eBook Chapters

1. Tea require months from plantation to reach plucking is:
    (a)    18-20     (b)    22-24     
    (c)    36-40     (d)    30-34
2. Fruit of coffee is:
    (a)    Pome     (b)    Drupe     
    (c)    Berry     (d)    Aggregate

1. If AAGCT is the base sequence on one side of DNA molecule, what will be complementary sequence on the other side?

a) UUGCA

b) TTCGA

c) AAGCT

d) GGTCA

2. The start codon in the mRNA sequence is

a) AUG

b) UAG

c) UGA

d) UAA

1. Heritability in narrow sense is

a) VA/VP

b) VE/VP

c) VG/VP

d) VA+VG/VP

2. Repeatability value set in _________ of heritability

a) Lower limit of h₂

b) Upper limit of h₂

c) Intermediate of h₂

d) Both a and b

1. Birth weight of rabbit is

a) 80 gms

b) 90 gms

c) 100 gms

d) 110 gms

2. Birth weight of rat is

a) 4-5 gms

b) 1-2 gms

c) 20-30 gms

d) 40-50 gms

1. Particulate and duplicate nature of heredity factors or element was first demonstrated by
a) Bateson 
b) Mendel
c) Morgan 
d) Punnett
2. The particular site or position of a gene in a chromosome is known as
a) Genotype 
b) Phenotype
c) Locus 
d) Allele
3. Linkage group in swamp buffalo
a) 25 
b) 30
c) 24 
d) 26

1. PhuleTriveni synthetic cattle evolved by the crossing of

a) Holstein x Jersey x Rathi

b) Holstein x Brown Swiss x Gir

c) Holstein x Jersey x Gir

d) Ayrshire x Jersey x Gir

2. Chhota nagpuri breed of sheep is found in

a) Nagpur

b) Uttar Pradesh

c) Jharkhand

d) Gujarat

1. For inbreeding, mated individuals should have common ancestors with in

a) 2-3 generations

b) 4- 6 generations

c) 6-7 generations

d) More than 10 generations

2. Crossing of two inbred lines of the same breed is

a) Incrossing

b) Incross breeding

c) Top incrossing

d) Top incross breeding

1. The most effective method of selection is

a) Mass selection

b) Pedigree selection

c) Progeny testing

d) Selection index

2. The intensity of selection depends with number traits considered ‘n’ is

a) 1/n

b) 1/n²

c) n

d) 1/√n

1. Carnation is a

 a) Short day plant           b) Day neutral plant

 c) Long day plant            d) None of these

2. Lotus in Sanskrit is known as

 a) Water lily       b) Padma

 c) Kamala           d) Pankaja

In many situations, experiments may not known in advance which contrasts they wish to compare, or they may be interested in more than (m – 1) possible comparisons.  In many exploratory experiments, the comparisons of interest are fixed only after preliminary examinations of the data.
 
13.1 Scheffe’s Method for Comparing All Contrasts

Scheffe (1953) has proposed a method for comparing any all possible contrasts between treatment means.  In the Scheffe method, the type I error is at most a for any of the possible comparisons.

Abstract

In recent years, significant studies have been carried out on Plant growth promoting rizhobacteria (PGPR) to replace the usage of pesticides and fertilizers to improve the plant health. Plant growth promoting rizhobacteria (PGPR) is a group of rhizosphere bacteria, which are symbionts to plants and influence their growth by providing plant growth promoting substances. Different bacterial genera act as plant growth promoting rizhobacteria (PGPR): Pseudomonas sp., Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp., Bacillus sp. Pseudomonads are gram negative rods, aerobic, fluorescent, motile and are able to produce siderophores which influence plant growth. There are multiple potential traits offered to the plants by plant growth promoting (PGP) Pseudomonas sp. are (1) Biocontrol agent against plant pathogens (2) Induced systemic resistance, which is a defense mechanisms in plants preceding to pathogenic attack (3) Influence of plant growth promoting (PGP) Pseudomonas sp.on agricultural crops (4) Siderophores, which are low molecular, high affinity iron chelating compounds which benefits the plants to acquire iron molecules (5) Nitrogen fixation (6) Phytoremediation of heavy metals (7) Solubilization of inorganic phosphates (8) Secretion of plant hormones (9) Bacteriocins(10) Antifungal factors (11) Antibiosis traits and (12) Endophytic PGP Pseudomonas sp.

