eBook Chapters

Introduction

Entrepreneurial communication is an action intended to forge a relationship with the other party in order to affect their interest, attitude, and behavior. This is due to the fact that it is never done without considering how it would affect both qualitative and quantitative outcomes. A person can transmit or receive information about another person’s needs, wants, perceptions, knowledge, or emotional states through the act of communicating. In the context of entrepreneurship, communication refers to a set of procedures for exchanging knowledge and understandings between individuals who are engaged in a predetermined or novel situation.

Every interaction that takes place during communication involves a shift and is dynamic. Since it is dependent on interaction and a transaction between speakers, communication cannot be understood s a straightforward process of transmission. The planned actions and activities are not hindered because the emission and reception occur simultaneously, with h the transmitter acting as both a receiver and a transmitter. The process of sending and receiving signals as knowledge, feelings, emotions, skills, talents, attitudes, activities, etc. is known as entrepreneurial communication.

In terms of information sharing about events, situations, involvement, impact, adaptation, etc., it is built on interactions between business owners, educators, and educated youth.

Indian agriculture now stands at a cross road. By 2050, Indian population will overtake that of China’s. The world population in the same year will be close to 9.5 billion. And to feed the human population of this planet, the agricultural production needs to be increased 60% over the present one by 2050. For India the target is 450 million tons by 2050.

This is a humongous task. This mammoth escalation of targeted food production has to be carried out with the constraints and barrier created by climate change, erosion of soil, bio-diversity, ecological disruption due to mindless anthropogenic action and wrong planning.

The production, productivity, income, livelihood, and ecological resilience in agriculture are not performing in perfect orchestration. They are in apparent contradiction. To produce 1 kilogram of rice, the equivalent water foot print is about 4000 litres. It is obvious that enhancing food productivity, there could be more disruption and stress on soil, water and bio-diversity. The ecological resilience is a subject of musical chaos and symphony amidst ecological function-stress-conservation-extraction-. Without depletion and disruption, it is simply impossible to initiate and foster agriculture production as well as productivity. But the question is what could be level of endurance? Wherein restoration and retention, ecological resilience will move in resonance and complementary manner.

An Overview of Fish and Shellfish Health Management in Aquaculture in India

Aquaculture in India in particular freshwater fish culture comprised mainly of Indian major carp cultivation has a long history. Since 1980s commercial carp culture expanded, particularly in Andhra Pradesh and in few years became an Asia model. Then on, it is slowly and steadily expanding to different parts of the country particularly Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Orissa and Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Of late, culture of Pungasius (Basa) has come up on large scale in AP. In addition, there is also growing small scale commercial cultivation of catfish, murrels, tilapia and freshwater prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquarium fish breeding is also expanding to establish itself as an industry in India.

Brackish water culture has been practiced traditionally in India in Pokkali fields of Kerala, Bheries of West Bengal and Ghaznis of Karnataka since hundreds of years. From 1990 onwards, commercial shrimp culture came into existence along the coasts of India. High export value, support from government and short culture period encouraged private entrepreneurs to pursue shrimp farming in a big way. There is vast potential for fish culture in brackish water and at the present efforts are on to popularize culture of Asian seabass, mullets, Eutroplus and milk fish. Mariculture is still at infancy but increasing at a slow and steady rate.

Aquaculture health management has to be viewed from the incidences and outbreak of diseases due to growth and expansion of the industry. Aquaculture has expanded tremendously in the last three decades, growing at 6-7 % annually. Contribution of fish production from aquaculture in the country is around 60 % compared to 10 % it was 40 years ago. In few years to come, aquaculture contribution may go up to 80 % of total fish production. Today 2.43 m ha of freshwater and 1.15 m ha of brackish water are under culture. In addition, 8.62 m. ha of irrigated inland area mainly in Haryana, Maharastra and Karnataka which have become saline and unsuitable for agriculture are slowly being reclaimed for aquaculture. Farmers are growing acclamatized saltwater fish and shrimp spp in inland saline waters and a shift like this may favour pathogens with different virulence to cause disease. Overall, it can be seen that in addition to increased conventional areas in fresh and brackish water, aquaculture is being practiced in unconventional areas like saline soils. Performance of fish and shellfish in these non conventional water bodies in the long run needs to be studied from their health point of view.

India has a unique social and cultural setting with diverse people, culture and religions. It is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. Geographically India extends snow clad Himalayan mountains in the north to the tropical rain forests of the south. It is the 7th largest country in the world and well recognised in Asia by its mountains, seas, deserts, and vast stretch of fertile plain land, which give the country a distinct geographical identity.

India has a very rich, diverse religious and cultural heritage. The four main religions of India are - Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism. Hinduism is the largest religion in India, with approximately 80% of the population is Hindu while Islam (Muslim) is the second-largest religion having 14% (approx.) share.

Religion in India is characterised by the diversity of religious beliefs and practices. In Indian history, religion has been an important part of the country's culture. Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions, namely, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism, which are collectively known as native Indian religions and represent 83% of the total population of India approximately.

Hinduism

Hinduism is the main Indian religion. It is considered as a religious and universal order, a way of life which followed by the people who believed in Hinduism. The word ‘Hindu’ refers group of particular people who believes and follow Hinduism, the oldest religion in the world. It has also been described as ‘Sanatana dharma’.

Definitions

Pathology

Pathology is the study of the anatomical, chemical and physiological alterations from normal as a result of disease in animals. It is a key subject because it forms a vital bridge between preclinical sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) and clinical branches of Medicine and Surgery (Fig.1.1). Pathology is derived from the Greek word pathos = disease, logos = study. It has many branches, which are defined as under:

General Pathology

General Pathology concerns with basic alterations of tissues as a result of disease. e.g. fatty changes, thrombosis, amyloidosis, embolism, necrosis (Fig. 1.2).

Systemic Pathology

Systemic Pathology deals with alterations in tissues/organs of a particular system. e.g. respiratory system, genital system etc. (Fig. 1.3).

Statistics

It is a branch of mathematics, which comprises several areas like Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Probability etc.

Biostatistics is a mathematical science which analyses numerical facts or biometric data of biological events following certain rules like design of experiments, analysis of data, presentation of data with tables, figures hypothesis testing, making a probability prediction and conclusion etc.

or it is an art of analysis and presentation of data following certain rules and international norms accepted by international journals for pharmacology experiments, animal farm data, human and animal medicines data, epidemiology data, non-parametric data etc.

What is statistics?

The number of introductory or elementary texts on the subject of statistics indicates how important the subject has become for everyone in the biological sciences. However, the fact that there are many texts might also suggest that we have yet to discover a fool proof method of presenting what is required. The problem confronted in biological statistics is as follows:

When there is a need to make a set of numerical observations in biology, it has been observed that the values are scattered. Then questions arise to know whether these values differ because of factors e.g. treatments or these are part of a ‘background’ i.e., natural variation. You need to evaluate what the numbers actually mean, and to represent them in a way that readily communicates their meaning to others.

Aristotle (384 to 322 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist (Fig. 1.1) developed the concept of meteorology as a study of the lower atmosphere. Over the years meteorology developed as a science of atmosphere which deals with the physics, dynamics and chemistry of the atmosphere and their effect upon the earth’s surface, oceans and thereby life in general either directly or indirectly.

As the atmospheric conditions change from time to time in a given area and from place to place in a given time, climatology was developed as a science which studies the average conditions of the weather and its variability over a long period of time.

All most all the human activities are greatly influenced by the weather and climate to a greater extent. Therefore, the scope of meteorology encompasses various activities which are of considerable economic significance as detailed here below;

1.1 Housing

The design and construction of houses, buildings, industrial structures etc. depends upon the weather and climate of the region. Orientation of doors, windows roofs of the buildings are usually designed to provide maximum comfort and convenience to the people.

