eChapters

Introduction 
To fight climate change and lessen dependency on fossil fuels, the world urgently needs renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Hydrogen has become a promising energy carrier due to its versatility and capacity to generate energy from renewable resources without releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The world's demand for energy has been steadily increasing as a result of urbanization, economic expansion, and population rise. With an estimated 10 billion people on the earth by 2050, energy consumption is only expected to increase. Fossil fuels, which include oil, coal and gas have been widely used to generate energy and are predicted to do so at least until 2050 (see Fig.6.1) [1]. Figure 1. Global primary energy consumption is broken down by energy source [2, 3]. These fuels generate a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) during combustion, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), which is connected to climate change and global warming. In addition, burning fossil fuels releases particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other pollutants that are harmful for human health. In addition, the unequal distribution of fossil fuel supply has led to increased instability globally and worries about energy security. Numerous nations started making investments in energy from renewable sources as concerns about the environment and energy security have grown. Because they emit little to no greenhouse emissions, renewable energy resources like hydroelectricity, wind, and solar power contribute to lowering the energy industry's overall environmental impact (see Fig.6.2) [4].

Introduction

In an era increasingly defined by environmental consciousness and the imperative for sustainable practices, the sports industry emerges as a pivotal arena where innovation in green intellectual property (IP) holds transformative potential. At the forefront of this movement are patents, which not only safeguard inventive ideas but also serve as catalysts for integrating eco-friendly technologies into sports equipment. This chapter explores the profound impact of green patents within the sports sector across four key dimensions, illuminating their role in driving sustainability initiatives and reshaping industry dynamics.

The integration of sustainable technologies in sports equipment represents a paradigm shift towards greener practices. From advanced materials in athletic apparel that reduce environmental impact to the design of energy-efficient stadiums, innovations in sports equipment are diversifying to align with global sustainability goals. Cutting-edge developments include biodegradable materials, solar-powered facilities, and water-saving technologies, each contributing to minimizing ecological footprints across the sports industry. By examining these advancements, we uncover how green patents not only spur technological advancement but also foster a culture of environmental stewardship among sports manufacturers and stakeholders.

Introduction

Green Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a relatively new and evolving concept that emerged in response to the growing global environmental challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. It is an intersection between traditional intellectual property rights and environmental concerns, aiming to promote and protect innovation and technologies that have a positive impact on the environment and contribute to sustainable development.

The concept of Green IPR gained momentum as the world recognized the need for sustainable practices and solutions to address the adverse effects of industrialization and economic growth on the environment. Intellectual property rights, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, have long been used to incentivize and protect innovations in various fields. However, the conventional application of IPR did not explicitly consider environmental considerations.

With the rise of environmental consciousness and the acknowledgement of the limited nature of natural resources, there was a call for integrating environmental sustainability into the intellectual property framework. The idea behind Green IPR is to encourage the development and dissemination of eco-friendly technologies, products, and processes while safeguarding the rights of innovators and creators.

Introduction

As a new decade begins, the effects of climate change are being felt all around the world. Storms, floods, droughts, and wildfires are examples of events that may already be linked to climate change and that are expected to occur more frequently and intensely as well as the destruction they inflict virtually every day. The state of the world’s climate is a serious issue that requires attention. In order to create a future that is more environmentally friendly, addressing this issue is urgently required, and everyone must take this into consideration as their shared goal. Since technology is increasingly being seen as a part of the outcome.

To this end, the strengthening of national innovation systems and ensuring that people have access to effective IPPI management programmes need to be stepped up with a view to improving research and development in technologies, products and services which are needed for transformation into a more environmentally sustainable future. This crisis can’t be solved, unless there is a breakthrough technology that will make the goals achievable. This is why innovation in the field of “green” technologies will be needed and intellectual property rights will play an important role. Intellectual property rights may ensure that technological progress can be sold to allow for the continuation of research and development investment but they could also cause problems and constraints. The impact and opportunities that “Green IP” can have are therefore considerable. Regardless of their distinctions, “Green IP” will have an impact on companies from different industries, sectors, and locations. The consumer goods sector needs to improve how they go about changing the specifications for designing products that can be easily recycled and repaired.

Leafy vegetables are rich sources of provitamin-A, vitamin C and minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, etc., They are the riches sources of roughes or fibres essential in human diet. The ICMR recommended dietary allowances of green leafy vegetables for adult women is 100g/day and men are 40g/day while for school children above 10 years it is 50g/day. Greens are rich in vitamins and minerals essential for healthy functioning of organs of body. Amaranth, beet leaf, spinach, fenugreek, etc., are the major leaf vegetables grown in India. In addition, a number of under-utilized annual crops are also grown as leaf vegetables in specific regions. Tender stems and leaves of a number of perennial crops are rich sources of vitamins and minerals and are used for cooking.

10.1. Amaranth (Amaranthus sp)

Amaranth is the most common leaf vegetable grown in India. Amarnath is an annual herb with erect growth and scarce to profusely branching habit. Stem is succulent and green or purple or mixed shades of these two. There are two sections in Amaranthus, viz., Amaranthus and Blitopsis. Majority of leaf cultivars grown in India belong to Amaranthus tricolor. Among the several kinds of greens Amaranthus occupy a special place because it has a large number of species grown in one or the other part of country.