ABSTRACT

Multiple shoot induction from the cotyledonary node explants of Leucaena leucocephala was studied in presence of various concentrations of TDZ. With the increase in concentration of TDZ from 0.045 μM to 0.227 μM the number of regenerated shoots increased. However, the length of individual shoot decreased. Further increase in TDZ concentration upto 22.71 μM resulted in the formation shoot clusters. Presence of TDZ in the medium inhibited shoot elongation. Transfer of the regenerated shoots to ½ x MS medium supplemented with 0.54 μM NAA ensured elongation of the shoots, which also developed roots. Rooted plantlets were transferred to coco peat for further development and hardening. This highly efficient regeneration protocol may find application in the genetic transformation of this leguminous tree species.

Introduction

The term multipurpose trees (MPT) refers to all woody perennials that are grown to provide more than one significant function (shelter shade, land sustainability) of the land use system they implement. More emphasis is given to trees which are indigenous in nature and have the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. All trees are said to be multipurpose. The term “multipurpose” as applied to trees for agroforestry refers to their use for more than one service or production function in an agroforestry system (Burley and Wood, 1991).

Multipurpose trees species (MPT) are grown to provide more than one significant crop of function or form. These may include fuel wood, fiber, fodder, flower, fruit, fertilizer (6F) timber, industrial purpose, nitrogen f ixing, soil conservation, soil protection and rehabilitation, shade and nurse trees, medicine, windbreak, shelterbelts, live fences, aesthetic or recreational purpose, shown in Table 16.1.

Trees are an integral and indispensable constituents of our natural surroundings. The trees keep the environment clean, make the soil healthy and provide food, fibre and shelter to mankind and wild animals. Trees help in stabilizing the soil, a vital natural resource, prevention of soil and water erosion, control run off water in the catchment areas, acts as a shelter belt against wind erosion in arid zone, act as a wind breaker to protect the coastal region during storm and cyclone besides contributing substantially to economic development. The National Commission on Agriculture stress the need for afforestation of about 40 million ha of land presently lying barren because of salinity, sodicity, waterloggings, ravines, coastal sandy areas, stony and gravelly lands, high altitude and slopping lands. Several agencies in various parts of the country are engaged in afforestation of these degraded lands.

Farmers have been growing trees for different purposes for thousands of years. Tree species that are grown to provide more than one significant function are called multipurpose trees. These functions may be productive such as producing fuelwood, timber, fibre, fodder, food, medicine, etc. and/or protective such as soil conservation, shade, shelterbelt, microclimate amelioration, land sustainability, biodiversity preservation, etc. All trees are multipurpose; some, however, are more multipurpose than others. Tree species can be multipurpose in two ways.

1. A single tree can provide more than one function. For example, Gliricidia sepium is grown as living fences that provide fuel, fodder and green manure for agricultural crops - all at the same time.
2. Trees of the same species, when managed differently, can provide different functions. For example, Leucaena leucocephala is managed so that some trees will mainly yield wood while others mainly produce leaf fodder.

Farmers can grow multipurpose trees (MPT) in various combinations with other crops, as in agroforestry, in block plantations of trees or in naturally regenerating tree farms. In certain cases, multipurpose trees are grown and managed for only one purpose. For example, Gliricida sepium is grown only to provide shade in coffee plantations. The same species may be planted in some other places and is managed differently for a very different use.