Migration is inevitable in the process of economic development (Afsar, 2003; Ballard, 2005). There exists a two-way causation between migration and economic development. Migration induces economic development while economic development induces further migration. Migration can be two types: international migration and internal migration. International migration deals with migration across the countries of the world, while internal migration deals with migration within the national boundary of a country (Zohry, 2005). There are four streams of internal migration which are rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, and urban-urban. Among these four streams, rural-urban migration has certain distinct characteristics which affect developmental aspect of both places involved namely, place of origin and place of origin and place of destination. It is well known that developmental disparities between rural and urban triggers rural-urban migration. People generally migrate from less developed rural countryside to more developed urban centers they left farming and engaged in modern works which are more profitable and low risk oriented (Bhattacharya, 1993; de Haan, 1997). The impact of migration can be assessed in several ways; therefore welfare impacts, social impacts, economic impacts etc. For example, remittance send by the urban migrants to their native villages help them to evade poverty; increase consumption; invest more in agriculture, education, health. Remittances have certain social impacts as well.

Nearly 19.9% of India's GDP (Statistics Times.com, 2021) and 54.6% (According to the 2011 census of India) of the people are employed in agriculture, which is important for the country's economy. Despite making up the majority of landowners, small and marginal farmers confront a number of obstacles including restricted access to government services, contemporary technologies, and financial choices. In addition, they frequently experience crop failures and are heavily dependent on shady middlemen and local loan sharks. Following the Y.K. Alagh Committee's recommendations, the Indian government introduced the idea of Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) in 2001. These organisations are designed to empower small-scale farmers by giving them the ability to communicate directly with consumers and strengthen their negotiating position.

Small-scale farmer groups known as FPOs band together to promote their shared products and pool resources. In India, there are already over 7,300 FPOs registered, with over 1.5 million farmers joining. The Indian government wants to bring together over a million farmers under the FPO umbrella by setting an ambitious objective of 10,000 new FPOs being established by 2024–25.

Arsenic contamination is one of the serious concerns for public health throughout the world. During the weathering of rocks and minerals, which are followed by subsequent leaching and runoff, arsenic (As) is released into the soil and groundwater. Additionally, human sources can transfer it into the soil and groundwater. Depending on the geological settings, geochemistry, and geo-environmental conditions of an aquifer, different aquifers may have different adsorption and desorption processes, arsenic species, Eh, pH, solid phase dissolutions, and precipitations. Therefore, rigorous geochemical investigation for an adequate understanding of arsenic geochemistry under different hydrogeological and geo-environmental conditions of aquifers is essentially required for evolving sustainable solutions. All of the arsenic affected river plains have river routes originated from the Himalayan region. Arsenic in groundwater contamination has far-reaching consequences including its ingestion through the food chain, which are in the form of social disorders, health hazards and socioeconomic dissolution besides its sprawling movement, and exploitation of groundwater. Food crops produced with arsenic tainted water are marketed to other locations, including areas where people may eat the tainted food and be exposed to arsenic. The arsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater.

Any perturbation and chaos in ecological setting and its functioning will lead to serious disruptions disruption in both resilience and livelihood. This is exactly what is being confronted by Indian Agriculture upfront. Our soils are brutally extorted to accept the harsh reality that close to 70 per cent of our cultivable land is starving of organic carbon. The ground water depletion in the name of modern agriculture has been another testimony of our ruthlessly prodigal agriculture amounting to serious water crisis. Every five seconds equivalent to a football ground, the golden acres, are vanishing with fertile soil from the chest of the planet. Thus, soil erosion amounting to almost 15 tons per hectare per year in Indian agriculture is not only alarming but also humongous. The losses of biodiversities including floral and faunal counts are adding blistering blistering barrier for our food production system. In the name of green revolution, we turned wrongly illusioned with the ability of so called high yielding varieties and have driven out our valuable landraces to invite gene myopia and gene erosion. This has got a catastrophic consequence. The stagnation of production and productivity in food sector is going to be the bleak indicator of our fragile and frail ecological resilience in the entire production system. But the down to earth reality is that apart from experts, most of our farmers are not aware of this threat, sensitized either. The book has assimilated the data in a delving manner, and real time fact of ground reality that reveals an interesting interpretation of farmers' perception on the rhetoric’s of ecological resilience in India.

India is one of the most populous country in the world with a population of 1.26 billion (Census,2011). Of which women constitute about 49 percent of the population. Women act as a significant factor in development of the nation. Women from all sphere of life are contributing meaningly towards the prosperity of the nation. Especially, the rural farm women who constitute nearly half of the total rural population. The rural women are the mainstay of Indian agriculture. Their contribution towards agriculture development is worthy of praises. They are capable of accomplishing sustainable development in all the various activities which they have carried out and shown interest. Women are the essential part of society. For a society to develop, women should be given equal importance as the male counterpart. Nurturing of society is possible only if women are nurtured with equivalent opportunities and progress. Indian society is still male dominant, which accounts for low reputation of women. Women are treated as less competent human being. Through passing of time there have been acknowledgement by the Constitution of India on the part of importance of women as a productive humane resource for development of nation. Many measures have been adopted for the gender equality. This paved the way for advancement of empowerment of women.

Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new geographical location. The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration, within a single country, is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally. Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks. Age is also important for both work and non-work migration. People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.

Persons moving from their home due to forced displacement, such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance, may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, internally-displaced persons. A person who seeks refuge in another country can, if the reason for Annual Net Migration Rate 2015–2020. Prediction by UN in 2019.leaving the home country is political, religious, or another form of persecution, make a formal application to that country where refuge is sought and is then usually described as an asylum seeker. If this application is successful this person's legal status becomes that of a refugee.

Biomimetics is defined as the study of the formation, structure, or function of biologically produced substances and materials and biological mechanisms and processes especially to synthesize similar products by artificial mechanisms which mimic natural ones.

Biomimetic materials and molecules have been applied in many of the potential research areas in medical and dental sciences and highlight their foundation from plants, animals, or microbes that can be used to treat human disease.

A bioactive/biomimetic material and biocompatible material is an artificial or natural material used to change part of the living system or to function in internal contact with living tissue. Bioactive materials can interact with living tissues or systems.

There are several types of biomimetic materials like

Osteogenic Materials

Osteoconductive Materials

This chapter covers plant breeding’s present, past, and future prospects with a special emphasis on cultivar development. In order to increase agricultural production and productivity (yield per unit area) of important crops, plant breeders have achieved significant achievements in the genetic enhancement of yield, adaptive features, disease–pest resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and nutritional qualities. Plant breeding is more crucial than ever to address production issues in order to provide a steady supply of food, feed, and fiber due to the growing demands of the human population and rising climate fluctuations. Now a days plant breeders have advanced tools to create superior cultivars because of recent technological developments in the fields of phenomics, genomics, and biotechnology. This chapter has covered important topics of crop domestication, pre-Mendelian and post Mendelian plant breeding, plant breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries, including information on the green revolution, genetically engineered crops, molecular marker applications, image-based phenotyping, machine learning techniques, and the relationship between both public and private plant breeding organizations, and future plant breeding efforts.

The agriculture sector in India accounts for about 20.2 per cent of its gross value added (GVA) and 17.34 per cent of the total export earnings. It employs approximately 60 per cent of the country’s workforce. It is an unavoidable source for generating demand for industrial goods and services, and domestic savings in rural India are a huge source of resource mobilization in the Indian economy. This sector plays a key role in ensuring national food security and, in the meantime, national security as well. For these reasons, the development of agriculture has a strong multiplier effect on the economy. There is also an increasing consensus that a globalizing economy and a long-term economic development plan for India are practicable only if it has agriculture and raises rural incomes as its central concern.

