of fertilisation, the magnum, which produces egg white components, the isthmus, which forms the egg shell membranes, the shell gland or uterus, which produces the calcified eggshell, and the vagina (oviposition or egg laying).

9.1 Introduction

Many cultures throughout the world see the egg as nature’s perfect meal. Many other kinds of animals lay eggs, yet the vast majority of people eat chicken eggs. There are a number of reasons why the quality of an egg matters today. Grading eggs is so essential. Quality, size, shape, weight, and other characteristics are all taken into account while sorting eggs for grading. To put it simply, food quality refers to the traits of a product that determine whether or not it is accepted by the target audience. Egg quality is based on both industry standards and consumer expectations. Considerations from the outside include egg shell composition, hue, form, and feel. Air cells, egg white, egg yolk, etc., are all examples of internal quality.

10.1 Introduction

The primary purpose of egg packaging is to keep the egg safe from damage, such as cracking, while in transit. By limiting gas exchange via the shell and shell membrane, the egg package may help safeguard the egg’s internal quality. Once an egg has been deposited, it is immediately exposed to the conditions of the henhouse. In this environment, it is exposed to many different microorganisms. Almost often, there are no negative effects on health. However, there are microbes that can ruin eggs and others that can cause food poisoning. Salmonella bacteria are found in the digestive tract of all animals and can contaminate the poultry houses.

12.1 Introduction

The eggs represent very good basis that can be enriched with useful and beneficial substances and become functional food, since certain beneficial substances which layers consume in their daily diets transfer relatively easily into their products. However, enrichment of poultry meat and eggs can have adverse consequences in regard to their quality. Functional food is interesting also from the economical aspect, because it opens for poultry producers the possibility to introduce new products into their product range. Of course, main assumption is that consumers of enriched products are willing to pay premium price for these products, which is by 15-20% higher than average product price. On a global basis, eggs are one of the most recognized and accepted foods by consumers.

13.1 Introduction

Many changes have occurred in egg production and processing, as well as in the egg itself, over the last 40 years. All of these changes have contributed to the microbial challenges of the egg that we face today. In the past, production traits including egg size, feed conversion and egg output have received the majority of attention in genetic selection of laying hens. Microbial integrity hasn’t been given much attention. Until the 1990s, food safety concerns associated with shell eggs were not considered. Eggs were thought to be pathogen free until they were cracked.

19.1 Introduction

Quality has been defined as the properties of any given food that have an influence on the acceptance or rejection of this food by the consumer. Egg quality is a general term which refers to several aspects of both internal and external quality. Internal egg quality involves functional, aesthetic and microbiological properties of the egg yolk and albumen. The proportions of components for fresh egg are 32% yolk, 58% albumen and 10% shell. The quality of an egg is at its best when the egg is laid. There is no known method by which this quality can be improved subsequently.

21.1 Introduction

The egg industry has grown quickly in the last decade as people’s eating habits have become more aware of the importance of good and nutritious diets. Eggs are now widely accepted as a good source of high-quality protein. Increased demand in consumer choice has resulted in a wide variety of egg selection available in the retail market. Eggs of high quality are needed to sustain niche markets for specialty and designer eggs–seeking consumers. Egg quality defines those characteristics of an egg that affect consumer acceptability and preference. The parameters for egg grading include shell cleanliness, strength, texture, and shape; the relative viscosity of the albumen; and the shape and firmness of the yolk.

22.1 What is Livestock Product Marketing?

Livestock Products Marketing is the change of ownership of livestock derived food products. It links the livestock production and food consumption. There are three aspects of livestock market transactions:

1. Spatial – transactions occur across space

2. Temporal – transactions occur across time

3. Form – transactions occur in a certain form

23.1 Introduction

Eggs are nutrient dense superfoods, naturally occurring vitamin pills. They contain a complete source of protein with all essential aminoacids and naturally occurring vitamin D. The adverse publicity of high cholesterol content in the egg limit their intake. Nowadays consumers need the products free from drugs/ pesticides and contain special health promoting substances. To reap the growing demand of health conscious consumers and to make available of their requirements, designer eggs are made. Designer eggs are those eggs their composition differ from the standard eggs by changing the feed of the hen.

24.1 Introduction

Egg Products have gained great acceptance all over the world to-day as they offer advantage in labour saving and time in preparations, space saving and consistency in quality. There is also an an increase in consumer demand for a variety of preparations to suit their taste and purse. Today’s commercial bakeries, food processing plants and institutions use tremendous quantities of liquid bulk eggs, egg solids (dried egg) and frozen egg products for preparation of several convenient foods.

Introduction

Trichoderma spp. are free living, filamentous fungi that multiply rapidly on many substrates such as soil, decaying wood materials and as root colonizers. Trichoderma spp. have a high potential for reproduction and sporulation, as well as competitive ability and saprophytic survival. The escalating need for eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture has driven extensive research on biological control agents like Trichoderma. These beneficial fungi exhibit potent antagonistic activity against plant pathogens, offering a promising alternative to conventional chemical pesticides.

History

 • The fossil evidence also indicates the presence of plant diseases 250million years ago.

 • The diseases caused by fungi and nematodes were discovered by Monocernin 1735.

 • Johan Needham (1743) identified wheat gall caused by a nematode.

 • Adolf Mayer (1886), demonstrated the transmission of Tobacco mosaicvirus (TMV).

 • EF Smith (1890) described bacterial wilt in cucurbits.

• The thrips (Thysanoptera) as vectors of plant viruses were identified thescientific studies made by Samuel and his team.

 • Karl Maramorosch (1952) demonstrated the multiplication of Asteryellows virus (AYV) in leafhopper vector.

 • The mite Aceriatulipae has been identified as a vector of Wheat streakmosaic virus by JT Slykhuis in 1955.

 • The term “vir

Introduction

Bees belonging to the Apis genus can be found in a wide range of climates worldwide. Among them, the Apis mellifera Linnaeus species is distributed across diverse environments such as sub-Saharan Africa, northern Europe, and Central Asia. This species exhibits remarkable adaptability, thriving in various habitats like the oases of the African desert, the Alps, the edges of the tundra, and the misty regions of the United Kingdom. Additionally, other honey bee species within the Apis genus are predominantly distributed in Asia, specifically in tropical Southeast Asia.Honeybees are good biological indicators.

The word journalism is derived from the word “Journal” which means a daily register or a diary.

• Journalism is the written, spoken, or visual dissemination of information about a day’s events.

• A journalist is someone who works as a writer or editor for a newspaper or magazine.

• Father of journalism: Joseph Pulitzer

• Father of journalism in India: James Augustus Hicky

The term “communication media” describes the channels through which data or information is sent and received. These tools or channels for data storage and transmission are known as transmission and storage means in telecommunication.

It is the effective weapon in today’s environment that eliminates societal ills and anomalies.

Popular types of communication media

Television: Transmits and receives moving images that can be monochrome (black-and-white) or coloured, with or without accompanying sound. Audiovisual medium of communication

Radio: Uses electromagnetic waves with frequencies lower than visible light to modulate and transmit signals. Modulation in electronics is the process of changing one or more characteristics of the carrier signal, a high frequency periodic waveform, in relation to a modulating signal.

Types

• News story

• Feature story

• Success story

• Popular article

• Radio and TV script

• Process or utility feature

• General information feature

• Experience feature

• Personality feature

News story

• Any new information, idea, event, situation or development, that is of interest to a large number of people, is a news.

• Any event when reported becomes a news.