eChapters

ABSTRACT

Nowadays it is very important to evaluate research publications. They are evaluated by impact factors and citation indices. The research value of an author and journal is ascertained from several citation indices, from which it is known that what Impact of a research publication is in market. The h index is based on diagnostic importance or productivity so it confers a delegate index of scientific result. The h-index is used to measure of published work of a scientist or scholar as well as also assess the achievement of research groups. The present paper describe about the h-index. Specifically, it explains its origin, advantages, and disadvantages and how calculates individual’s h-index in different databases.

Keywords: Citation, Impact, H-Index, Research productivity, Scientific publications.

ABSTRACT

The study shows the use of information resources and services by the academia. Aim: study focuses on age, designation, gender, qualification and computer literacy impact all use of information resources and services. Objectives: To know the use of information resources by faculty of fashion institute, to study the awareness of OPAC among faculty of fashion institute, to find out the frequency of using library by faculty and to investigate the level of computer literacy. Methodology: used survey method, collected data through questionnaire method. The questionnaire designed and distributed 380 questionnaires to users of selected fashion design institute and we received 120 filled questionnaires. The outcome shows that they are satisfied with information resources and services of Fashion design institution.

Keywords: Information, Resources, Services, Fashion design, Fashion institution, Fashion technology, Swatch library; South India.

ABSTRACT

This study addresses the many ICT-based services provided to readers as well as access to E-resources by Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, University users. It raises awareness of technology in libraries and why it is important to comprehend the usage of ICT in libraries in order to provide better library services and information to users. Essentially, the article describes several technologies and their applications in library operations. The study has discussed how library services are spurred by the use of technology such as OPAC, E-ShodhSindhu, E- books and E-journals, and so on. The current study examines several library activities that make use of ICTs. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the use of various ICTs and E-resources by user of the university for rapid and easy information retrieval.

ABSTRACT

It is very important for every library to have all the resources/materials necessary to fulfil its target. The working of a library can be classified into two forms: dealing with the users and behind the scene. There are numerous different sections in a library divided on the basis of their functions. Most important of these is the Acquisition section. A library’s success lies in a well organized acquisition section. Main aim of the library is the contentment of the users. However, collection development is the primary task of the acquisition section which further contributes to user satisfaction itself. It performs the process of selection, procurement and accessioning of reading materials as well as maintains records. It organizes the monetary as well as human resources in such a manner that collection is facilitated more and that too in an economic and less time consuming way. All this is the responsibility of the librarian. Before acquiring the reading materials, the librarian is supposed to decide that which items are actually required in the library and which are to be rejected. A librarian must study the requirements of the library and acquire materials as per the priorities of the institution to achieve its goal.

ABSTRACT

Ethical conduct of research is utmost important which form the basis of overall development of society. Academic institutions can play key role in promoting scientific integrity by creating awareness about scientific misconduct and can frame policies to curb scientific misconduct. As a part of course curriculum knowledge about various issues related to academic integrity can be easily passed to young researchers and students of the institution. Awareness programs can play significant role in promoting research integrity for which academic libraries can be the frontrunner. Librarians’ role is also changing as they have not limited themselves to traditional services but are also providing web based services to the users. They can support research community by providing services like reference management through the use of reference management tools and data management and preservation services. Faculty development programs are also helping the working librarians to update their knowledge. This article discuss about the concept of academic integrity and role of academic institution in promoting it in general and library in particular. PA U library faculty has taken a lead in raising the awareness of students and researchers about research and publication ethics by teaching this course to as part of the course curriculum to research scholars and post graduate students of the university. It is also facilitating teaching community and researchers in plagiarism checking of the manuscripts through the use of antiplagiarism software.

Keywords: Scientific integrity, Research integrity, Research ethics, User education and research ethics, User awareness programs.