ICT and Information Needs of the Stakeholders

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extension-related term used in information technology (IT) that emphasizes the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications like wireless signals and telephone systems and computers; it is also useful in the software system, middleware, storage, and audio-visual, that enable users to store, transmit, access, manipulate information by understanding the whole process.

This chapter presents a birds’ eye view of the soil to develop the interest among the readers to know more about the fundamental concepts of soil.

Soil is a major determinant of terrestrial ecosystems and helps in the distribution of land flora and fauna. Soils are sources, transformers and stores of plant nutrients. Soils are the recycling places of plant and animal residues and wastes. Soils are also the screen and filter of pollutants in many ways, forms and degrees. Soils are the main link and recharger of hydrological cycle. Soils influence radiant heat exchange, temperature change and land surface reflection characteristics. Soils are important sources and sinks of biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. Soil is used in buildings, roads, brick kiln, naturopathy etc. Soils are good record of past climatic conditions and human activities, as they have some stable features originated from the interactions of climate, organisms, relief, parent material and time. Soil provides nutrients, water, air, heat and mechanical support to arable plants to produce the food, fodder, fibre, fuel and other plant products for human and animals. Mainly the soil is studied as a natural body and as a medium for plant growth.

1.1. Background

Once this beautiful planet conceived human civilization with the glory of motherhood, the birds kept on twittering in an ecstasy of joy and freedom; the ripples of pristine rivers, blue and giggling, offered shelter to silvery fishes and pink Amazon Lilies! But human greed has defeated its own needs. So, what had been a means to survive now has turned into tools to triumph, rather, a weapon to destroy her own creation. By this time, we have transformed fertile lands into a barren Arizona, deep forests into a nasty slums and blue rivers into a filthy stream, called Yamuna.

The advent of the Anthropocene, implies that an unprecedented era of human impact on the natural environment, is now so large that the Earth has entered a new geological epoch; it is leaving the Holocene, the environment within which human societies themselves have developed (Gornish and dos Santos, 2016; Reynolds, 2021). Climate change is a prominent sign of human- driven changes to the global environment. There is every reason to be alarmed about anthropogenic climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, all of which have been accelerating in recent decades and do pose “existential crisis” (Díaz et al., 2020; Abhilash et al., 2021). Sixth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released on February 28, 2022, paints a troubling picture as limiting global warming to 1.5oC (a global target in the Paris Climate Agreement) is not safe for all. If warming exceeds 1.5oC, even temporarily, much more severe, often irreversible effects of climate change will occur, land and ocean temperature change, sea level rise and ocean acidification, loss of Arctic Sea ice and ice sheets, stronger storms, longer heatwaves and droughts, abrupt precipitation mainly intensity and seasonal distribution, thawing permafrost and more (IPCC, 2013). On the basis of the Sixth Assessment UN Secretary-General António Guterres said “The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable: greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk.” According to the United Nations (2015), there are still 836 million people in the world living in extreme poverty (less than USD,1.25/ day). And according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), at least 70% of the very poor live in rural areas, most of them depending partly or completely on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people, and in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa these small farms produce about 80 percent of the food consumed (IFAD, 2011). The rural poor often depend partly on forests for their livelihoods (World Bank, 2002). It is estimated that between 660 and 820 million people (workers and their families) depend totally or partly on fisheries, aquaculture and related industries as a source of income and support (HLPE, 2014).

History of Chemical Control, Insecticide Toxicology and Properties

History of pest control probably started when the first person swatted a mosquito or pulled off a tick, the battle for the control of our planet didn’t start until organized agriculture, when pests attacked the plants, and we grew to eat and threatened our very survival.

A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to stop, kill, avoid, or lessen the effects of a pest (insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, rats, etc.). This includes insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, and many other substances used to control pests. Pesticide was defined in different ways at different times and in different places. But pesticide is still generally the same: it is a (mixed) substance that is poisonous and effective on target organisms but safe for non-target organisms and environments.

Chemical control, commonly known as pest control, is the use of chemicals to reduce insect populations. Herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, rodenticides, acaricides, nematodes, and fungicides are all examples of pesticides. Insecticides are a class of chemicals used to combat insect pests. A substance or combination of compounds used to kill, repel, or otherwise prevent insects is called an insecticide. When it comes to controlling pests, insecticides are most powerful tools available for management. They have a wide range of positive effects, including high efficiency, speed of healing, general applicability, adaptability to different settings, adaptability to shifting agronomic and ecological conditions, and low cost. When insect pest numbers approach or surpass the economic threshold, insecticides are the sole viable instrument for emergency action in pest management. The usage of pesticides, a widely used method, can be central to such a system. The use of chemical pesticides will remain pivotal in these initiatives. In many cases, chemical control of pests is the best option available. Some people’s view of pesticide use for pest management as an ecological sin is incorrect. Chemical pesticides are a reliable and useful tool for the biologist, so long as they are used in accordance with good ecological principles.

Indian Food Processing Industry (FPI) is one of the most untapped industries with abundant raw material to grow at a higher rate. FPI has been identified as a priority list in the “MAKE IN INDIA” program by the Government of India to boost its domestic manufacturing and export share. In the last few years, FPI has emerged as a high-growth and high-profit sector due to its immense potential for value addition while processing food products at various stages. The degree of processing of value addition to agricultural produce in India (20 %) is very low as compared to other countries, such as China (40 %), Brazil (70 %), and Malaysia (80 %). In India, the degree of processed food products ranges between 2 per cent (fruits and vegetables) and 35 per cent (milk) for various agriculture products. Hence there exist a huge potential for the growth of this sector in India. The export value of FPI was US$29.12 billion in 2016 and its share in world import was 2.18 per cent (Agarwal & Neogi, 2017).

India’s food processing sector covers fruit and vegetables; spices; meat and poultry; milk and milk products, alcoholic beverages, fisheries, plantation, grain processing, and other consumer product groups like confectionery, chocolates and cocoa products, soya-based products, mineral water, high protein foods, etc. The output of India’s food processing sector is expected to reach USD 535 Billion by 2025-26 (Invest India, 2020). Out of this, foreign investment is around Rs.10,000 crores (APEDA, 2020). Besides this, Government has also approved proposals for joint ventures; foreign collaboration, industrial licenses, and 100 per cent export-oriented units envisaging an investment.

India has a very wealthy tradition of herbal medicines for the treatment of many health discomforts.The tradional healing practicese are common and popular among all the tribes and communities.It is evident that many communities have so much belief in their ethnobotanical knowledge that they often prefer a traditional medicineal practicener over any certified medical personality. Among all the plant species which have been already reported by many researchers for their ethno medicinal properties are getting very rare in their original habitat.These plants are obviously of great medicinal importance and immediate need of conservation.Some medicinal plants which are exclusively found in forest are getting lost due to habitat fragmentation and enormous deforestation.

Insects are prevalent on this globe due to their varied adaptations and hence constitute the largest component of the animal kingdom. Only around 5 per cent of the total insect species, act as pests, rest either are beneficial like honey bees, lac insect, silk worms etc. or are harmless. Insect pests can be of medical, veterinary, house hold and agricultural importance, as these creatures harm our health, animals’ health, our belongings and also the agricultural health. Though all these components are equally important but, in this book, the last one i.e. agricultural health, have been taken into consideration. Insect pests cause around 20 per cent loss to our crops by directly or indirectly affecting the crops both quantitatively and qualitatively. The insects have different types of mouth parts which are used for sucking, biting and chewing, sponging and lapping, siphoning etc. for food required for their survival and the insects with sucking and biting, and chewing types of mouth parts cause much of the damage. The mites (Phylum Arthropoda) though do not belong to class Insecta but in some instances also are of economic importance as they cause economic damage to agricultural crops and produce.

