eChapters

Q. 1 The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of words. Select the pair that best expresses the relation in the original pair. 

Unemployed : Worker
(A) Fallow : land     (B) Unaware : sleeper
(C) Wit : jester        (D) Renovated : house

Barbarea vulgaris var. taurica (DC) Hook. f. & Anders. (syn. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.) (Brassicaceae): [W]. A herb of damp soils inhabiting water bodies. Flowers yellow. Leaves used for healing of frost bites.

Laburnum anagyroides Med. (Fabaceae): Eng.- Golden Rain Tree [NI]. An upright, small sized ornamental tree with hairy, grey-green young shoots. Leaves dark- green above and grey-green beneath, having 3-elliptic-obovate leaflets. In late April to early May, produces bright yellow flowers in dense racemes

Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich ex Benth.) Hara (Lamiaceae): [W]. An erect branched leafy shrub or under-shrub growing as high altitude shrub above 2000 m altitudes on alpine slopes.Leaves ovate, wrinkled, hairy, coarsely toothed, conspicuously grey-woolly beneath, in contrast to green wrinkled upper surface. Flowers tiny, fragrant, white, spotted with purple. Shrub is of great significance for honey bee colonies.

Introduction

Pastoralism involving rearing of different livestock species makes significant contributions to the economy of developing countries, both in terms of providing employment and income opportunities and in supplying nutrition to rural poor. Pastoralism generally has a mobile aspect, and movement of animal herds in search of fresh pastures and water is a key feature qualifying pastoralism. The term nomadic is used when mobility is high and in irregular patterns; transhumant when there are regular back-and-forth movements between relatively fixed locations; and sedentary for the rest. Pastoralists inhabit zones where the potential for crop cultivation is limited due to steep terrain, extreme temperatures and low and highly variable rainfall. Within this unpredictable, vulnerable and dynamic environment, they have developed successful mechanisms of adaptation to maintain an ecological balance between themselves and the natural environment. Thus, pastoralism is a successful strategy to support a population on less productive land that adapts well to the environment. Transhumance is the seasonal migration of livestock and pastoralists between higher and lower pastures.

Introduction

Though, India is bestowed with large livestock population (512.05 million) to which cattle buffaloes, goats and sheep contribute 190.90, 108.70, 135.2 and 65.07 numbers in millions, respectively (DADF, 2018), but at the same time, facing with a great shortage of crop residues, greens and concentrates for animal sustainability (NIANP, 2013). The shortage of these conventional feeds and fodders tropical and sub-tropical regions has already been documented and well recognized (Maneerat et al., 2015). The feed and fodder resources are gradually decreasing throughout India owing to many factors like shrinkage of common property resources and shift towards the cultivation of commercial crops etc. (Biradar and Kumar, 2013). Based on feed production and feed requirement calculated as above, India falls short by 219.2 Mt of green fodder and 226.73 MT of dry fodder (Earagariyanna et al., 2017). India faces a green fodder shortage of 63.5 percent and a dry fodder shortage of 23.5 percent and if the current situation continues then India's green fodder shortage will reach 66 percent and dry fodder will reach 25 percent by 2030 (Jitendra, 2017). This scenario demands the utilization of alternate non-conventional feed resources to sustain and economize livestock farming. The issues can be addressed by those unconventional resources like agricultural wastes which are widely available at low or zero cost and too with minimal treatment may serve as potential nutritional feeding material for animals.

3.1 Control statement in python

Python statements are executed one by one in the same order as they appear in the program. But there may be some requirement when we want to execute the statements based upon a condition. Even there may be some situation where we want to execute a single statement or multiple statement (block of statement) “n” times till the condition is true. So in order to control the flow of execution of the program python provides us control statements.

There are two types of control statements:

(a) Selection statement

(i) if

(b) Looping condition

(i) While (ii) for

12.1 Introduction Basic Functionality

By now, we learnt about the three Pandas DataStructures and how to create them. We will majorly focus on the DataFrame objects because of its importance in the real time data processing and also discuss a few other DataStructures.

12.2 Series Basic Functionality

Let us now create a Series and see all the above tabulated attributes operation

Example

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

#Create a series with 100 random numbers

s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(4))

print(s)

Its output is as follows:

0 0.967853

1 -0.148368

2 -1.395906

3 -1.758394 dtype: float64

20.1 Unit Testing in Python Programming

The process of testing wheather a particular unit is working properly or not is called unit testing. A unit test checks small component in your application

Example

def testsum1():

assert sum([1,2,3])==6 def testsum2():

assert sum([1,1,1])==6 #assertion error

testsum1()

testsum2()

20.1.1 Step Involved in Unit Testing

(1) Import unittest from library.