Some of the important improved varieties released are CO-2 and CO-5 from TNAU, Coimbatore, Pusa Kiran, Pusa Kirti and Pusa Lal Choulia from IARI, New Delhi, Arka Arunima and Arka Suguna from IIHR, Bangalore. Amaranth are popular all over India by different names. While in northern parts it is popularly known as choulia, in south it is popularly called as keerai or cheera or koora or soppa. The general composition of amaranth is given below:

1. Introduction

Libraries have an outstanding role in the advocacy of sustainability and green practices, now that the place of environmental awareness is on the rise. Green libraries provide a commitment, through sustainable architectural practices, efficient systems in energy saving, measures taken with environmental consciousness to preserve resources, and ways to conserve resources in the work they do. The libraries focus on ensuring they provide healthy indoor spaces and educate their communities on sustainability. Admittedly, it is through the adoption of these practices that libraries minimize their ecological footprint and provide a beacon of environmental responsibility. Green libraries are facilities that take ecologically friendly approaches in carrying out operations and programming in activities targeting environmental responsibility. Such libraries try their best to use methods that diminish energy consumption and lower resource use to move closer to sustainability at its core, which may have less of an impact on the environment. Green libraries have focused on recycling, reduction of trash, renewable sources of energy like solar panels, energy efficiency in lighting and space heating, sustainable building materials, and architectural style.

1. Introduction

The idea of Green Libraries transcends mere energy conservation or waste reduction. It encapsulates a broader commitment to sustainability, encompassing green building practices, sustainable operations, environmentally friendly collections, and programs that educate and engage communities on sustainability issues. This essay explores the multifaceted nature of Green Libraries, examining their significance, the principles that guide them, and their impact on communities and the environment.

2. The Emergence of Green Libraries

The Green Library movement is relatively recent, gaining momentum in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This movement arose from a growing recognition of the library's role in society as a community hub and educational institution. Libraries, traditionally seen as repositories of knowledge and culture, began to evolve in response to societal shifts towards environmental consciousness.

1. Introduction

There is a real climate change, and human activity is its primary driver. Notably, worldwide average temperatures have been rising consistently since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, posing a danger to life as we know it from climate change. For example, 2019 had record sea levels, melting ice, and unusually high global temperatures as a result of increased human activity. Regrettably, in spite of the fact that climate change is causing the environment to deteriorate more and more, insufficient worldwide pledges have been made to mitigate its effects. Thus, the necessity for green libraries became apparent. In India, green libraries are becoming more and more important as the country works toward achieving the Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs). These libraries promote a comprehensive approach to environmentally friendly growth by serving as examples of social responsibility, environmental care, and economic success. Green libraries use eco-friendly construction materials, sustainable waste management practices, and renewable energy sources like solar power in their design. They clearly support climate resilience and drastically cut carbon footprints, which is in line with SDG 13 (Climate Action). Additionally, by fostering environmental literacy, lifelong learning for people of all ages, and inclusive and equal access to knowledge and educational resources, green libraries in India actively support SDG 4 (Quality Education). Additionally, by acting as green public spaces that improve urban livability and provide a haven from the bustle of city life while encouraging social cohesion and community participation, these institutions serve SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

Green manure is defined as fresh organic matter/undecomposed plant material/ real organic matter, natural plant food added to the soil for the purpose of supplying plant nutrients.

CLASSIFICATION OF GREEN MANURES

Nonlegumes: Rape seed, buck wheat, niger, rye, oats and maize

Legumes:

Grain legumes: cowpea, mungbean, pigeon pea, soybean, khesari (Lathyrus sativus)

Dual purpose legumes: cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). pillipesara, Sesbania speciosa.

Non grain legumes: sunnhemp, dhaincha, pillipesera (Phaseolus trilobus), stylosanthes and desmodium.

The importance of green manuring in crop production has been known since ancient times. However, awareness towards soil enrichment is increasing in recent years, mainly due to comparatively high cost of inorganic fertilizers, increased risk of environmental pollution and need of sustainable cropping systems. Green manuring helps to improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and consequently crop yields. Green manuring lowers the nitrogenous fertilizer requirements for succeeding crops. However, it’s influence may vary with soil, crop environmental variables, type of green manure crop used and its management.

Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or turning into the soil un-decomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving physical structure as well as fertility of the soil. It is obtained in two ways; by growing green manure crops or by collecting green leaf (along with twigs) from plants grown in wastelands, field bunds and forest. Green manuring by growing the field plants usually belonging to the leguminous family and incorporated into the soil after sufficient growth. The most important green manure crops are sunnhemp, dhaincha, Pillipesara, cluster beans and Sesbania rostrata. The advantages of green manuring are as follows.

Abstract

Green is the ‘innovative’ word that has now evolved to become the soul of every market. This revolution has given a rise for the different kind of green activities in the normal course of life, be it personal or professional. Companies are trying to adopt green in their business activities, be it production; product; services; or packaging, consumers are also not behind for the perseverance of environment and natural resources. Consumers are day by day becoming more aware towards environmental issues, purchasing eco-friendly products, and adopting a green lifestyle. This paper examines the growing awareness of consumer towards green initiatives, products, campaigns run by the companies, and their attitude, and purchase intentions for the same. Therefore, the purpose of this research paper revolves around describing the present state of green activities in business era, and to know the awareness and attitude of consumer in Jodhpur city. 