In history, some developments were possible through belief and scientific study with evidence to support their claims. Our ancestors made ways of surviving on earth by varying the raw materials and tools. Science had absolutely no place, and all discoveries were derived through the trial-and-error method. The same was for agriculture, tracing back to our roots, the farming system was highly
dependent on the on-farm inputs. However, with the timeline of evolution, the exponential growth of the population demanded speedy growth in agricultural production giving rise to Green Revolution technologies (GRTs) in the mid- 1960s, which introduced high-yielding varieties of crops that were responsive to higher dosages of chemical fertilizers and irrigation and persuaded farmers to resort to intensive monocropping. Since the onset of GRTs in the mid-1960s, food production in India has risen five to ten-fold (Dasgupta, 1977).
However, while the past few decades have seen substantial ‘green revolution’ advances, I admit, the hazards have kept themselves hidden and well concealed--of these are significant adverse impacts on the natural resources, agriculture and its produce and indeed extend to human health (Koner & Laha, 2021). There is further proof that increasing dosages of chemical fertilizers led to an emergence of pest resurgence; pesticides residues considerably exceeding permissible limits contaminated drinking water and/or air often, a drop in biodiversity, nitrogen leaching and groundwater pollution, and soil heavy-metals build-up are very common in intensive agriculture regions (John & Babu, 2021). While such issues contributed to suicides in rural India, their unwarranted use also diminished pollinator populations (Baron et al.,  2017). There are many measures to ease the overwhelming cost burden upon farmers on account of farming and rising costs of cultivation. It pertains to the increased input subsidies made by various state and central governmentsthe fertilizer subsidy, the free supply of electricity for irrigation, the interest subvention on agricultural credit, and the premium subsidy for crop insurance. On the contrary, the recent trends show that 75% constitutes a higher number of electricity subsidies, reserved for agriculture consumers, from 2016-2019.

Ornamental horticulture is the branch of horticulture concerned with cultivating plants of all kinds for show and to satisfy the eye rather than for food (Bailey, 1960). It includes floriculture, the culture of trees for shades, display and landscape gardening. Gill (1988) defined taxonomy as a study aimed at producing a system of classification of biological organisms, which best reflects the totality of their similarities and differences. According to
him, there are three inter-related aspects of taxonomy namely: Identification, Nomenclature and Classification. Identification deals with the determination of a taxon as being identical or similar to another and already known organisms. Nomenclature on the other hand has to do with determination of the correct name for the organisms and is governed by International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. It permits only a single valid name for each plant. Classification is the placing of plants in groups or categories according to particular plan or system.
The objectives of taxonomy are to provide: a convenient method of identifying, naming and describing plants, a classification which as far as possible express the natural relationships of organisms, detect evolution at work, discovering its processes and interpreting its results, an inventory of plant resources-local, regional and continental and to provide an integrating and unifying role in the training of biology.

Project Formulation and Finance
Project Formulation and Finance involves two key aspects of project
management: developing the project’s structure and ensuring it has the necessary financial resources. Here’s a closer look at each part:
1. Project Formulation: This is the initial phase where you define the project, including its scope, objectives, and outcomes. It involves identifying stakeholders, setting goals, and determining the resources required. Effective project formulation ensures that the project is feasible, aligns with organizational strategy, and addresses the stakeholders’ needs.
2. Project Finance: This aspect focuses on securing the financial resources needed to execute the project. It includes planning the budget, analyzing investment requirements, and managing financial risks. Financing strategies might involve obtaining funds through loans, equity, grants, or other financial instruments. This phase also covers the assessment of financial viability and the preparation of financial forecasts to ensure that the project is economically sustainable.

Introduction to Animal behavior
The tale of modern humans is a captivating narrative that begins around 200,000 years ago, marked by the practices of gathering and hunting wild animals. The advent of domestication heralded a new era, paving the way for diverse human societies, cultures, and traditions in what is known as the Neolithic transition. Domestication, an evolutionary process driven by genetic changes through artificial selection for human-beneficial traits
and natural selection in captivity over numerous generations, reshaped the relationship between humans and animals. This intricate dance of evolution, genetics, and human ingenuity gave rise to an array of species adapted to human care and companionship. Fitness, in this context, refers to an animal’s ability to thrive in close quarters with humans, conspecifics, and other animals, consume readily available food, breed successfully in captivity, and elicit human care in an anthropogenic setting. This adaptation process led to phenotypes characterized by reduced “fight or flight” responses, increased social tolerance, and less selectivity, enabling efficient use of available resources. Traits such as early sexual maturity, less seasonality in breeding, and, occasionally, pedomorphism—the retention of juvenile, playful behavior into adulthood—further illustrate the transformative effects of domestication.For terrestrial animals, three primary domestication routes have been identified: the commensal pathway, the prey pathway, and the direct route. In the commensal pathway, animals played a significant role in their domestication. Attracted by human waste, they initially settled in artificial environments, eventually forming mutually beneficial relationships with humans. Species such as the chicken (Gallus domesticus), cat (Felis catus), and dog (Canis familiaris) followed this pathway.

Dr Chauhan is a name that resonates with compassion, innovation, and an unyielding commitment to animal welfare. With a career spanning over three decades, he has emerged as a towering figure in the field of veterinary medicine, touching the lives of animals and humans alike through his groundbreaking work and empathetic approach. His exceptional dedication to the health and well-being of cows has earned him the affectionate nickname “Cowpathy Man,” a testament to his pioneering efforts in bovine healthcare, conservation of indigenous cows and his relentless advocacy for these gentle creatures.
From a young age, Dr. Chauhan displayed an innate connection with animals. Growing up in Aligarh, U. P. surrounded by rural landscapes and farm animals, he developed a deep appreciation for the role of cows in sustaining communities. This early bond shaped his career path, guiding him toward Veterinary Medicine with a special focus on bovine health. After earning his veterinary degree, he embarked on a journey that would not only establish him as a leading expert in the field but also as a passionate advocate for the humane treatment of animals.
Dr. Chauhan quickly rose to prominence due to his innovative approach to Veterinary care. While he treated animals of all kinds, his work with cows became the cornerstone of his career. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and ecological significance of these animals, he delved into research on common bovine diseases, nutrition, and sustainable farming practices. His dedication led to the development of innovative diagnostic protocols, treatment and preventive measures, improving the health and productivity of cows across the region.

Indian poultry industry has made a fastest and remarkable growth ever since its inception and is presently emerging as a sunrise sector with a growth rate of 6-8 percent per annum. Today India is third largest producer of chicken egg and fifth largest producer of broilers/chicken meat in the world (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), 2018), with estimated production of 103.3 billion numbers eggs and 4.06 million tonnes of poultry meat in year 2018-19. Poultry sector contributes Rs.1347.57 billion in total output of livestock sector which hold 12.91 percent share (Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics (BAHS, 2019). The Indian poultry market was worth Rs.1,750 billion in 2018 and was worth Rs. 2,049 billion in 2019. The market is further projected to reach Rs. 4,340 billion by 2024, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.2 percent during 2019-2024 (www.indianmirror.com). The major growth drivers for the sector are increasing incomes coupled by changing food habits, large un-penetrated market, growth in the processing sector, and awareness of the consumer about the safe and hygienic poultry products. The sector has provided direct employment to 40 lakh and indirect employment to 2.5 crore people (Khan, 2019). The annual per capita availability of poultry products has increased from 5 eggs and 400 gram chicken in 1950 to 79 eggs and 3.21 kg chicken in 2019. However, it is far below then recommended consumption of 180 eggs and 10.8 kg poultry meat per person per annum by Indian Council of Medical Research.