In sub-tropical agro-climatic conditions of India, a variety of insect-pest, weeds and diseases hamper the economic growth of field crops. For effective control of these pests, a number of pesticides including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and nematicides are to be applied. Estimation technique for single pesticideonly can not be followed for detection of residues of all categories of pesticides. Hence, this constantly expanding use of pesticides on food crops accentuates the need for rapid, precise and sensitive method for determination of pesticide residues of all the major groups of pesticides. In such situation, multi-residue analytical technique can be efficiently followed for detection and estimation of multiresidues of intra and inter class xenobiotics.

The purpose of multiresidue analysesistodeterminetheresidues ofas manypesticides as possible withina short period of time even if the recoveries of somecompounds are low. In multiresidue methods the recoveries up to 70% are accepted.The recoveriesless than70%have tobe mentionedspecifically. Multiresidue analysis is relativelymore sensitiveand requires extreme vigilance on the part of the analyst during processingof samples. Additionally, instrument, GLC,need to beequipped withcapillary columnsforhigh resolutionand sophisticated detectorslikeECD, NPDand MSD for detectingmulti-residues of the pesticides. Multiresidue analytical methods/techniques havebeen developed for determination of general pesticide residues for some environmental componentsand differentfood commodities.Criteria formulti-pesticides screening as per California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) are:

7.1 Introduction
In chapter 5, the cluster sampling has been discussed in which clusters were considered as sampling units and all the elements in the selected clusters were enumerated completely. It has been stated there that the cluster sampling is economical under certain circumstance but the method restricts the spread of sample over the population which results generally in increased sampling variance of the estimator under consideration. It is, therefore, logical to expect that the efficiency of the estimator will be increased by distributing the elements over a large numbers of clusters. Hence instead of observing all the units in the selected clusters, one may like to observe only few elements of the selected clusters. This will involve the sampling work to be done also within the selected clusters. If we do so, the process of selection will involve sampling work to be done at two stage, one for selecting the clusters where sampling units are the clusters and the second for selecting the units (elements) within the selected clusters where sampling units are the elements.
The process of sampling can be done at more than two stages. In this case the first stage unit will be larger than the second stage units and the second stage units will be larger than the third stage units and so on. Due to process of sampling in stages, such sampling is called “Multistage sampling.”

Q.1 Cluster sampling restricts the spread of sample over the population which results generally in increased sampling variance of estimators under considerataion.

Q.2 In adopting cluster sampling, few selected clusters are enumerated partially.

7.1 Introduction

In chapter 5, the cluster sampling has been discussed in which clusters were considered as sampling units and all the elements in the selected clusters were enumerated completely. It has been stated there that the cluster sampling is economical under certain circumstance but the method restricts the spread of sample over the population which results generally in increased sampling variance of the estimator under consideration. It is, therefore, logical to expect that the efficiency of the estimator will be increased by distributing the elements over a large numbers of clusters. Hence instead of observing all the units in the selected clusters, one may like to observe only few elements of the selected clusters. This will involve the sampling work to be done also within the selected clusters. If we do so, the process of selection will involve sampling work to be done at two stage, one for selecting the clusters where sampling units are the clusters and the second for selecting the units (elements) within the selected clusters where sampling units are the elements.

ABSTRACT

India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world after China with an annual production of 162.19 million tonnes from an area of 9.2 m ha. The requirement of vegetables in the country has increased a lot to meet the nutritional requirement of an estimated 1200 million population expected by 2020-21. Although the productivity levels of vegetables have increased manifold, it would not be sufficient to feed the ever increasing population. Production per unit area of land, time and inputs can be increased by improving efficiency of the rate and extent to which solar energy is harvested for conversion to economic produce. In multiple cropping systems, the possibility of more efficient use of resources like sunlight, nutrient and water per unit area is higher leading to higher production stability. It can be very much successful in high imput requiring crops like vegetables. Intensive cropping involving multi-tiered vegetable crops like pointed gourd + elephant foot yam + cowpea grown on the single piece of land at the same time can generate profits up to Rs 1,30,000 per acre. India ranks first in the youth population. If the energy of these dynamic youth is properly utilized in the field of better agricultural practices, especially vegetable cultivation, it will help improve the national productivity of vegetable crops and generate employment as a whole. Thus, intercropping involving multi-storied/ multi-tier cropping system can serve as well-established practice for sustained supply of vegetables throughout the year through which rural youth can generate high income for sustainable livelihoods and increased per capita income.