ABSTRACT

Green packaging is a technique used to develop sustainable and eco-friendly packaging materials. In this review paper we have examined the data currently available on the use of plant by-products and plant extract in the development of green packaging. The use of plant fibres is especially beneficial because they often contain a high concentration of bioactive compounds. These compounds lend a preservative effect to the packaging material. Further we have also discussed the degradability of such packaging and the additives which need to be added in order to enhance their utility. Lastly, we have examined the possible applications of green packaging in the food industry.

Keywords:GreenPackaging,Plantby-products,Fruitfibres,Biodegradability, Bioactive compounds, Nanocomposites, Renewable resources, Biopolymers

The use of conventional pesticides has raised significant concerns due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment. In response, there has been a growing interest in developing safer and more eco-friendly alternatives. This chapter explores the concept of green pesticides as a sustainable solution to pest and disease management. Green pesticides, derived from natural sources or synthesized using eco-friendly methods, offer effective control of pests while minimizing harm to non-target organisms and ecosystems. Green pesticides encompass a diverse range of products and approaches, including botanical extracts, microbial agents, natural predators, and pheromones. Moreover, there is a need to incorporate different cultural practices along with green pesticides to enhance pest control while reducing reliance on chemical inputs. However, the efficacy of green pesticides depend on several factors, including pest species, crop type, environmental conditions, and regulatory considerations. Therefore, ongoing research and innovation are essential to optimize the performance and scalability of these eco-friendly alternatives. Overall, this chapter underscores the potential of green pesticides as a safe and sustainable approach to pest and disease management in sustainable agriculture

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the vital cereal crop, probably the oldest cultivated grain crop, produced under varied ecosystems is consumed as the primary source of food by the billions of people throughout the world covering 9% of total arable land among world. India is one of the top leading countries in the entire world in case of both production and consumption of rice. Rice is cultivated in 43.86 m ha geographical area of the country producing 115.6 million tons (2018- 2019) of rice. It is produced in various ecosystems throughout the country under diverse climatic and soil condition but the productivity is much lower as compared to other countries. According to Pandey et al. (2006), the average loss of rice production during drought years in major rainfed rice grown states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha was found to be 30 percent of the annual production in case of non-drought years.

Introduction 
Before 1800, it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms, not possible in the laboratory. Friedrich Wohler successfully synthesized the first organic compound urea in the laboratory. Recently, synthetic organic chemistry has been a well-established science to construct derivative or new compounds, which have been utilized in the fields of medicine, food, clothing, nutrition, polymers, plastic, highly durable materials, and high energy fuels, that are beneficial to humans, and society. To achieve faster organic transformations, many advancements have been made, as a result, catalysts have been taken into account, which provides an alternate faster path for the reaction by lowering the activation energy. The catalysts play a very crucial role in achieving organic transformations more efficiently, affordably, and with higher yields in less time. Additionally, the catalyst which is environment-friendly and easily recoverable after completion of the process, would be beneficial in both economic and ecological ways (Trost, 1991). The utilization of nanoparticles as catalysts in organic transformations is more advantageous over conventional catalysts because of lower catalyst loadings, and high performance of the reaction in heterogenous phase. The large surface area of nanoparticles is responsible for high reactivity towards organic transformations. Till now, many nano-dimension metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) efficiently utilized to catalyze organic transformations (Muskan et al., 2022). The ever-growing demand for productive and sustainable catalytic systems has driven the utilization of transition metal nanoparticles as catalysts in organic conversions (Pathak et al., 2024). Among these, copper-based nanoparticles have shown great potential as catalysts due to their large surface area and variable oxidation states, which enable them to function as both oxidizing and reducing agents, effectively replacing traditional palladium catalysts (Pathak et al., 2024). Copper-based nanoparticles having specific physicochemical properties, varying in size, porosity, surface/volume ratio, and shape can also be synthesized through different physical, chemical, and biogenic methodologies. Most physical and chemical methods are considered toxic, have huge energy demands, and have high-temperature demands. In contrast, biogenic methods are simple and non-toxic. The biogenic procedure can be done by using microbes, fungi, algae, plants, extracts, etc. This chapter provides insights into various aspects of the biogenic synthesis of copper-based nanoparticles using plants and multiple catalytic applications in recent organic transformations.