Nutrition plays a vital role in the health, well-being and longevity of animals. The science behind nutrition encompasses the dietary needs of animals and how these needs are met through various forms of food/ feed, supplements and feed additives. A well-balanced diet is fundamental to the health of both domesticated and wild animals. Veterinary nutrition takes into account the physiology, biology and pathology of animals, aiming to optimize their health, performance and longevity through the right nutritional approaches. Proper nutritional management is crucial not only for growth and reproduction but also for disease prevention and recovery. Veterinary nutrition encompasses understanding metabolic and nutritional disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, metabolic imbalances and systemic conditions. It focuses on providing animals with balanced diets to meet their physiological needs. The right blend of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals supports growth, immune function and production. Deficiencies or excesses in nutrition can lead to disorders such as metabolic imbalances, gastrointestinal disturbances, and organ dysfunction. Understanding nutritional science enables veterinarians to address and prevent conditions like ketosis, fatty liver, and etabolic acidosis. Veterinary nutrition and the understanding of associated metabolic and systemic disorders are essential for ensuring animal health and productivity. From preventing nutritional deficiencies to managing complex metabolic conditions, veterinarians play a critical role in maintaining the wellbeing of animals and poultry. By addressing these challenges through research, innovation, and education, we can ensure sustainable animal husbandry and improved welfare.

Introduction
Entrepreneurial communication is an action intended to forge a relationship with the other party in order to affect their interest, attitude, and behavior. This is due to the fact that it is never done without considering how it would affect both qualitative and quantitative outcomes. A person can transmit or receive information about another person’s needs, wants, perceptions, knowledge, or emotional states through the act of communicating. In the context of entrepreneurship, communication refers to a set of procedures for exchanging knowledge and understandings between individuals who are engaged in a predetermined or novel situation.
Every interaction that takes place during communication involves a shift and is dynamic. Since it is dependent on interaction and a transaction between speakers, communication cannot be understood s a straightforward process of transmission. The planned actions and activities are not hindered because the emission and reception occur simultaneously, with h the transmitter acting as both a receiver and a transmitter. The process of sending and receiving signals as knowledge, feelings, emotions, skills, talents, attitudes, activities, etc. is known as entrepreneurial communication.
In terms of information sharing about events, situations, involvement, impact, adaptation, etc., it is built on interactions between business owners, educators, and educated youth.

The magnitude and trajectory of changes in ecosystem services and functioning have been as conspicuous as has never been until before 1980’s in this subcontinent. Both the services and resilience of agro-ecosystem, the pivotal for agricultural production and security have been disrupted in the name of modernization of agriculture as well as commercialization.
The impact of green revolution in India, that look place during 1960’s and 1970’s have started eroding very fast and as the consequence of this green revolution, the ground water depletion has gone to the worst, it is contaminated either. 40 % of ground water in Punjab has been moderately or severely contaminated leaving agriculture a coercive proposition both from economic and ecological perspective. 10-15 tonnes of top soil are being eroded per hectare per year in its wrong welcoming to farm mechanization process. Most of the highly yielding varieties which did the ‘magic revolution’ now has been fatigued or segregated either. The social-ecological impacts on agriculture perhaps have been both disruptive and deleterious. Due to unabated fragmentation of holding which again is tiny in size, has initiated another problem of resource and energy wastage, bad enough to add to an ecological disruptions.
With a non-denial to the gleaming success of green revolution, which ensured us with much awaited food security and self-reliance, has its intrinsic weakness and coercion as well.

1.1 Carbohydrates Biochemistry
Carbohydrates are essential for life, both in plants and in animals. They are organic chemical compounds made of C, H, and O. These elements get arranged in different ways so that several simple, and stored complex compounds (starch in plants and glycogen in animals) are available in abundance on the Earth. They are involved in enormous biological and nonbiological functions. Their biological functions, found in all living things, are the chief energy source for men and animals, even for herbivorous fishlike carp and rohu fingerlings. Carbohydrates are also essential structural components like nucleic acids, containing genetic information. One must recognize the protective function in cells, plants, and human health management. Even bacteria form a glycocalyx and biofilm for protection. Knowledge about their involvement in blood groups helped to identify universal donors, universal recipients, and genuine donors for the recipient to save a life. Carbohydrates are found as a storage structure for energy in emergency conditions.
Upon combustion, they yield carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs (plants) synthesize them from carbon dioxide and water to grow, reproduce, and store, but heterotrophs (humans and other animals) use them, too. In plants, they occur as fibers, supporting structures, and simple sugars. The plant carbohydrates are used for preparing adhesives, fermentation, foods, and papers. Cotton fibers are used to make clothes to cover the body and protect humans and animals against adverse climatic conditions.

Human migration is the movement of people from one area to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new site (geographic region). The movement frequently happens across great distances and from one nation to another, although internal migration (inside a single country) is also feasible; fact, this is the major type of human migration worldwide. Migration is typically connected with stronger human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks. Age is also essential for both job and non-work migration. People may travel as individuals, in family groupings or in big groups. There are four primary modes of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and immigration/ emigration (Daylit et al., 2022).
Individuals migrating from their home owing to forced displacement (such as a natural catastrophe or civil conflict) may be classified as displaced individuals or, if staying in the home nation, internally-displaced persons. A person who seeks shelter in another nation may, if the reason for leaving the home country is political, religious, or another type of persecution, submit a formal application to that country where protection is sought and is then commonly characterized as an asylum seeker. If this application is successful this person’s legal status becomes that of a refugee.
In modern times, migration governance has grown strongly tied with state sovereignty. States maintain the right of deciding on the admission and stay of nonnationals since migration directly impacts some of the distinguishing qualities of a State (Mawire et al., 2020).

The North Eastern region of India is a gift of nature having rich cultural heritage and biodiversity reigning under diversified agro-climatic conditions. The region, which is only 7.76 percent of the geographic area of the country, accounts for 25.11 percent of its forest cover (Forest Survey of India, 2008). For its richness in biodiversity, the region has been identified as one of the 18 biodiversity hot spots of the world. The region is inhabited by many important tribes, which are about 27 percent of the population of the region. An important feature of the land use in the region is prevalence of shifting cultivation, locally called jhum, in almost all the states. Shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture is the main form of agriculture. It involves clearing of vegetation and then slashing and burning the plant parts including debris. Shifting cultivation, beside an agricultural practice, is also an integral part of their ethno-cultural life style. With the rising population, the cycle of shifting cultivation has reduced to less than 5 years, resulting in degradation of forest in these areas. After 2-3 years of cropping, the land loses its fertility and farmers shift to another piece of forested land for cultivation.
The Himalaya and adjacent hill ranges in the North East present a complex array of physical and geo-political environment, well known for geo-hydrological, biological, aesthetic and cultural values. Although the main Himalaya and the hills of North East have a number of similarities in their physiography and ecology, they differ inherently in terms of origin and evolution. The former ranges, geologically young and tectonically active, were formed as a result of massive collision between Eurasia and the north ward drifting Indian plate, nearly 40 million years ago. As the Indian plate is still moving northward, the Himalayan ranges continue to be pushed upwards at the rate of about 5cm/ year.
Agriculture and animal husbandry have been an age old traditional land use practices practices in the Indian Himalayan Region. Traditional millets, cereals, pulses along with horticulture crops are grown in many areas. In Himachal Pradesh, with good network of roads, horticultural crops have been a major source of revenue. It is established that at least seven units of forest are needed to sustain one unit of agriculture in the mountains.