ABSTRACT

The advent and implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in library operations changed the overall information scenario. The format of libraries, information resources and user expectations are completely changing. Similarly, the role of librarian is continuously changing in the digital era. No library can fulfill the informational demands of the users; hence, resource sharing is required between the libraries. Consortiums are developed to enable the institutions to access the rich and scholarly resources at an affordable cost. The present paper discusses the basic concept of resource sharing, consortium types, need, advantages and disadvantages and its role in sharing information.

Keywords: ICT, Consortium, Library consortia, Resource sharing.

ABSTRACT

There is a tremendous growth in the open educational resources in the recent past and large number of universities and academic organisations are making their resources freely available over the internet which has become a significant source of open educational content. Open education movement are built on the belief that anyone can use, access, reuse and redistribute these educational resources without any constraints. These Open education movements are helping educational community worldwide in making education more accessible and in making it more effective. In this chapter effort has been made to provide an overview of the history and emergence of open educational resources’ movement. This chapter also explains the various characteristics and sources of open educational resources. This chapter will help the libraries and librarians to know about open educational resources initiatives and to incorporate them in their libraries for effective resource delivery and disseminations.

Keywords: ICT, OER, Open educational resources, Digital resources, Digital repositories.

ABSTRACT

As we all know that emergence of internet has completely changed the way of transferring knowledge. Online videos and lectures have been adopted by the online educational community to meddle into the MOOCs massively to disperse the knowledge. No field has remained untouched from MOOCs. This is basically a study on the available MOOCs in India in Library and Information science.

Keywords: MOOCs, Massive Open Online Course, SWAYAM, Library and Information Science.

1. Introduction

Dave Cormier devised the term Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in 2008 to describe an open online course “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” designed by Siemens and Downes. University of Manitoba offered MOOC for the first time in 2008 formally as a credit course to regular students and informally with enrolment open to anybody in the world free of cost. Since then, there is proliferation of MOOCs worldwide.

ABSTRACT

Academic libraries are unique, essential and strategic hubs inside our social cloth which are advanced primarily based totally at the requirements of the times, to help people in the purchase of good enough facts that could allow them to decorate their information, for the development in their wellness and that of the society at large. To attain their goal, they ought to generate, filter, control and diffuse correct and well timed human information which have been harvested and documented; for the purpose of enriching the highbrow needs in their clients. Like every other kind of library, academic libraries are growing organisms. Justification to the above statement has been captured aptly in the classic book of Ranganathan (1931) entitled ‘Five Laws of Library Science’; detailing the principles of the library profession. The philosophical postulation of Ranganathan’s fifth law is a classical position that offers much strength and support for the need to adequately plan for the best strategies to exhibit in academic library environments in order to provide effective services. In other words, the fore-stated law by Ranganathan has already signaled that academic librarians must be ready at all times to effectively satisfy the diverse, complex and ever-increasing information needs of their users from the explosive available information resources that spring on a daily basis. As such, addressing this issue would require a holistic management approach by academic libraries that must be internally efficient and externally effective.

ABSTRACT

The chapter focuses that information as an economic resources and the role of library to distributing information among the user’s communities. From the economic point of view-the most important properties of information are easy to access and limited money acquire more information i.e. cost benefit. Information economy makes people ware about their goal and library help people to provide resources on need base.

Keyword: Information economy, Library, Information Communication Technology, ICT, Users’ community.

ABSTRACT

With the advancement of mobile technology, the usage of mobile application has increased significantly which leads to change the life style of common people. Library is also not an exception in this context. Library and Information Science Professionals have started to incorporate the changes from the beginning of ICT advancement with an idea “library should be within thumb of people”. Mobile application plays vital role to fulfil the objective of library. Most of the library has started or planning to start the service to its user with various services effectively. But, the process to provide library service through mobile application is not satisfactory till date. No too much usage of libraries mobile apps can be seen; even which mobile applications are in use, most of them are almost inactive form.

But the various recent surveys show us the tremendous growth of the usage of mobile application among people. According to Google, (2017) the user survey shows that mobile can fast-track time to purchase by 20% through facilitating efficiencies in decision-making and enhanced team collaboration, particularly with more complex purchases.