(2) Create a class for test and inherit (unittest.TestCase).

(3) Write the test function in the class.

(4) Call unittest.main()

A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.

Advantages of Nursery

1. The area being small and compact, it is convenient and easy to grow large number of seedlings per unit area.
2. Management of favourable growing conditions becomes easy and feasible.
3. Easy management of pests and diseases in compact area.
4. Establishment of disease free and virus free scion bank.
5. Ensure optimum utilization of labour, water, nutrients and other inputs.
6. Ensure easy and cheap availability of plants.
7. Promotion of export through supply and processing of quality plant materials.

1. INSECT- PESTS OF MANGO

1. Mango hoppers: Idioscopus niveosparus, I. clypealis, Amritodus atkinsoni (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera)

Management

• Avoid close planting, as the incidence becomes very severe in overcrowded orchards.
• Orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and removal of weeds.
• Pruning of dense canopy to facilitate aeration and sunlight.
• Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Immediately after withdrawal of monsoon (September-October), off-seasonal trunk spraying with Malathion 50 EC @ 15 ml in 10 lit of water suppresses the adult hoppers from multiplying further and hinders their oviposition and also kills the newly hatched nymphs.
• Avoid application of all other synthetic pyrethroids as they have been reported to cause resurgence of hoppers.
• If overlapping generations of hoppers are found, spray imidacloprid @ 3 ml or acetamaprid 4 gm in 10 litres of water at panicle emergence stage.

A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.

Immediately after withdrawal of monsoon (September-October), offseasonal trunk spraying with Malathion 50 EC @ 15 ml in 10 lit of water suppresses the adult hoppers from multiplying further and hinders their oviposition and also kills the newly hatched nymphs.

Q.1 If the sampling units of the population are of heterogeneous nature then stratified random sampling scheme is suitable for sample survey to be conducted.

Q.2 In stratatified random sampling scheme, the strata are homogeneous within themselves but heterogeneous between themselves.

Q.1 According to prof. R. A. Fisher “ANOVA” is not the separation of variance assignable to one group of causes from the variance assignable to another group of causes.

Q.2 The basic purpose of ANOVA technique is to test the homogeneity (equality) of several means.

The following plants have been worked out in the laboratory of Prof. N. Raaman: Cynodon dactylon, Artemisia pallens, Leptadenia reticulata, Clausena dentata, Tylophora indica, Aristolochia bracteolata, A. indica, Cissus quadrangularis, Hypericum mysorense. and Solanum trilobatum. Out of some of the data of these plants have been included in the previous chapters. In this chapter, compound isolation (CD1) from Clausena dentata (worked by Dr. R. Kamaraj) and characterization of the compound are given in detail.

Phenolic compounds constitute a major class of plant secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in the Plant Kingdom. Plant phenolics are biosynthesized through the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway leading to different compound classes. They may occur in their natural sources in free forms, as glycosylated or acylated derivatives, and as oligomeric and polymerized structures, such as hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, phlorotannins or lignins. They may also be found linked to plant matrix components such as cell walls, carbohydrates or proteins. It should be indicated that although the terms “plant phenolics” and “polyphenols” are indistinguishably used by some authors, they are not synonymous.

Marketing functions

The process of marketing involve a number of marketing functions. They may be grouped under:

Functions of exchange which include

1) Buying and assembling and

2) Selling.

B. Functions of physical supply which include

1) Transportation and

2) Storage or warehousing.

The field is ploughed once and harrowed twice or thrice until the soil becomes well puddle. Beds are made slightly raised of 1 – 1.5 m in width and conveniently large in size and drainage channels in between the beds. The total area of nursery required to plant one hectare of land is 20 cents (800 m2 ). This method is suited where assured irrigation facilities are available. The beds should not be allowed to dry because they develop cracks and the seedlings will get spoiled. This method keeps down the weeds in the nursery. Seedlings are transplanted at 21-25 and 25-30 days age for SDV and MDV, respectively. Sparse sowing is recommended in case of hybrid rice. One kg of hybrid seed is sown in one cent area of nursery. This helps in good tillering and robust seedlings and makes it possible to transplant single seedling per hill. Seedlings are planted at 20-25 days.

Sorghum is probably originated in Africa. Because of the great diversity of types grown in East Central Africa, in and around Ethiopia and Sudan, it seems probable that it originated in that area (De Condole, 1884).