From the dawn of settled agriculture, the rhythm of seasons and the vagaries of weather have dictated the fortunes of human societies. The earliest farmers were keen observers of the skies, their very survival intricately linked to predicting rainfall, temperature fluctuations, and the onset of frost. This fundamental dependence fostered the nascent field of agricultural meteorology, an art and science passed down through generations, relying on empirical knowledge and local wisdom. Think of the ancient civilizations that timed their planting cycles with the flooding of rivers, or the traditional weather lore that guided farmers on when to sow and harvest. Even today, this fundamental understanding remains crucial, forming the bedrock upon which modern agricultural meteorology is built (Fig.1.1).  However, the 21st century presents agricultural systems with unprecedented complexities. The looming shadow of climate change manifests in increasingly erratic weather patterns: intensified heatwaves scorching crops, prolonged droughts decimating livestock, and more frequent and severe floods inundating arable land. These changes disrupt traditional agricultural practices, threaten yields, and exacerbate food insecurity, particularly in vulnerable regions. The comfortable predictability of the past is eroding, demanding a far more sophisticated and proactive approach than ever before.

Escalating chaos and entropy in ecosystem poses threats to resilience and stability
Since the beginning of industrial revolution in 18th century onwards and until today, the chronicle of civilizations depicts more horrible consequences that it we predicted. Ecological metamorphosis hag gone the dare devil way to deny the quiet and placid pathway of evolution as delineated by Charles Darwin, it has become more serendipitous, ephemeral and phenomenal as well. The changes are becoming non-linear in ecosystem, far away from simple harmonic motion. Bay of Bengal has become the global capital of depression followed by severe cyclonic storms, good enough to make the resilience of ecosystem unexpectedly disrupted and fragile. Continuous perturbation and chaos lead to upscaling entropy and disorder. An analogy can take a serpentine look like Cyclone-destruction of mangrove-flood-crop damage-migration-ingroup vs outgroup conflict and chaos.
When uncertainty and unpredictability cripples into system deeper, we need or it should be our choice to take the help of AI and machine learning. Peoples soft perceptions need to undergo a quantification process for better understanding of their role-contribution-mainstreaming process and as a result the tools like ANN, FCM, AHP, ARIMA would be more effective and inevitable.
From history data to present assessment and from assessed algorithm to practiced scenario, there will be more mathematics and strategy of analysis. In the beginning of eco-system analysis, we had history data only. Then we get busy to go for status report kind of data clubbing, cataloguing, and networking. Today we can underscore the application of AI in futuristic approach to ecosystem analysis including intervention plan and scenario analysis. We can quantify what amount of uncertainty an individual can sustain, confront and adapt to. For the honey collectors in Sundarbans, how many deaths and fear to die, as an abrupt attack by tigers can be adaptable to the poor collectors are of million dollars’ question.

1.1 Weather Forecasting
Farmers have always been at the mercy of the weather, and accurate forecasting has become an essential tool for their decision-making process. Weather forecasts play a critical role in supporting farmers’ decision-making processes, from crop planning and management to harvest planning and economic decision-making. Crop planning and management is one of the key areas where weather forecasts are crucial. Farmers use weather forecasts to determine the best time to plant seeds, taking into account temperature, moisture, and sunlight requirements. This enables them to choose crops that are suitable for the predicted weather conditions. Additionally, forecasts help farmers optimize irrigation, reducing water waste and ensuring crops receive adequate moisture (Fig.1.1).
Weather forecasts also help farmers mitigate weather-related risks. Extreme weather events like floods, droughts, heat waves, and storms can have devastating effects on crops. Accurate forecasts enable farmers to prepare for and respond to these events, reducing crop damage and loss. For instance, forecasts help farmers take measures to protect crops from frost and freeze damage, which can be catastrophic for certain crops.

Aquaculture is practiced in the majority of countries worldwide, however the significance of water quality standards remains largely unknown to farmers and new aqua entrepreneurs. They may achieve maximum fish production with minimal input costs if they are trained and stay up to date on water quality management in the aquatic ecosystem. The water quality categorised into three main of metrics as physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), free carbon dioxide (CO2), pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity, bacterial density primary productivity (chl a), plankton population, etc. play a significant role for fish production. However, even small variations in certain physical and chemical parameters—particularly pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO)—can cause stress in the animals, which may manifest as physiological changes, reduced reproductive capability, and altered behavior. Water parameters such as alkalinity and hardness are relatively stable, whereas others like pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature fluctuate regularly. Proper maintenance and monitoring of these water quality parameters in aquatic environments support fish health and enhance fish production. On the other hand, variability in dissolved ammonia, nitrites, and nutrients like nitrate significantly affects aquaculture production. It has also been observed that high feeding rates in aquafarms create eutrophic conditions in water bodies, leading to substantial algal blooms. These blooms are responsible for die-offs, and as a result, ammonia levels in the ponds rise rapidly. The environmental factors responsible for generating high ammoniacal concentrations may also lead to increased nitrite concentration in aquafarm. Both ammonia and nitrite are directly toxic or sublethal cultured aqua animals, leading to reduced resistance to diseases. In aquaculture system, ammonia is produced through the ammonification process, which occurs when organic matter is broken down by the microbial community. However, this decomposition also reduces dissolved oxygen levels in the system. Low dissolved oxygen surges the toxicity of ammonia to cultured animals. Ionized ammonia (NH4 +) and hydroxide ions occurs in equilibrium with unionized aqueous ammonia solution. The unionized form of ammonia (NH3) is toxic

The entire world is now facing a crisis situation. The problems encountered to address the crisis are interactive with each other and there is no easy way to find solution. The world’s population is expected to increase by 70 per cent by the end of year 2050 and there is need to step up agricultural production for a hunger free world. Nearly 70 per cent of the fresh water is used in agriculture sector. The demand for water in agriculture sector can be judged by the fact that several thousands of litres of water is required to produce one kilogram of food grains. Whatever maybe the source from which water is drawn for agriculture, all the sources depend upon the precipitation for replenishment on continuous basis. The precipitation patterns are not consistent and are known for greater variability from season to season, year to year and from region to region. These inconsistencies are further increasing due to recent threat of climate change triggered by the atmospheric pollution. The atmospheric pollution due to increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is responsible for rise in temperatures. The rise in temperature induced changes in global pressure and wind systems. The consequence effect of it is changes in rainfall patterns, frequent occurrence of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, heat waves, intensified cyclonic activity. Rise in temperatures is increasing evaporation of water and water requirement of crops as well. There is considerable increase of the chemicals in the agriculture sector in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and weedicides how to increase crop production and protection of crops from biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, there is increased pollution of water resources which may adversely affect the availability of fresh water, which is essential and critical input in agriculture for increasing agricultural production. It calls for efficient utilization of water resources in agriculture. More concerted efforts are required immediately to:
• Improve water use efficiency in agriculture
• Reduce pollution of water resources
• Conservation of fresh water resources
• Reduce emissions in agriculture sector and
• Prevent dwindling of fresh water resources