Introduction 
Nanotechnology has become a highly influential field in science, showcasing diverse applications and promising trends over the past few years. Nanoscience has been a source of inspiration for material science researchers, encouraging the exploration of innovative methods to synthesise novel structures with significant properties and applications(Kolahalam et al. 2019). Nanoparticles are the core of nanotechnology, with “nano” denoting sizes smaller than a billionth of a hair, specifically below 100 nm (Volath et al. 2008).The focus on small-sized nanoparticles (1–100 nm) has become a global research priority attributable to their remarkable applications in physical, chemical, and biological sciences (Jeevanandam et al., 2018). The term “nanotechnology” was coined by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in his renowned 1959 lecture titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.”(Boverhof et al., 2015).Feynman proposed the advanceof smaller devices down to the molecular scale, asserting that it was not the laws of nature but rather the lack of appropriate equipment and approaches that limited progress in working at atomic and molecular scales(Clunan et al., 2014). In recent times, nanotechnology has transitioned into a mainstream and crucial innovation. When materials are manipulated at the nanoscale, their properties undergo significant transformations, leading to remarkable applications in physics, space science, chemistry, medicine, energy renewal, healthcare, environmental science, mechanics, electronics, civil engineering, optics, and more [Figure. 1](Mourdikoudis et al., 2018; Joshi et al., 2008; Suresh Kumar et al., 2019); AarthyePandian et al., 2019).

Biological synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles

Aim

To synthesize nano ZnO particles using fungal isolates.

Introduction

The ZnO nanoparticle are effective anti-bacterial and antiodur agent. Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle is a new approach for environmentally benign protocol in context to green nanotechnology, (Raliya and Tarafdar, 2013).

Aim

To synthesize Zero valent (Fe) (nZVIs) iron using tea leaf extract.

Introduction

In this approach extracts of natural products (in most cases green tea leaves) with high antioxidant capacities are used. The compounds present in these extracts react with Fe (III) in solution to form nZVIs (Nadagouda et al., 2010).

Introduction

Soil is a non-renewable resource that sustains life, providing ecosystem services such as biomass production, contaminants filtration, raw material supply, nutrient, and hydrological cycle (Panagos et al., 2020). It contributes about 95% to global food production (Borrelli et al., 2020). Soil is a major global biodiversity pool and a large carbon pool on Earth. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in regulating energy and mass flow and their transfer between the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere (Ferreira et al., 2021). Climate change and unsustainable management practices are threatening the soil’s natural capital resulting in soil degradation occurring simply from erosion to contamination and leading the soil to completely unproductiveness under severe conditions, leading to food insecurity (Ashoka et al., 2017; Syed et al., 2022)

Introduction

Western world started paying attention to climate change after the Industrial Revolution when collateral environmental problems began appearing with the development. But in India, many shastras gave philosophy of sustainable development before the evolution of many civilizations.

It means that “All this is for habitation by the Lord, whatsoever is individual universe of movement in the universal motion. Man should use all resources by renunciation, he should not see them with feeling of lust”. Here, renunciation means controlled use of resources. It is known as Green Application of the resources nowadays.

Whenever the term ‘green’ is used as an adjective with certain phrases, the said phrase is considered to depict a friendly character with the environment. In this sense, the Cambridge Dictionary defines the word ‘green’ as “relating to or believing in the protection of the natural environment.” For instance, Green Technology, one of those concepts towards which this paper is concerned, will refer to those technologies which are environment friendly. But this won’t help us understand what green technology actually means.

ABSTRACT

The global market for baked products has reached up to $495 billion in the year 2019. It is estimated that its value will reach up to $580 billion by the end of 2025 with a growth rate of 2.7 % between 2020 to 2025. Ovens are operated with the help of LPG/diesel/electricity. The hybrid ovens can give higher energy efficiency along with targeted quality parameters. The previous data such as oven temperature, heat supplied per unit time, the moisture content and variety of the raw material used can be provided to a specific computer programme. The heat recovering unit is a unit which captures the escaping hot air and the same may be reused by pumping the hot air to the front of the oven to preheat the incoming cold air. The biogas can be generated from the bakery waste. There will be 45 % or more methane production from bread and biscuit waste in the retention time of about 12 to 55 days in a biogas plant. To make the bakery fully operated on green technology, solar renewable energy can also be utilized.

Tourism is a phenomenon, which has taken off immensely in the past three decades. It concerns us all, be it by allowing us to travel long distances as tourists, or by forcing upon us a mass of visitors to our part of the world. In the past, people did not travel half as much. Financial obstacles and responsibilities to land and animals stopped them from doing so. Only in 1845 did Thomas Cook of Leicester, England, organize the first package tour, making this experience available to people outside of the privileged classes by cutting down on expenses. By 1939, an estimated one million people were traveling abroad each year. Nowadays, the population of the Mediterranean swells to double over the summer, from 130 million resident inhabitants during the winter to 260 million in high season. There were about 698 million international tourist arrivals worldwide in 2000. All regions in the world grew, and the fastest developing region continued to be East Asia and the Pacific. Tourism has become the largest industry in the world. And just like all thriving industries, though it has a lot to give, it also takes a lot in turn. Unfortunately, the toll that we pay for it has been rising steadily. While the prospect of people traveling less in the future seems improbable, to say the least, a new idea has already sprung up: If we cannot stop tourism, let us at least travel sensibly.

I. FILL UPS

1. The isolation distance for seed crop of greengram must be _____.
2. Spacing adopted for greengram seed production is _____.
3. Seed rate of greengram is_____.

Mungbean is one of the most important pulse crops. It is grown in almost all parts of the country. Mungbean is primarily a crop of rainy season; however, with the development of early maturing varieties, it has proved to be an ideal crop for spring and summer seasons. Middle of March to last week of June is the most suitable growing period where there is a plenty of life-giving sunshine. During this period high temperature and low humidity keep insects and disease infestations at their lowest. Summer season offers an excellent opportunity for raising short duration pulses.