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence and also to identify divergent parents in one hundred eight sorghum germplasm collected from different agro eco-geographical areas in India. Mahalanobis D² statistics revealed considerable genetic diversity among the 108 genotypes of sorghum. The genotypes grouped into 11 clusters.

Multivariate analysis is essentially the statistical process of simultaneously analyzing multiple independent variables with multiple dependent (outcome or criterion) variables using matrix algebra. During the last two or three decades, multivariate statistical analysis has become increasingly popular. The theory has made great progress, and with the rapid advances in computer technology, routine applications of multivariate statistical methods are implemented in several statistical software packages. The traditional approach to the teaching of multivariate statistical analysis, as exemplified by Anderson (1958), relies heavily on advanced matrix mathematics. On the other hand, Hury and Riedwyl (1988) suggest that it is possible to understand most of the basic ideas underlying multivariate statistical analysis without a mastery of such mathematics, provided that these are conveyed with the help of real data sets. In this chapter we propose a non-mathematical data-driven approach for teaching multivariate statistical methods to students. Despite this, we are mindful of the need for students to know some basic linear algebra and univariate statistical concepts. Such basic knowledge provides students with the foundation necessary for the application of the appropriate multivariate statistical procedures and for the interpretation of results.

Introduction

Time series data is data that has been collected in a specific pattern with time stamps. (Nayak and Ghosh, 2013). This type of time-oriented data is collected at regular intervals, such as hourly, daily, monthly, or weekly. Time series data can be used to make accurate predictions in a variety of fields and domains, such as foreign currency rates, stock market trends, energy consumption estimates, and climate change. Machine learning and data mining techniques can be used to uncover hidden patterns in historical data and forecast future trends (Aftab et al. 2018a, 2018b, Mishra et al. 2017).

Weather forecasting based on historical data is a complex but very beneficial task that comes with several issues that must be resolved to achieve optimal results (Wu and Chau, 2013). Weather data includes attributes or features such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed. Machine learning techniques are used to forecast future weather conditions by identifying hidden patterns and relationships in historical weather data (Aftab et al. 2018b). Prediction of precipitation is an important part of the weather forecasting process. The use of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques is regarded as a critical component in farmer services and policy formulation. Farmers require weather forecasting to plan their activities following the predicted weather. Accurate and timely rainfall prediction in farming, in particular, can be extremely beneficial in planning and security measures for operations, agricultural tasks, water reservoir systems, and construction and transportation activities (Chau and Wu, 2010). Forecasting rainfall will become increasingly important in the future.

It is an acute specific infection of the salivary glands especially of the parotids sometimes submandibular and sublingual glands also; occasionally the latter glands are affected first.

The most affected are the children or young adults of both sexes often living in a school or a barrack and the disease spreads rapidly from one person to another in close contact by droplets. This virus reaches the salivary glands by bloody or lymphatic because mumps is a systemic disease and may cause in addition, inflammation of the meninges, brain, pancreas and the gonads. The disease is more prevalent in winter and spring months. The incubation period is about 3 weeks.

The affected parotid glands and the surrounding tissues become hyperaemic and oedematous, the acinar cells disintegrate with round cell infiltration but later on, heal completely without any scarring.