Agricultural sciences stand at the forefront of human progress, addressing some of the world’s most pressing challenges - from ensuring global food security to mitigating the effects of climate change. This multidisciplinary field encompasses the study of crop production, animal husbandry, soil science, agrometeorology, biotechnology, and agricultural economics, all working collectively to improve farming systems and resource management. With the global population projected to surpass 9 billion by 2050, agricultural sciences hold the key to producing more food sustainably while minimizing the environmental footprint of agriculture. However, the effectiveness of agricultural sciences in meeting these challenges depends not only on the quality of research produced but also on the systems that govern how this research is evaluated, disseminated, and applied.
One of the most significant drivers of academic and professional success in agricultural sciences is the journal rating system. These systems serve as benchmarks for evaluating the quality and impact of scholarly publications, influencing funding decisions, academic promotions, and research collaborations. A Research Evaluation System is a structured framework or methodology used to assess and measure the quality, impact, and relevance of research activities, outputs, and outcomes. These systems are crucial in academia, industry, and research institutions to ensure that resources are used effectively and that research aligns with organizational or societal goals. The evaluation of performance in scientific research at any level - whether at the individual, institutional, research council or country level – is not easy. Traditionally, research evaluation at the individual and institutional levels has depended largely on peer opinion, but with the rapid growth of science over the last century and the availability of databases and scientometric techniques, quantitative indicators have gained importance. Yet, the methodologies underlying these rating systems are often opaque, biased, and narrowly focused on quantitative metrics such as citation counts and impact factors. Such limitations create barriers for researchers from underrepresented regions and disciplines, perpetuating global disparities in scientific research and its application. Both peer review and metrics are subject to flaws, more so in India because of the way they are used. Government agencies, funding bodies and academic and research institutions in India suffer from the impact factor and h-index syndrome. The uninformed use of indicators such as average and cumulative impact factors and the arbitrary criteria stipulated by some agencies

Agriculture is the backbone of rural livelihoods in many developing countries, providing employment, income, and food security for millions of people. However, agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods are increasingly vulnerable to climate-related stresses, such as droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures. The impact of climate variability and change on agricultural systems is a major concern, particularly in rural areas where people have limited capacity to adapt to these changes.
1.1. The Role of Agricultural Meteorology
Agricultural meteorology plays a critical role in supporting sustainable rural livelihoods by providing weather and climate information to farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. Operational agricultural meteorology involves the application of weather and climate information to improve agricultural decisionmaking, reduce climate-related risks, and enhance agricultural productivity. By integrating weather and climate information into agricultural decision-making, farmers can make informed decisions about planting, irrigation, pest management, and harvesting, ultimately leading to improved crop yields and reduced losses.
1.2. Objectives and Scope
This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of operational agricultural meteorology in supporting sustainable rural livelihoods. The book will explore the current state of agricultural meteorology, its applications, and its potential to improve agricultural productivity and reduce climate-related risks. The book will also discuss the challenges and opportunities in implementing operational agricultural meteorology, including the need for capacity building, infrastructure development, and policy support. This book is intended for a wide range of stakeholders, including:
• Agricultural meteorologists and researchers
• Policymakers and decision-makers in agriculture and rural development
• Farmers and agricultural extension agents
• Students and academics in agricultural meteorology and related fields
• Development practitioners and NGOs working in rural development and agriculture.

The climate crisis is one of the most pressing issues of our time, with farreaching consequences for global agriculture, ecosystems, economies, and societies as extreme weather events, shifting rainfall patterns, and rising temperatures threaten crop yields and food security. However, the climate crisis is not a new phenomenon. Its roots can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution, when human activities such as8 burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land-use changes began to release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists began to sound the alarm about the potential consequences of human-induced climate change. The first climate models were developed, and researchers such as Roger Revelle and Charles David Keeling began to track the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The 1980s saw the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which has since become the leading international body for assessing climate change science.
1.1 Climate Crisis
Despite these early warnings, the climate crisis has continued to worsen. The past decade has seen a proliferation of extreme weather events, from heat waves and droughts to floods and storms. The year 2024 was the hottest on record, with global temperatures averaging 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels (Fig. 1.1). The consequences of climate change are already being felt, from melting glaciers and sea-level rise to devastating wildfires and water scarcity.

The rhythm of life for a significant portion of the world‘s population is intrinsically linked to the cyclical patterns of monsoons. These seasonal winds, predominantly experienced within the tropics between 20° North and 20° South latitude, dictate not only the climate but also the agricultural productivity across vast regions spanning South Asia, East Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. This dependence is starkly highlighted by the fact that a considerable proportion of the world‘s arable land relies solely on rainfall, with monsoons being the primary source of this vital resource. In India alone, for instance, nearly half of the agricultural land is rainfed, a figure indicative of the broader reliance on monsoonal patterns in many other nations within these regions. Agriculture, the primary source of livelihood for many in these monsooninfluenced areas, remains heavily dependent on the timely arrival and consistent behavior of these rains. The delicate dance between the monsoon and agricultural cycles has shaped cultural practices, economic structures, and societal well-being for centuries. It is estimated that a substantial percentage of global agricultural production is reliant on monsoonal rainfall, underscoring the profound impact these weather systems have on food security and economic stability worldwide. The variability of monsoons – in terms of onset, intensity, duration, and spatial distribution – directly translates into fluctuations in crop yields, impacting everything from local food supplies and farmer incomes to national economies and international trade. Beyond the economic implications, the social vulnerability associated with monsoon variability cannot be overstated. Communities that depend on rainfed agriculture are particularly susceptible to the vagaries of the monsoon. Delayed or weak monsoons can lead to widespread crop failures, resulting in food shortages, economic hardship, and even migration. Conversely, excessively heavy rains can cause devastating floods, destroying crops, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Therefore, understanding, monitoring, and, crucially, forecasting the behavior of monsoons is not merely an academic exercise but a critical necessity for ensuring the prosperity and resilience of a significant portion of the global population. This book endeavors to delve into the intricate the need for Effective Climate Guidance i.e. 'ECG' of these monsoons, exploring the complex interplay of factors that govern their behavior and highlighting the advancements in forecasting that

The yesteryear concept of employing one or two acclaimed anaesthetic drugs to produce sedation and general anaesthesia is now switching over to the era of balanced sedation and balanced anaesthesia. The theory of balanced anaesthesia entails achieving the state of general anaesthesia with the proportionate administration of a mixture of small amounts of several neuronal depressant drugs which summates the advantages of the individual drugs but not their disadvantages (Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Larenza, 2007). Knowledge about balanced anesthesia and targeted effects of drugs on neuronal pathways has started to influence veterinary anaesthetists worldwide. But there are many constraints for a vast majority of veterinary practitioners in India to follow this emerging modality of anaesthetic practice. It is almost impractical for most of them to get the assistance of a veterinary anaesthesiologist every time. So they experience complexities to deal with the pharmacological dosing of multiple component drugs of balanced anaesthetic protocols. Memorising the doses and calculating the volume of injection of multiple component drugs where the doses of some drugs has to be calculated in milligram per kilogram body weight while others have to be calculated in microgram per kilogram body weight becomes a cumbersome task for the practitioner. Moreover, many of these anaesthetic drugs are available in ampoules, and hence multiple ampoules have to be broken for every single surgery; consuming a lot of time. Wastage of the leftover anaesthetic in opened ampoules is another concern. Unavailability of some drugs at some areas is another issue the practitioner faces. These challenges constrain the practitioner from practicing balanced anaesthesia and most of them lean on the verily familiar conventional anaesthetic protocol, based exclusively on one or two frequently used drugs, for almost all the surgical procedures of varying depth. Since only one or two anaesthetic drugs are involved in the protocol, the drugs have to be used at its upper limit of pharmacological doses to achieve the desired endpoints of anaesthesia. This will increase the probable risk of undesired side effects of these drugs. The challenges that restrict our practitioners from advancing beyond the era of sole reliance on one or two drugs for producing the state of anaesthesia has to be addressed and measures to resolve these issues have to be evolved to promote and equip our veterinary practitioners to practice the safer technique of balanced anaesthesia. Encompassing these objectives, and based on evidence and