8.1 Introduction

The management of greenhouse environments has become crucial in modern agriculture due to increasing concerns about climate change and the urgent need for sustainable farming practices. Greenhouses, also known as “controlled environment agriculture” facilities, have revolutionized the way we grow food by extending the growing season and allowing us to cultivate a wide range of plants in various climates. They achieve this by precisely regulating environmental elements such as temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide concentration, which are all crucial for optimizing plant growth and yield.

About 80% of the world population live in developing countries and are dependent on agriculture. Agricultural products, just after harvesting, are dried to the safe moisture level. Open solar drying for drying agricultural products is being practiced since ages throughout the world. Due to its several drawbacks as danger of (dust, rain, ultra-violet rays, birds, animals etc.), advance technique, i.e. greenhouse drying, is being adopted for drying crops to reduce the drying time and increase the quality of the food products.

Drying involves a heat and mass transfer phenomenon in which heat energy supplied to the product surface is utilized in two ways: (i) to increase the product surface temperature in the form of sensible heat and (ii) to vaporize the moisture present in product through the provision of the latent heat of vaporization. The removal of moisture from the interior of the product takes place due to induced vapour pressure difference between the product and surrounding medium. The moisture from the interior diffuses to the product surface to replenish the evaporated surrounding moisture.

The working principle of greenhouse drying is in which the product is placed in trays receiving the solar radiations through the plastic cover and moisture is removed by natural convection or forced convection.

Greenhouse drying are being adopted to reduce the losses and to increase the quality of the dried products. Solar energy is the most promising power source of energy for drying of agricultural products. Most of the farmers adopt open sun drying because it is abundant and inexpensive. But the open sun dried products are also subjected to remarkable losses due to environment. Losses of fruits and vegetables are estimated to be 30%-40% during drying under open sunlight. The post-harvest losses can be reduced by adopting advanced means of drying, i.e. greenhouse drying. The greenhouse dryer can be operated in natural and forced mode as required. Studies reveal that the greenhouse dried products are of superior quality and better colour retention as compared to open sun drying.

1.1 Introduction

Greenhouse effect, regulated by the presence of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere, is a natural process that plays a major part in shaping the earth’s climate. A continued rise in concentration of the greenhouse gases has led to enhanced greenhouse effect resulting in global warming and global climate change. The impact of human activities on greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission through fossil fuel burning, agriculture and industrial processes is important and familiar to people. This chapter addresses basic principles and physics of greenhouse effect and the role of Indian agriculture in GHG emissions. Agriculture is a potential source and sink to GHGs in atmosphere. It is a source for three primary GHGs: CO₂, N₂O and CH4 and sink for atmospheric CO₂ . Management of agricultural land, land use change and forestry has a profound influence on atmospheric GHGs concentration. The two broad anthropogenic sources of GHGs emission from agriculture are the energy use in agriculture (manufacture and use of agricultural inputs and farm machinery) and the management of agricultural land. Large sections of the India’s population depend on biomass resources like wood, crop residues and cattle dung for energy. In the agriculture sector, besides the CO₂ emissions due to burning of crop and animal waste, India’s large ruminant population and rice fields are significant contributors to CH₄ emissions. An understanding of GHG emissions by sources and removal by sinks in agriculture is important to take appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies and to estimate and create inventory of GHGs.

The variety of greenhouses and greenhouse material, equipment and accessories are so many. However, there are certain basic materials that essential in almost all types of green houses. These are

Structural framing materials

Such materialsinclude low maintenance non-heat conducting timber; strong and durable galvanized steel; or light, low-maintenance and sturdy aluminium alloys. Though plastic pipe frames are usable, they are not very strong to withstand snow load or strong wind sheering forces. What one should choose as the framing material would be determined by the material one wishes to use as glazing, his budget and the permanence of the structure one desires. Aluminium is a popular material for greenhouse framework because it is relatively lightweight, rustproof, affordable and easy to assemble. The downside is that it is not a good insulating material and in very cold weather, heat loss from the metal frame could inflate your heating bill. Also, you would need to look for sturdy frames if your greenhouse is located in an area that experiences high winds. Condensation could also occur on an aluminium frame. Wooden structural frameworks for garden greenhouses are also a popular choice for its aesthetic value, natural feel and the ’warmth’ it exudes. It is an easy material to work with especially if you are not using a greenhouse kit for building. Some greenhouse owners would settle for nothing else as they believe it is the only material that complements the natural beauty of plants inside the greenhouse! Wood is a good insulating material so it will not allow heat loss in cold weather. Reinforced wood has superior strength and has an excellent load bearing capacity. Being a natural material, it has the potential to develop mildew or disease and offer a haven to tiny pests. So, when you choose wood to build the framework of your greenhouse, be sure that you pick a high quality hardy wood such as redwood, cypress or cedar. Also, treat wood with non-hazardous chemicals so that your plants are not adversely affected. The preservatives used for wooden greenhouse frames should be pressure treated, salt type or copper naphthenate. Copper naphthenate is a general use preservative used for pressure treating utility poles and timber. It is known to be very effective in preventing mould, mildew and dry rot. It works very well against wood-damaging fungi and insect pests. Pentachlorophenol is a restricted use wood preservative and is toxic to plants and humans. It is not available to the general public and poles or timber treated with it are not suitable for use in a greenhouse. PVC pipe can also be used as support for small greenhouses that are to be covered with polyethylene, but PVC requires additional support to withstand strong winds. Being flexible, PVC can be used particularly well in hoop houses. Though it has the advantage of offering insulation and, if UV treated, are long-lasting, they are not good at bearing the load of hanging baskets and shelving to any appreciable degree. PVC that is treated to be resistant to ultraviolet radiation is also known as UPVC.