Testes when involved have much oedema, perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes, localized haemorrhage, destruction of the germinal epithelia and blocking of the tubules with cellular debris. Only certain localized areas are affected, other parts remain unaffected.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L Wilczek) is considered to be originated from Vigna sublobata. It is also known as green gram, an important short duration grain legume with wide adaptability, low input requirements, and the ability to improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Mungbean is well suited to a large number of cropping system and constitutes an important source of cereal based diets. Mungbean is used for different purpose. The major portion is utilized in making dal, curries, soup, sweets and snacks. The food values of mungbean lie in its high and easily digestible protein. Mungbean is grown throughout Asia, Australia, West Indies, South and North America, Tropical and subtropical Africa. However, India alone accounts for 65% of the world acreage and 54% of the world production. It is widely cultivated in India in different seasons; however, the maximum area is under kharif cultivation. Extremely plastic morphology, phenology and short maturity duration (60 days) makes the crop ideal as a catch crop, inter crop or relay cropping. It is grown as sole relay crop in rice fallows during rabi season in A.P., Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Orissa and sole catch crop during spring/summer season in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana & Rajasthan (Table 1).

Munk (1950) built upon Sverdrup’s theory, using both the vertical and lateral eddy viscosity. Munk combined the basic features contributed by Ekman, Sverdrup and Stommel to provide the first comprehensive solution of the wind driven circulation, using the real wind field Munk included the effect of eddy viscosity in both the horizontal and the vertical dimensions (both A_h and A_z).

The muscular system allows movement and necessary functions such as circulation, digestion, and breathing. It is made up of muscles and connective tissue, such as tendons. The muscular system also helps provide support and shape. In the body, muscles have primary functions to provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat.

Historical Aspect
    Curare was the first known muscle relaxant which was used by South American Indians to immobilize wild animals. Hence the term curariform has been applied to the action of this group of drugs. 
    In year 1958, a plant alkaloid alcuronium was introduced but there were difficulties in reversing the action of this drug.
    Succinylcholine was first used in 1906. However, its paralyzing property was discovered in year 1949.
    Pancuronium was introduced in 1964.
 

Cutaneous muscle

The cutaneous muscle of abdomen and pelvis is the continuation of cutaneous muscle of thorax. This has been described under the muscles of thorax.

Abdominal fascia

Beneath the skin in the abdominal region, there are two layers of fascia, the superficial and deep, similar to those of the fascia of thoracic region.

The superficial fascia is next to skin. It is fused dorsally with the thoracolumbar fascia. Cranially it is continuous with the superficial fascia of shoulder and arm and caudally with that of the gluteal region. In the inguinal region it forms part of fascia of penis in male and of mammary glands in female animals. At the flank, it continues as fascia of thigh region.

The deep fascia forms the abdominal tunic. It is especially well developed as a thick sheet of tunic in the ventral and the adjacent lateral parts of the abdominal floor. It extends cranially over the ribs and external intercostal and the caudal digitations of the serratus thoracis muscles. Caudally it is attached to the external angle of the ilium and thoracolumbar fascia. The suspensory ligament of prepuce in males and that of the mammary glands (udder) in females is an extension of this tunic. It strongly supports the abdominal muscles to bear the weight of abdominal viscera.

Site of incision: Cut the skin over the back and loin region by making cranio caudal straight incision along the proximal part of 1st rib and the lateral margin of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae up to wing of sacrum and reflect the skin to mid dorsal aspect of back and loin.

Site of incision

Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on forelimb from elbow joint to 3rd digit. Joins the above incisions transversally on cranial aspect of elbow joint and 3rd phalanx, respectively. Remove the skin on dorsolateral aspect of limb

Site of incision: Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on hind-limb from stifle joint to 3rd digit. Joins, the above incisions transversally on cranial aspect at stifle joint and 3rd phalanx, respectively. Remove the skin on dorsolateral aspect of limb.

Site of Incision

Make an incision around the eyeball at the margin of orbit.Then remove the supraorbital process by cutting dorsal and ventral end to access inside the orbit. Remove all the attachments of eyeball from osseous orbit through carefull dissection. Then remove all the extraoccular and periorbital fat to expose the muscles of eyeball.