ABSTRACT

World is suffering from coronavirus infection since the end of 2019. Corona virus disease spraying rapidly throughout the world from the beginning of 2020, for that cause it is declared as pandemic by WHO in march 2020. As no proper remedy found for this particular new disease till the date it is become oblivious to maintain social distancing and lock down. Due to the situation each and every sector including the education system totally stopped from March 2020. But we have to maintain the flow of education. Many of the educational institution of India promoted e learning for their students. To avoid coronavirus infection social contact as well as to carry out classes in regular manner, it is become necessary to promote e learning everywhere. But in India the situation is different because Steel we are a poor country where a good number of people do not have a smart phone even. There are many challenges in promotion of e-Learning during this coronavirus pandemic situation in India. In present paper we are going to discuss about some challenges in promotion of e-learning due to coronavirus pandemic situation.

ABSTRACT

With the rapid innovation in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the libraries and information centres have gone through tremendous changes or facing transformation. In this digital era, libraries are facing heavy technological pressure to serve their users on their satisfaction level. Library and information professionals are also struggling more to implement these cutting-edge technologies for learning, research, and information for their users. Therefore, the library and information centres have now been trying to adopt and implementing various emerging or cutting-edge technologies in housekeeping activities as well as in its services. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate some of the cutting-edge technologies in libraries’ point of view. An overview is also made to evaluate the concept, advantages and disadvantages of cutting-edge technologies.

Keywords: ICT, Cutting-Edge technology, Emerging technology, Library services, Impact.

Set 1

1. Match the followings:

1. (a & i), (b & ii), (c & iii), (d & vi)
2. (a & ii), (b & i), (c & iv), (d & iii)
3. (a & iii), (b & i), (c & iv), (d & ii)
4. (a & iv), (b & ii), (c & i), (d & iii)

1. The non-protein component in enzymes which is necessary for its biological activity is called
   1. Nucleic acid
   2. Lipids
   3. Phosphoric acid
   4. Coenzyme
2. The coenzymes are derived from
   1. Hormones
   2. Vitamins
   3. Lipids
   4. Carbohydrates

1. The disease Beri - beri is caused due to deficiency of vitamin
   1. D
   2. C
   3. B
   4. A
2. Which of the following vitamin is found in Fish liver oil?
   1. Vitamin D
   2. Vitamin C
   3. Vitamin K and C
   4. Vitamin A

1. The first impression of a food is usually visual and major part of our willingness to accept a food depends upon its
   1. Size
   2. Shape
   3. Colour
   4. Texture
2. Colour can serve as a useful criterion of
   1. Quality
   2. Nutrition
   3. Texture
   4. Acceptability

1. Flavor is a sensory phenomenon depending upon
   1. Taste, texture or mouthfeel
   2. Odour or aroma, appearance
   3. Temperature - sensation of heat or cold
   4. All of these
2. Flavours are minor constituents of foods, usually
   1. Nutritive
   2. Non - nutritive
   3. Energetic
   4. None of them

1. Lecithin is an example of
   1. Carbohydrates
   2. Hormones
   3. Vitamins
   4. Phospholipids
2. Which of the following acts as storehouse of energy in body?
   1. Hormone
   2. Vitamins
   3. Fats
   4. All of these

1. The protein is derived from Greek word “Proteins” which means
   1. Principal
   2. Prime
   3. Holding the first place
   4. All of the above
2. The name protein to the group of organic compounds that are utmost important to life is suggested by
   1. Mulder
   2. Berzelius
   3. Kulim
   4. Sanger

1. Carbohydrates are primarily composed of the elements
   1. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
   2. Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
   3. Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen
   4. None of these
2. Carbohydrates have an empirical formula
   1. (CH₂O)_n
   2. (CH₂O)_n+₁
   3. (CH₂O)_n-₁
   4. (CH₂O)_n/₂

• Food science deals with the physical, chemical, and biological properties of foods as they relate to stability, cost, quality, processing, safety, nutritive value, wholesomeness, and convenience.
• Food science is a branch of biological science and an interdisciplinary subject involving primarily microbiology, chemistry, biology, and engineering.
• Food chemistry, a major aspect of food science, deals with the composition and properties of food and the chemical changes it undergoes during handling, processing, and storage.
• Food chemistry is intimately related to chemistry, biochemistry, physiological chemistry, botany, zoology, and molecular biology.
• Nonenzymic browning involves reaction of carbonyl compounds, which can arise from existing reducing sugars or from diverse reactions, such as oxidation of ascorbic acid, hydrolysis of starch, or oxidation of lipids.