Introduction

Precise and continuous measurement the greenhouse gases (GHGs) fluxes/ emissions in agricultural systems are required for accounting and budgeting of carbon. Further, the long-term measurements of GHGs fluxes are equally important as precise measurement. Therefore, high frequency and long-term measurement of GHGs across the cropping systems are essential for chalking out the GHGs emissions mitigation strategies. Various technologies with definite working principles are used for estimation of GHGs emissions in agriculture.

Greenhouse Gases Estimation Techniques

Two basic principles are followed to estimate greenhouse gases in agriculture. One is the collection of GHGs from the field and subsequent analysis of the concentration of gases through gas chromatography (GC). Another principle is based on sensors measurement with the help of infrared gas analyze (IRGA). The two techniques used for the measurement are (i) ‘closed chamber method’ (manual/automatic), and (ii) ‘sensor-based method’. Generally, the GHGs fluxes in agricultural crop field are estimated by ‘closed chamber method’ for methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). And for carbon dioxide (CO₂) measurement either soil respiratory chamber or canopy chamber is used that measures CO₂ with the help of infrared gas analyzer (IRGA).

1.1 Introduction

Increased emission of greenhouse gases results in climate change which becomes one of the most prominent environmental issues to the world today. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas whereas nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are other substantial contributors to climate change (IPCC, 2014, Tongwane et al., 2016). However, these gases are emitted in minimal quantities in comparison to carbon dioxide but impart more global warming effect by absorbing more infrared radiations (Oertel et al., 2016). The warming potential of one kg of CH4 is 23 times more than one kg of CO2 while  in the case of N2O, it was nearly 300 times more than CO2 (Ramaswamy et al., 2001, Bharti et al., 2019; Biswas et al., 2010). Around one-third of methane and two –thirds of nitrous oxide come from soil (Prather et al., 1995, Tubiello et al., 2015, Smith, 2016).

3.1 Chemistry of greenhouse gases (ghgs)

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are atmospheric-gases that have capabilities to absorb and radiate-back the infrared (IR) radiation in the earth-atmosphere system (Figure 3.1). In this process the atmospheric-gases absorb and radiate- back IR radiation in lower atmosphere effectively emitting and absorbing heat energy heat energy. They maintain the heat budget of earth-atmosphere and keep our plant warm. If we typically see the chemistry of those gases, the key point is that they should have dipole moments. This is the property which makes them capable to absorb and radiate-back the range of IR radiation. In a molecule when valence-electrons are not equally shared in a bond between the two atoms, a slight positive charge is developed above one atom and a negative charge on the other atom. That charge difference of the different atoms in a molecule generates the dipole moment. For instance, in water vapour (H₂O- vapour), an unequal sharing of electrons and or separation of charge causes dipole moment. In H₂O, the centre has a positive charge at the hydrogen atoms and negative charges are located on the oxygen atom. The magnitude of dipole- charges, vibration and stretching of O-H bond generates certain frequency of the oscillating dipole moment that actually regulates the absorption capacity of IR radiation by H₂O vapour.

Naturally Greenhouse gases are cover as blanket on the Earth and kept it about 33⁰C warmer than it would be without these gases in the atmosphere. This is called as the “Greenhouse Effect”.

Over the past century, the Earth has increased in temperature by about 0.5⁰C and many scientists believe that this is because of an increase in concentration of the main greenhouse gases viz., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons. People are now calling this climate change over the past century the beginning of “Global Warming”.

There are several systems for greenhouse heating based on heat source and purpose or crops to be produced in greenhouse.

Electric heaters

Unit space heaters, either floor mounted or supported, are normally dependent on electricity supply supported by stand-by generators. Abroad they are fuelled with natural or bottled gas or fuel oil and use fans for heat distribution. This system requires a relatively moderate capital investment, is easy to install, and provides for easy expansion of facilities. If unit air heaters are used, they should be spaced and directed to blanket the entire area with heated air.

Hot Water Systems

Hot water systems utilize metal pipes that can be perimeter, under benches, or overhead fan forced unit heaters can be used. This system requires a boiler, valves, and other necessary controls. Hot water system is simpler to install and normally requires less maintenance than a steam system. Hot water systems are mainly used in smaller greenhouse.