1.1 Evolution of Factory System
Family-run cottage businesses transformed to the factory system, which employed a division of labour and machinery-based manufacturing process, during the Industrial Revolution. At the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, the factory system was initially implemented in Great Britain and quickly extended around the world. The employment of machinery, initially propelled by steam or water and subsequently by electricity, is the primary feature of the factory system. When cotton spinning was mechanised, the factory system spread widely. The factory would receive raw cotton, spin it, bleach it, dye it, and weave it into finished cloth. Before the factory system, many goods, such as shoes, were crafted by expert artisans, who would typically create an entire item by hand. By contrast, factories employed a division of labour whereby most workers were either unskilled workers who moved materials and finished things or low-skilled labourers who operated machinery. From the textile industry, the factory system expanded to other sectors of the economy. To produce metal, small local forges and blacksmiths were replaced by massive furnaces and mills. Eventually, machines took the position of skilled artisans in most of the items that were produced.
1.2 Need of Products Made by Industries
As time passes, the need of the products manufactured by various industries grows exponentially. This is mainly to give comfort to the people in their day-today life. Take the case of cycle, which helps people to move from one place another place. Later, it has been partially replaced by powered motor cycle, which serves the same purpose, but with power using fuel. This gives the comfort of travelling long distance in less time. Presently, there are high powered two wheelers, which can travel at a speed of more than 100 km per hr. If one compares the growth of the technology from cycle to high powered two-wheeler, there is a tremendous improvement in terms of end uses to satisfy customers. The goods that are produced by the industries are classified into consumer goods and industrial goods. Consumer goods are completed items that are sold to and utilised by customers, whereas industrial goods are raw materials used to produce other products. Industrial products are purchased and utilised for

1.1. Meteorology and Climatology
Atmospheric science encompasses the main subfields of meteorology and climatology that are similar in the scientific principles and phenomena being examined, but usually differ by approach, time scale, and application. Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather including weather forecasting. It is an interdisciplinary science that involves observing, understanding and predicting weather conditions likely to prevail well in advance (Fig.1.1). The study of meteorology has been around thousands of years, but significant progress did not begin until the 18th century. Climatology is an atmospheric science that focuses on the processes that create weather patterns and variability. Climatology was developed as a science that is based on weather data recorded at multiple locations for comparatively longer periods, usually for 30 years or more. The study of climatology based on the physical processes is influenced by the geographical features, topography and interaction between land and oceans.
1.2. Agricultural Production
Life demands food. The production of food depends upon 4 major factors that are soil, genetic material, management practices and weather. Over a period of time, formers have evolved the cropping strategies based on their local knowledge and experience on the changes in weather within a cropping season. With rapid advances in agricultural sciences, several new varieties of crops were developed, appropriate soil and water management practices were evolved and suitable measures for reducing abiotic and biotic stresses on crops were identified. However, the recent threats of climate change due to increased atmospheric

Irrigation: definition and objectives; Importance: Function of water for plant growth, water resources and irrigation development for different crops in India.
Introduction
The effect of supplemental water application as irrigation for crop production at its needs during rainless period is well established throughout the world. The plant has life, so it requires water for growth and development to give us proper quality and good yield. Water is required for metabolic activities including solubilization, absorption and translocation on the way of biochemical processes in photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration. India with 2.4% of the world’s total area has 16% of the world’s population; but has only 4% of the total available fresh water. This clearly indicates the need for water resource development, conservation, and optimum use.
Importance of irrigation water management
The importance of irrigation in the world is well stated “Irrigation in many countries including India is an age-old art–as old as civilization – but for the whole world it is a modern science–science of survival”. The pressure of survival and the need for additional food supplies are necessitating a rapid expansion of irrigation throughout the world including India. Production and productivity of agricultural lands is primarily dependent upon the availability of irrigation water to crops. Expansion of irrigation has paid rich dividends in India. fter independence, production registered nearly 4.52 times increase from around 50.8 million tons in 1950-51 to about 230 million tons in 2007-08. This has been mainly attributed to three factors viz., high yielding cereals, expansion of area under irrigation and fertilizer use. Irrigation may be considered as the major factor of modern intensive agriculture as it aids in efficient use of costly fertilizers and other inputs besides meeting crop water needs.

Throughout history, humanity has been locked in a perpetual struggle with the forces of nature, and one of the most insidious and destructive of these forces is drought. A creeping disaster that seeps into the very fabric of communities, drought leaves behind a trail of devastation and despair, testing the resilience of societies and pushing the boundaries of human endurance. From the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia to modern-day cities, droughts have ravaged the landscape, claiming lives, destroying livelihoods, and reshaping the course of human history. • The impact of drought is far-reaching and multifaceted, affecting not just the environment, but also the economy, health, and overall wellbeing of individuals and communities. Crops wither and die, livestock perish, and entire ecosystems are disrupted, leading to food and water shortages that can have catastrophic consequences. The economic toll of drought can be equally devastating, as agriculture, industry, and tourism is severely impacted, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty. • What makes droughts particularly pernicious is their ability to unfold slowly, their effects accumulating over time,

The Asia-Pacific region is highly vulnerable to climate change, with impacts such as more frequent natural disasters, sea-level rise, floods, droughts, and changing weather patterns. Rural areas, particularly those reliant on agriculture, are disproportionately and non-identically affected. The Asia-Pacific region, home to over 60% of the world's population, is among the most vulnerable to climate change due to its diverse geography, dense coastal populations, and socioeconomic disparities [IPCC, 2022a], Climate change is an emerging threat that affects all countries to varying degrees. The recently released IPCC Assessment Report identified agriculture as one of the critical sectors both susceptible to climate change and contributing to it through Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Countries in the Asia-Pacific region are investing significant resources to strengthen agriculture on various fronts. These investments focus on the research and development of new varieties and agro-technologies to adapt agriculture to emerging climatic threats and, simultaneously, mitigate GHG emissions from the agricultural and allied sectors. These initiatives are in their early stages, and there is a need to assess the current status of countries' vulnerability to climate change and the measures taken to address

The phases of green revolution and post green revolution of Indian agriculture have assured us of security. We are now producing 354 million tons of food grains and our target is to produce 550 million tons before 2050. This is really an incredible progress for any country dominating with rural and agrarian economy. As on date, the contribution of Indian agriculture to national GDP is 14.7 % but it has to support around 60% of population. While food security has been ensured for 1480 million of population, the issues of malnutrition are standing paramount. It sounds melancholic that India is also sustaining world’s highest count of hungry population close to 51% newborn babies are underweight, 60% of rural women are anaemic, millions are deprived of dedicated safe drinking water. According to FAO, between 702 and 828 million people in the world faced hunger in 2021. Health, hygiene and nutrition are organically linked to each other, in terms of calorie intake of rural women. We are still far below of international standard. Alongside, the hemoglobin level runs below the expected level to indicate that women are runningin a moderate to acute anaemic condition. Around 840 million people are malnourished from insufficient calories. According to Black et al., (2008) nutrition related factors were found to be jointly responsible for around 35% of the child fatalities and 11% of the overall global illness burden in an analysis that took into account co-exposure. Due to poor quality of drinking water, whatever available, the propagation of water born diseases has been endemic and robust. The geo-spatial distribution of hunger and malnutrition indicates that there is location to location variation, gender discrimination, and seasonal variability across the terrain of social-cultural distribution. To make India stronger and swashbuckling we need to refocus on women health, child care and removal of economic discrimination. With acute hunger, mapping, problem of chronic hunger as well, chronic hunger hasbeen reflected through seasonal sickness, broken health and psycho-somatic downfall. Sometimes, poverty has not been the only factor for malnutrition. The other factors for malnutrition can be our wrong belief system, superstition, wrong food habit, and unscientific cooking process. With this background the objectives of the studyhave been spelt out.