Some chemical and biochemical reactions that can lead to alteration of food quality or safety

12.1. Penicillium chrysogenum

Penicillium chrysogenum (Fig. 255) (previously known as Penicillium notatum), produces the antibiotic penicillin, known as WONDER DRUG.

The antibiotics produced from fungus Penicillium is listed in table.

11.1. Pleurotus ostreatus

Researchers in Mexico have shown that oyster mushrooms can break down/ decompose disposable diapers

11.2. Chaetomium globsum

It is a saprophytic fungus that primarily resides on plants, soil, straw, and dung. They are found in habitats ranging from forest plants to mountain soils across various biomes. C. globosum colonies can also be found indoors and on wooden products

C. globosum assists in cellulose decomposition of plant cells.

10.1. Phosphate Solubilisers

10.1.1. Aspergillus spp.

Several species of Aspergillus (Fig. 249) have been reported to be involved in the solubilization of inorganic phosphates such as A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. awamori. A. niger and A. terreus.

These fungi are able to solubilize inorganic phosphate through the production of acids viz. citric, gluconic, glycolic, oxalic acids and succinic acid.

Aspergillus fumigates isolated from compost has been reported to be potassium releasing fungus.

9.1. Fungi useful against plant disease pathogen

9.1.1. Trichoderma viride

Trichoderma viride (Fig. 231) fungus is used as a bio-fungicide. It is used for seed and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens. It is also a pathogen in its own right,causing green mould rot of onion.

The fungicidal activity makes T. viride useful as a biological control agent against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against pathogens like Rhizoctonia, Pythium and Armillaria.

It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing bioinoculant in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium species. When it is applied to the seed, it colonizes the seed surface and kills not only the pathogens present on the cuticle, but also provides protection against soil-borne pathogens.

8.1. Fungi useful in food processing

8.1.1. Aspergillus sojae and Aspergillus oryzae

Aspergillus sojae and Aspergillus oryzae (Fig. 198) is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus. Its use was originated in China in the 2nd century AD and spread throughout East Asia where it is used in cooking and as a condiment.

Uses

• It is used to prepare Soy sauce (also called soya sauce) a condiment made from a fermented paste of boiled soybeans, roasted grain and brine,
• In Japan it is used to make the ferment (K?ji) of soy sauce, the mirin and other lacto-fermented condiments like tsukemono. Soy sauce is a condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus sojae, along with water and salt.

7.1. Black Gill Disease (in Shrimps) causing fungi

Fusarium spp

The affected prawns show brown to black spots on the gills. In acute cases gills may completely become brown or black with atrophy and necrosis (Fig. 192).

7.2. Saprolegniasis disease causing fungi

Saprolegnia

Saprolegniasis is a fungal disease of fish and fish eggs, most commonly caused by the Saprolegnia species called “water molds.” They are common in fresh or brackish water. Saprolegnia can grow at temperatures ranging from 0° to 35°C but seem to prefer temperatures of 15° to 30°C. The disease fungus attack an existing injury on the fish and spread to healthy tissue. Poor water quality (for example, water with low circulation, low dissolved oxygen, or high ammonia) and high organic loads, including the presence of dead eggs, are often associated with Saprolegnia infections.

6.1. Aspergillosis disease causing fungi

Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection that commonly causes respiratory disease in pet birds. It can infect both upper (nose, sinuses, eye, and trachea) and lower (lung and air sacs-a specialized part of the respiratory tract that birds have) respiratory organs or more broadly distributed systemic infections (Fig. 187).