Fast increasing population, changing climate, shrinking land and water resources are the major challenges before us to meet the food and nutritional security of the population at global level. Improvement in the production and productivity of crops are the immediate need to boost the availability of food and improvement economic conditions of the farmers. Greenhouse technology has shown tremendous potential in improvement in production and productivity of crops even under uncongenial soil and climatic conditions. The farmers having very small farm holdings in countries like Japan, Holland and South Korea have improved their income and living standards by adopting protected cultivation technologies. However, India is yet to trap the potentials of the technology. Modern green houses require uninterrupted huge electric power for control of environment (heating/cooling/air circulation etc), which is considered one of the major cause for global warming. High installation and running (energy) cost, high cost of production; poor government support and lack of farmers’ friendly/cost effective greenhouse technology are some other challenges. Low cost zero energy based solar greenhouse technology popularizes the green houses in small and marginal farmers of remote areas. Such greenhouses are specifically design using local resources and also to trap the natural solar radiation/ heat and maintain it for longer period. The designs do not require electric power which ultimately reduces the installation/running cost and also does not have the adverse effects on the environment. This will not only improve the economic status of the farmers but also provide nutritive food to their families and also enhance production and productivity of various crops in the country without deteriorating the environment.

In India, risk-prone, high altitude area constitutes the easternmost trans-Himalayan part of Ladakh and Zanskar range (Jammu and Kashmir) and some parts of Lahoul Spiti (Himachal Pradesh). Truly described as cold desert with low population density, Ladakh constitutes the easternmost trans-Himalayan part of Jammu and Kashmir in India, comprising two districts, Leh and Kargil, bordering Pakistan and China (Fig. 1).

Plants require proper environment for its growth and development. If environment is not suitable crop would not do well. To ensure proper environment to commercial crops for their better growth and development covered structures are used which provide microclimate appropriate for their growth and development. Growing of crops under such protective structures, also known as greenhouses, is termed as greenhouse technology. The structures harness solar radiation for photosynthesis in plants or can be provided with artificial lights (LEDs) for the purpose. The technology embraces many aspects of farming such as modelling of structures, agronomic practices for the production of the crop and the commercial viability of the venture. The technology ensures crop production in a cover more or less independent of natural prevailing environment. The covering or cladding permits desirable aspect of sun and air and help in modifying crop production environment inside. The modification of environment is aimed of creating micro-climate inside the structure/greenhouse most appropriate for the growth and development of the crop.

Hence greenhouse can be defined as a framed or inflated structure with claddings like glass polyethylene sheets, poly carbonates, fibre reinforced plastics and others in which plants are grown by creating microclimate conducive to crop for its growth and development with or without automation and mechanization. The purpose of growing crops under greenhouse conditions is to extend their cropping season and to protect them from adverse environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, precipitation and pests. A large number of greenhouses/poly houses have come up in almost all states of India. Though in infancy but greenhouse cultivation particularly in horticulture crops and nursery production is visible.

1.1 Introduction

The greenhouse industry is rapidly growing, particularly in mild climates, and is crucial for providing access to fresh and clean food. Greenhouses provide an optimal climate for crops to grow and protect them from outside pests. Furthermore, greenhouse production has the potential to reduce water waste and implement integrated protection and production (IPP). It is essential to consider the environmental impact of protected cultivation, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool for evaluating these impacts.

Introduction

The recognition of environment as the desired precondition for human existence and development both by Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as well as Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG) unquestionably shows its importance and necessity. The impact of climate change is fast getting into our understanding and are realizing the enormity of the situation. Consequently, global environmental issues are a growing concern among the people and communities of various regions today. The impending ecological disasters have forced the right-thinking people and organizations to seek an alternative in the form of managing natural resources without jeopardizing the developmental activities. The challenge is to enhance the standard of living compatible with ecology and environment. This underlines rather unquestionably the need to pursue a line of lifestyle and development design that is compatible with nature and the issue of the environment cannot left to languish at the bottom of priorities.

Landscaping is both science and art and is an aspect of the environmental impact of a hotel that needs to be addressed. Understanding and blending the elements of both nature and construction is effective landscaping. Whether Landscaping is extensive or small consumes a large amount of water, fertilizers and herbicides and generates solid waste.

Ecogreen’s Greenscaping Operation provides cost-efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for landscaping. Greenscaping operation deals with two aspects:

1. Solid Waste Management, and

2. Water Conservation

ABSTRACT

Grewia asiatica L. locally called ’Phalsa’ (Family Tiliaceae) is a multipurpose gregarious plants species native to Asian belts, grows profusely in tropical and subtropical forests. Plant yield berries rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, vitamins, macro-and micro-nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus and sodium. Their parts can be used as herbal medicine for treatment of various diseases. Recently, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu (IIIM) has developed and released a variety of this plant for rural upliftment and for development of value-added products such health drink and nutraceuticals. From its matured fruits of cultivated variety, a value added product called Shivalik Health Drink was developed by IIIM. For extension, agrotechnology of this plant has been transferred to various geographic regions of India such as Punjab, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. This species prefers hardy and can be able to withstand in drought environment. For development of drugs and value added products, several therapeutic research works have been carried out which suggested that this plant species possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antifertility, antifungal, analgesic and antiviral activities. Further, there is a need to focus on biotechnological intervention with aim to develop seedless varieties and new nutraceutical products.