Finger millet (Ragi/ Mandua) is the principal small millet grown in South Asia. It is believed to be native of India (De condole, 1886) but according to Vavilov (1926) it originated in Abyssinia.

Oilseed crops are crops which are rich in fatty acid, cultivated for the production of vegetable oil. They are used either for edible or industrial or medicinal purposes. The important oilseeds are groundnut or peanut, sesame or gingelly, sunflower, rapeseed and mustard, soybean, castor, linseed or flax, niger and safflower.

The earlier view was that the cultivated sesame originated from Ethiopia. But Bedigian and Harlen (1984) established evidence to indicate that sesame is native of India. In vedic period, liberal mention about Til (Gingelly seed) and Taila (Gingelly oil) are mentioned. The Charred seeds of Gingelly were extracted from Harappa (2500-1500 B.C).

In India after rice wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second most important cultivated food crop belonging to family poaceae. Total production of wheat was 760 million tons in India during 2016-2017 (FAOSTAT, 2017) which is second largest in the world after china. In India highest producing state of wheat is Uttar Pradesh followed by Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan etc. Wheat is categorize into seven commonly known wheat classes those are hard red spring, hard red winter, soft red winter, hard white, soft white, durum and mixed wheat (Khamis, 2014). 

Abstract

The objectives of the study is to help to create self-employment and provide proper information for different conventional milk based products. Traditional dairy foods have always played a crucial role in preservation of precious milk nutrients and promotion of its use among masses. The demand for milk and milk products is increasing with increasing of world's population. To meet these needs, high-end technology is needed for emerging the capability of milk production and preserving it by producing high quality milk products. The dairy industry is highly localized owing to perishable nature of milk products. Approximately 50% of the total milk produced in India has been projected to be processed into a variety of conventional milk products, such as khoa, chhena, paneer, dahi, ghee, kalakand and a wide range of sweets in rural areas mostly by the rural citizens. Therefore, setting up a milk-based food production system and updating conventional technologies to manage milk-based products on a commercial scale is very important.

Transport systems are crucial to survival. Unicellular organisms rely on simple diffusion for transport of nutrients and removal of waste. Multicellular organisms have developed more complex circulatory systems. The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of the various essential compounds and other factors around the body, as well as the removal of the metabolic wastes that accumulate in the tissues from body activities to places of elimination.

Domestic animals –including chicken and mammals, belong to the category of homeotherms, as opposed to poikilotherms. Homeotherms or warm blooded animals are those which are able to maintain constant body temperature in the face of varying environmental temperature. The poikilotherms or the cold blooded animals change their body temperature according to the temperature of the surroundings.

The blood is considered as the connective tissue, and consists of fluid component called plasma, and cellular component. Cellular component
consists of erythrocytes, leikocytes and thrombocytes. Blood cells produced during different stages of life (prenatal and postnotal) differ in morphology
and function. The primitive erythrocytes (Red blood cell) are produced on yolk sac, and later from liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Transplantation refers to the implantation of a cell, tissue or organ from one site to another site in an individual or from one individual to another. It involves implanting of organs or grafting of tissues to repair defects and to stimulate regeneration.

A tumor or neoplasm is an abnormal growth of the cells to form a lump or mass of transformed cells. This growth occurs due to loss of regulatory control of cell division. The majority of cells and organs have a balance between cell renewal and cell death. 

Heart failure is the terminal outcome of heart diseases. It is defined as ventricular dysfunction (pump failure) leading to cardiac inability to maintain an adequate cardiac output. Heart failure is the outcome of filling defect, cardiac muscle abnormality, conduction defect, an excessive work load or a combination of these abnormalities.

The ferret is a domestic species of small mustelid. Congestive heart failure is most common form of heart disease seen in aged ferrets. Heart failure in ferrets is due to heart diseases and clinical presentation varies from no clinical signs in initial stage to many signs of fulminant heart failure.

The objective of any cropping system is efficient utilisation of all resources such as land, water and solar radiation, maintaining stability in production and obtaining higher net returns. The efficiency is measured by the quantity of produce obtained per unit resource used in a given time.

Hydraulic turbines is a device which transforms the hydraulic energy or potential energy existing with the working medium to mechanical energy. The working medium is normally water which run the hydraulic turbine. The hydraulic energy is available with water by virtue of its height or altitude. The water which flow through the mountains is stored by constructing a dam or reservoir.

Whenever a thin hanging wire is loaded, it elongates and the load moves downwards. Increase in length of wire is governed by the magnitude of the load and nature of wire material. Experimentally it is found that the cohesive force between the molecules of hanging wire offers resistance against the deformation.