The Symptoms includes Weight loss, Open-mouth breathing or gasping for breath, Tracheal movement or in-out-in movements in the region of the neck, Tail-bobbing or movement of the bird’s tail up and down while breathing in and out, heavy breathing after flight or exercise, Change in voice and persistent itching or rubbing of cerenares.

5.1 Ringworm (in Cattle) causing fungi

Trichophyton verrucosum

Ringworm is one of the commonest skin diseases in cattle. Ringworm is a transmissible skin infectious disease caused most often by Trichophyton verrucosum, a spore forming fungi. The spores can remain alive for years in a dry environment. Although unsightly, fungal infections cause little permanent damage or economic loss. Direct contact with infected animals is the most common method of spreading the infection.

The symptoms of Ringworm include Lesions with greywhite areas with an ash like surface usually circular in outline and slightly raised that appears on skin. Size of lesions vary and can become very extensive. In calves the infection is most commonly found around eyes, on ears and on back. In adult cattle infection on chest and legs are more common (Fig. 183)

4.1. Aspergillosis disease causing fungi Aspergillus

Aspergillosis is usually caused by the fungus Aspergillus (Fig. 161) and usually occurs in people with lung diseases or weakened immune system

The different types of aspergillosis can cause different symptoms. The symptoms are similar to asthma symptoms, and include:

4.1.1. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

The symptoms of ABPA includes Wheezing, Shortness of breath, Cough and Fever (in rare cases).

4.1.2. Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis

The symptoms of Alleric Aspergillus Sinusitis include stuffiness, Runny nose, Headache and Reduced ability to smell.

3.1. Plant diseases caused by soil borne fungi

3.1.1. Clubroot Disease causing fungi

Plasmodiophora brassicae (Fig. 125)

It infects Crucifers host species.

Infected plants in the begening shows pale green to yellowish leaves, which later on show wilting in the middle of hot, sunny days, and recovering during the night. Young plants may be killed by the disease soon after infection, whereas older plants may remain alive but become stunted and fail to produce marketable heads.

The most characteristic symptoms of the disease appear on the roots as spindle-like, spherical, knobby, or club-shaped swellings. The swellings may be few and isolated or they may coalesce and cover the entire root system. The older and usually the larger clubbed roots disintegrate before the end of the season because of invasion by bacteria and other fungi.

The fungi are present everywhere. They are in the soil and soil crust, in atmospheric air, in sea and pond water, rivers and water streams, and on the surfaces of almost all the material ,whether living or otherwise, on affected food stuff , vegetables and food grains, on body of human beings, animals, birds and fishes, on plant surfaces, on leathers and clothes in damp weather, on house walls and ceiling in damp conditions, on railway coaches and buses roofs having water leakage and dampness, in caves, on garbage and decomposing material etc. The fungal spores are present everywhere, however the fungal growth occurs where the congenial conditions for their growth is available.

Fungi are very primitive eukaryotic microbe on the earth which are evolved with the earth and its atmosphere. These may be the ancestor of the plants in the process of evolution (Borkar, 2001). The group of ancestral fungi is thought to be represented by the present day chytridiomycota, although the Microsporidia may be an equally ancient sister group. The first major steps in the evolution of higher fungi were the loss of the chytrid flagellum and the development of branching, aseptate fungal filament, which occurred as terrestrial fungi diverged from water molds 600 million to 800 million years ago. The easily recognizable mushroom fungi probably diversified 130 million to 200 million years ago, soon after flowering plants became an important part of the flora and well before the age of dinosaurs. A relatively recent evolutionary radiation perhaps 60 million to 80 million years ago, of anaerobic chytridiomycota occurred as grasses and grazing mammals became abundant, the chytrid fungi serve as symbionts within the rumen of such animals, thereby enabling the grazing mammals to digest grasses.

LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS, MARKETIG, ACCOUNTANCY & ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELELOPMENT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING

• A Textbook of Agricultural Extension Management (2019). C. Karthikeyan, R. Sandilkumar & D.Jagannathan. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• Accounting Principles for Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension (2014). Samaresh Kumar Das, Puspa Publishing House Kolkata.
• Agricultural Extension 1998. Van Den Ban and HS Hawkins. CBS Publishers New Delhi.
• Banerjee, A. and S. Majumdar, D. (2011). Business Economics and Business Environment, ABS Publishing House, Kolkata.
• Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2020. Sagar Mandal, BCKV, Kalyani Publishers New Delhi.

ESTIMATED DAIRY PROJECT OF 12 CROSS-BREED CATTLE FOR 5 YEARS

Dept. of Veterinary & A.H. Extension Education

West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences

Mohanpur, Dist-Nadia, West Bengal, India

LIVESTOCK INSURANCE SCHEME

Livestock farming is the main source of livelihood for millions of people in India. Animal husbandry as live resources primarily depends on monsoon-based feeds and fodder production along with the widespread incidence of diseases, droughts floods and fluctuations of market price in livestock products which makes it a risky venture. The natural, social and human risk and uncertainty in livestock farming hamper yield and production as a result of mortality and morbidity of animals to every farmer in the country. This risk is simply future issues that can be mitigated or avoided as a probability issue, whereas uncertainty is the lack of complete certainty with more than one possibility of true outcome or state or result or value as unknown. Individual farmers with limited resources are unable to face such risk and uncertainty of disastrous lost. To mitigate this nature-induced risk, livestock insurance has introduced as an institutional response in the countries in October 1965 as Crop Insurance and in later in 1970 the livestock insurance was started by the government of India.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES

GENDER AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The women and men enjoy equal status in the law of the constitution, though there exists a wide difference as looked upon by the society. This gender gap is a socially constructed attribute as being male and females are assigned roles and responsibilities in respect to one’s gender. Gender disparity is a serious concern in all sectors and must be addressed immediately for the development of the country. To address gender issues, it is imperative to understand different fundamental gender concepts to deal with it effectively.

Gender: Gender identifiers social relations between men and women. Gender refers to the relationship between men and women, boys and girls and how this is socially constructed. Gender roles are dynamic and changed over time. Gender determined, what is expected, allowed, and valued in a man or woman in a different context.

Sex: Sex identifies the biological difference between men and women, such as-women can give birth and men provide sperm. Sex roles are universal. These are universal, obvious and generally permanent. It is what, we are born with and does not change over time, differs from place to place.

PROJECT AND PROJECT APPRAISAL PROJECT

Project is a scientifically evolves work plan to achieve specific objectives within a specified time limit by consuming planned resources. A Project is a specific plan or design with a specific objective, time, and cost limitations and non-repeated it in nature. UNIDO defines a Project as a proposal for an investment to create and or develop certain facilities in order to increase the production of goods or services in a community over a certain period of time. The Project can be long-term or short-term, limited or comprehensive, sector concentrated on multi-sector concentrated.

PROJECT APPRAISAL or Evaluation is a step-by-step process of collecting recording and organizing information about project results including short-term, immediate output and long-term outcomes from the projects.

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: Financial management is an integral part of general overall management. The term ‘Financial management’ is managerial activity that is concerned with planning and controlling of financial resources of a firm. Financial management is concerned with managerial decisions that result in the acquisition and financing of long and short-term credits of the farm or any enterprise. Financial management is concerned with the efficient use of all important economic resources that is capital funds of a firm (Solomon Ezra)

Financial management is an application of general managerial principles to the era of financial decision-making. (Howard &Uptron).

Financial management is an area of financial decisions making, harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals.(Weston & Brigham).

Financial management is an operational activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effective utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operations.(Joseph & Massie)

DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEUR & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurs: The word ‘Entrepreneur’ is derived from the French verb ‘ENTREPREDRE’, which means ‘to undertake’. The term is used to refer to anyone who undertakes the organizarion and management of an enterprise with independence and risk as well as the opportunity for profit. An Entrepreneur is a person who has a possession of any enterprise or venture and accepts significant accountability for the inherent risk and outcome.