Proper grooming and hygiene are essential for maintaining the health and well-being of pet dogs. Regular grooming not only keeps your dog looking and smelling good but also helps prevent various health issues such as skin infections, parasites, and dental problems. This article explores the key aspects of grooming and hygiene for pet dogs, including brushing, bathing, nail care, ear and eye care, dental hygiene, and general tips for maintaining a clean and healthy canine companion.

Brushing Benefits

• Reduces Shedding: Regular brushing helps remove loose hair, reducing shedding and keeping your home cleaner.

• Prevents Matting: For dogs with longer coats, brushing prevents mats and tangles, which can cause discomfort and lead to skin issues.

• Stimulates Skin: Brushing stimulates the skin and distributes natural oils, promoting a healthy coat.

Calorimetry

The process of measuring  the amount of heat generated by the combustion of a substance is known as calorimetry. The first successful calorimeter using oxygen under pressure for the combustion of substance in a closed vessel was devised by Berthelot in 1881. Subsequent development by Mahler in 1992, Atwater in 1899, and Parr in 1912, served to improve and to reduce the cost of the original Berthelot apparatus by variations in mechanical details.

Gross evaluation is generally done to get a rough idea of the quality of semen and to assess the semen producing capacity of the bull. This also gives a fairly good idea about the reproductive health and any pathological conditions of the semen donor. The following are recorded under gross evaluation of semen:

    11.1    Color and appearance of semen
    11.2     Semen Volume
    11.3    pH of semen
    11.4     Semen consistency/ Semen density
    11.5     Presence of foreign matter
    11.6     Gross motility

Definition: Ground covers are low growing plants which are useful for covering large areas in the landscape Or Ground cover refers to any plant that grows over an area of ground, used to provide protection from erosion and drought and to improve its aesthetic appearance. An ideal ground cover must be easily established.

Ground covers are living plants or non-living materials used to cover areas. In general, plant related ground covers have a creeping or prostrate growth habit and grow no taller than 60 cm. A good ground cover should be evergreen and provide a permanent covering. Effects that cannot be achieved with turf grass or other plantings are possible with ground covers. Ground covers provide variation in plant height, texture and colour.

Tikka or Leaf Spot
Cercospora arachidicola/ Phaeoisariopsis personatum
Diagnostic Symptoms
• Disease is caused by two different pathogens, namely, Cercospora arachidicola and Phaeoisariopsis personatum.
• The two pathogens mostly occur on the same leaves.
• The Cercospora arachidicola appears about a month earlier than the Phaeoisariopsis personatum.
• The two pathogens cause symptoms differing each other. Early leaf spot
• Sub-circular dark brown spots having 1 to over 10 mm diameter are produced on the upper leaflet surface.
• Spots are of lighter shade of brown on the lower side of the leaflets.
• Yellow halo is seen around the brown spots.
• Dark brown in colour on the upper leaflet surface where most sporulation occurs and a lighter shade of brown on the lower leaflet surface.

This chapter deals with the findings of the study along with the discussion based on the analysis. This study tried to represent its findings as per the objectives of the study. At the end of this chapter, interrelation has been made, an explanation has been tried to put out down and an attempt has been done to reveal the cause behind it. The results and their pertaining discussion are presented according to the specific objectives of the study.

Ground truth links image data with actual physical features and materials on the Earth’s surface. Gathering this type of data is crucial for calibrating remotesensing systems and enhancing the interpretation of the collected imagery. In artificial intelligence (AI), ground truth refers to data that has been confirmed as accurate and is used to train, validate, and test models. In data science, ground truth serves as the benchmark for accuracy, allowing data scientists to measure how well a model performs by comparing its output to verified real-world data. This ensures that machine learning (ML) models generate reliable, reality-based results. Ground truth is particularly vital in supervised learning, where algorithms rely on labeled data to learn how to classify inputs or make predictions. Proper data labeling or annotation is essential—without it, the data cannot be trusted as a standard for representing the real world.
UNDERSTANDING THE GROUND TRUTH
Ground truthing is the process of gathering on-site digital data about the condition of crops and the overall state of a field. This information is recorded at specific locations and complements the remote sensing data obtained through drones. Collecting ground truth data in the field is crucial for calibrating remote sensing outputs and supports the interpretation and analysis of the imagery. Obtaining reflectance spectra directly from the surface materials in their natural setting—commonly referred to as ground truth data—is vital for identifying unknown materials in multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, and for assessing the accuracy of the sensors. Since removing samples for lab testing can alter or destroy their surface characteristics, and because lab analysis isn’t feasible for large or remote areas, researchers rely on portable field instruments. These tools must deliver lab-quality measurements in the field, with lighting and viewing conditions that closely match those of satellite or aerial sensors.

3.1. Ground water development

3.1.1. Rain water harvesting

Collecting and using precipitation water from a catchments surface.

Extensive rain water harvesting apparatus existed 4000 years ago in the Palestine and Greece.

In ancient Rome, residences were built with individual cisterns and paved courtyards to capture rain water to augment water from city’s aqueducts.

As early as the third millennium BC, farming communities in Baluchistan and Kutch impounded rain water and used it for irrigation dams.