Disease appears later part of the crop season mostly during blossoming period. The first sign of the disease is the appearance of small brown patches on the leaves mostly on basal leaves which starts from tip or margin of leaves and spread downwards or inward directions.

Citrus is an important fruit crop and ranks third in area which is followed by mango and banana. They are grown in 105,396 hectares in India. Among the oranges, mandarin oranges, limes and sweet oranges are very popular while lemons, grape fruits, pummelos, sour and bitter oranges are of minor importance. The Citrus spp. are grown in larger extent in the states
of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Assam, Orissa and Bihar.

Agricultural project is an investment activity in which financial resources are expended to create capital assets that produce benefits over an extended period of time. Projects are the building blocks of investment plan. The whole complex of activities in the undertaking that uses resources to gain benefits constitutes the agricultural project.

AERATION, SOIL: The exchange of air in soil with air from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

All lagomorphs (meaning ìhare-shapedî) are small to medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. They superficially resemble rodents and in older classifications were even included in the order Rodentia, as both possess a set of continuously growing incisor teeth. It is now recognized that these two orders have long separate evolutionary histories.

Management of zoo and exotic animals in zoos are carried out in different ways. In the management of zoo, various cadres of personnel get employed and often, a team-approach is highly required and however, veterinarian is one of the important cadres in the zoo related personnel and veterinary interventions are highly required for management of feeding, housing, breeding and health of various species of wild fauna belonging to multiple taxonomical groups.

A veterolegal post mortem examination should be done by written order from the Police or the District Magistrate.

Before examination carefully read the police report.

Cereals are cultivated grasses grown for their edible starchy grains. Larger grains used as staple food – Rice, wheat, maize, barley, oats etc.

Clonal crops belong to at least 34 families including herbs, shrubs, trees and vines. Clonal crop improvement dates back to 10,000 years ago. The diversity of clonal crops and their wild relatives are very significant but not yet fully understood and exploited. Many crops represent combination of sexual and clonal reproduction. Different parts of the clonal crops which may or may not be the same as consumed parts have been shaped as clonal propagules such as stem, setts, tuber, rhizome, corms and bulbs among others.

Crop improvement is a continuous process. Crop improvement aims to genetically enhance, enrich and empower the crop plants with superior performance, enhanced yield level, higher quality of food, nutritional, fodder, energy produce and adaptability to climate change and crop growing environments. The intrinsic virtues of the improved cultivars could be sustained mainly through the production of the quality assured seeds endowed with genetic capabilities. The quality assured seed delivery system is through the seed chain from the basic seeds through Nucleus-Breeder-Foundation-Certified seed. Quality seed production system need to be based on genetic, breeding and seed technological protocols including field and laboratory testing to ensure very high genetic purity, true to type and superiority.

Plant diseases are caused by different etiological agents like Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasmas, Rickettsia like bacteria, Nematodes, Algae and Protozoan parasites. To control these specific pathogens and the diseases caused by them, a specific group of medicine/chemical molecule is required.

Nematodes are multicellular, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical roundworms belonging to pseudocoelomates class of creatures. Many of them are parasites of plants. Different crops species are susceptible to several species of plant parasitic nematodes which limits the yield and quality of the food harvest. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides spp.), root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus spp.) and other ectoparasitic nematodes are the important nematodes species to infect the crop plants.

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the least professionally grown fruit crop globally. It is popularly known as ‘King of Fruits’ belongs to family Anacardiaceae. It is being cultivated for at least 4000 years (Crane, 2008). As per estimate total world mango production is 40 million tones.

Stratified Sampling (Meaning and Concept)

The word ‘stratify’ comes from the Latin word, meaning ‘to make layers’, thus in stratified sampling the whole population is considered to be classified into some mutually exclusive layers or subgroups or classes also called strata. The strata do not overlap and they constitute the whole population.

Why the population is considered to be divided into different strata (or layers or subgroups or classes)?

We are living in a world that is in a grim state of environmental disruptions. Callous developmental activities resulting in pollution of all environmental components and gradually culminating in global warming, climate change, and species extinction are responsible for triggering the processes of environmental disruption. Pollution of air, water, and soil is rapidly assuming alarming proportions.

The very processes of socioeconomic development are now posing threat to economic progress as well as to human health. Ominous changes in global climate are posing threat to life on Earth. The irony is that the major cause of environmental disruptions is anthropogenic rather than natural. Human’s materialistic progress and environmental pollution in our contemporary world go hand in hand.