Gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.) belongs to family Iridaceae and subfamily Ixioideae. Gladiolus is a Latin word, the diminutive of “gladius” meaning sword, sometimes called as sword lily. The plant is herbaceous perennial and semi-hardy. It is commonly grown from rounded, symmetrical corm, which is enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics. The cultivated gladiolus is a complex assemblage of cultivars originating from complex ancestry of natural selection or hybridization involving several species. Modern garden gladiolus is a complex of at least twelve species (Raghava, 2000). It is an important commercial cut flower in both domestic and international markets.
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
There are two main centres of distribution of Gladiolus species, one in Mediterranean basin and the other in southern and central Africa (Lewis et al., 1972 and Delpierre and Du Plessis 1974). Most of the species are native to Mediterranean region and tropical parts of the South Africa, particularly the region of the Cape of Good Hope (Raghava, 2000).
The name gladiolus was coined by Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23-79) to describe the shape of the leaf which resembles that of sword (Latin word gladius meaning sword). It is native to South Africa. Most of the species scattered throughout South Africa, Zambesi River, Rhodesia, Mt. Kilimangero, Tanganyika, Natal and Cape of Good Hope, Republic of South Africa, Madagascar and Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Gladioli are said to be cultivated since the days of ancient Greece. As evidenced by a record in Lyte’s Nieeve Herball, it is known since 1578, first introduced in France and soon after spread to England, Germany, Holland and North America. No evidence is available that any species of gladiolus of South African origin was ever grown in Europe prior to 1700. Cornutus described Gladiolus aethiopion bearing light red-scarlet flowers and is from Cape region. In the middle of eighteenth century the South African species were introduced into Europe. Gladiolus tristis closely related to G. grandis was first introduced in Chelsea Physii Garden, UK in 1745 from Cape region and Walat. G. illyricus is native to Mediterranean region. In 1749, Gladiolus grandis was naturalized in Spain from South Africa.
By 1816, France, Holland and Belgium started raising hybrids, the first being Ghant Gladiolus, Gladiolus gandavensis, in 1841, by crossing G. cardinalis and G. psittacinus and vice-versa. Gladiolus primulinus having central petals with hooded characteristics was collected from its native place on the banks of Zambesi River near Victoria Falls in 1902. Victor Lemoine of France used G. primulinus for producing ‘Primulinus Hybrids’ during 1906-1908 while A.E. Kunderd of Indiana, U.S.A. in 1915 produced a similar race ‘Primulinus Grandiflora Hybrids’ by using same parentage as Lemoine. In 1907, first ruffled gladiolus with fimbriated and frilled petals was produced by the efforts of Kunderd.
Gladiolus is a potential flower crop for floriculture industry in India. Gladiolus is commercially grown in West Bengal, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan. The area of the states of U.P., Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and H.P. and surrounding Delhi grow gladiolus mostly for Delhi flower market (Singh, 2006).