Definitions of Entrepreneurs by Several Social Scientists are as follow

According to J.B. Say: An Entrepreneur is an economic agent, who unites all means of production, such as- Land, labour and capital to produce products.

BOOK KEEPING & GENERAL ENTRY SYSTEM

Business Transactions can be recorded in any system, which provides the necessary financial position of a business and results of transactions. The Business transactions are recorded through systems of book keeping as maintained in accounting are as follows:

Book Keeping: This is an activity concerned with the recording of financial data relating to business operations in a significant and orderly manner. Book keeping is the record making phase of accounting. Accounting is based on a careful and an efficient book keeping system.

The essential idea behind maintaining book keeping records is to show correct position regarding each head of income and expenditure. It is concerned with the recording of business transaction in a significant and orderly manner which is mechanical and repetitive in character. 

MEANING & DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING

Accounting is the science of recording, classifying and summarizing business transactions and events primarily of a financial character in a significant manner and interpreting and communicating the results to decision-making persons thereof.

The AICPA defined, Accounting is the process that are used in accounting, recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting the monetary language in which financial language is expressed.

MARKET & MARKETING: CONCEPT OF MARKET AND CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS

Meaning of Market: The Term Market is derived from Latin word ‘Markatus’ means Merchandise, Wars, the Traffic, Trades or Place where business is conducted. The Market means a place, as an open space (in the village) or a larger building, where actual buying and selling takes place. The market is an assembly or a meeting of people for their private purchase and sale of goods at a stated time and place. Example-Village Fairs or periodical markets.

ECONOMICS is the term derived from a Greek word ‘OIKOS’ means a HOUSE and NAMEN means TO MANAGE, i.e. to manage a household using limited funds available in most possible manners. The founders of Economics defined it as-‘The Science of Wealth’. In general, we may say that Economics is the social science that studies economic activities. Economists at different times have emphasized different aspects of Economic activities, and have arrived at different definitions of Economics.

10.1 Introduction

The consistent process of rapid urbanization and expeditious developmental activities have severely impacted the environmental components and thereby the quality of life. With limited natural resources, individuals and societies have to learn to bring in attitudinal changes in order to accomplish environment sustainability (UNESCO). From the Book “Our Common Future” (Brundtland Report), the concept of Sustainable Development can be understood as the “development that meets the needs of the present, but does not threaten the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. 

Introduction

With ever-increasing population growth, waste management has become a major challenge threatening environmental sustainability. The total solid waste generation was recorded to be 1.3 billion tonnes per year by the world’s cities in 2012, with an ecological footprint of 1.2 kilograms per person/day. With the intensity with which the population growth is happening coupled with urbanization, predictions are made that by the end of the year 2025, 2.2 billion tonnes of municipal waste will be generated (The World Bank, 2018). 

8. Introduction

The idea of sustainable development stands on the concept of maintaining the best possible environment within the availability of minimal resources and for the convenience of the society. Now-a-day the term “sustainability” gained a lot of attention due to challenges and problems faced in tackling the current situation of global pollution. One of the vital areas of research needs to be addressed in concern with sustainable development is the new innovations to enhance sustainability (Silvestre and Silva, 2014). 

7.1. Developing Sector in Scientific and Technological Approach of Waste Management

From the very past, many traditional practices have been put into use for waste management like landfilling, composting, and recycling, which are practiced even today. However, the boundless upsurging waste compels the modern world to modify the traditional methods or to introduce innovative techniques with the grace of technology

6.1 Introduction

Urbanization is now a global phenomenon, but in developing countries the implications are more pronounced. Natural growth of population, reclassifications of habitation and migration trends are important in urban population in India. The population of India, which accounts for 27 per cent of the total population, was 285 million according to 2001 census. International experience shows that the pace of urban development accelerates when a country’s urban population crosses close to 25 percent of the total population (like in India).(Kumar and Chakrabarti, 2010).