Site of incision- Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on forelimb from elbow joint to 3rd digit. Join the above incisions transversally on caudal aspect at elbow joint above and 3rd phalanx below, respectively. Remove the skin on palmero-medial aspect of limb.

Site of incision: Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on hindlimb from stiffle joint to 3rd digit. Joins the above incisions transversally on caudal aspect at stiffle joint above and 3rd phalanx below, respectively. Remove the skin on plantero-medial aspect of limb.

The muscles of fore limb (Fig. 5-3 A and B) are distributed in different regions of fore limb as muscles of shoulder girdle, shoulder, arm and those of forearm and manus. By means of the muscles of shoulder girdle the forelimb is attached with the trunk of the body by synsarcosis and bears the weight of the body. The rest of the groups of muscles act on different joints of the fore limb as extensors or flexors of these joints. The group of muscles acting on these joints originates on the bone of the proximal segment and insert on the bone of distal segment of the concerned joint.

Muscles of shoulder girdle

The muscles of shoulder girdle have been described with the muscles of thorax.

Muscles of shoulder

The muscles of shoulder arise on the scapula, act on shoulder joint and end on the humerus. These muscles are in two groups as the lateral group of muscles and the medial group of muscles.

The muscles of the head (Fig. 2-3 A) are described in four groups viz (1) superficial muscles including the cutaneous muscle. The other muscles in this group of muscles are the muscles of lips, cheeks, nostrils, eyelids and external ear. (2) the orbital muscles (3) the mandibular muscles and (4) the hyoid muscles.

The cutaneous muscle on the head of the ox is well developed and extensive. In most of the regions of the head it is intimately adhered to the skin. The superficial fascia forms a continuous layer beneath the cutaneous muscle in this region except the natural orifices like nostrils, mouth, eyes and the external ear. The deep fascia forms a continuous layer particularly on the temporal, buccal, and the pharyngeal parts of the head. A part of the cutaneous muscle on the frontal region is called the frontalis muscle. The muscle fibres of this muscle blend with the muscles of the eyelids and the contraction of fibres of this muscle causes elevation of the superior eyelid and forms wrinkles to the skin on forehead.

The fascia covering the hind limb is the superficial and deep fascia. The superficial fascia is very scanty lies beneath the skin. It has the same general disposition as in other regions of the body. The deep fascia is in the form of a thick strong sheet covering the superficial layer of muscles over the medial aspect of the hind limb. From this sheet extend several septa that pass between different muscles or muscle groups in the thigh region. The deep fascia of the leg region continues cranially with the fascia of the thoracolumbar region. Caudally it is attached to the aponeurotic tendon of insertion of sartorius and gracilis muscles. The part of the deep fascia that continues on the lateral aspect of the thigh is the fascia lata which is continuous with the gluteal fascia dorsally.

The muscles of the hind limb (Fig. 6-3 A and B) are arranged into different regional, positional as well as functional groups. The muscles of hip and thigh region are arranged in the lateral, medial and cranial groups. The muscles of leg and foot are arranged in dorsolateral and plantar groups. The dorsolateral muscles are generally the extensors of tarsus and digits while the plantar muscles are the flexors of tarsus and digits.

Site of incision: Make an incision from distal end of cranial margin of stifle joint to coxal tuber and extend it dorsally up to mid dorsal line of the body. Make another incision at mid caudal of thigh from stifle region to tuber ischii and extend it to mid dorsal up to the base of the tail and then connects the distal ends of both previous incisions and reflect the skin up to mid dorsal line of the body.

Site of incision: Abduct the hind limb well apart and remove the skin covering the medial aspect of thigh. To obtain this make an incision longitudinally along the entire length of pelvic symphysis. From both ends of this incision make vertical incision up to medial aspect of stifle joint and joins distal end of these vertical incision together and remove the skin to expose the muscles of medial aspect of thigh region. To expose deeper muscles incise the vertebral attachment of biceps femoris, reflect it caudally by incising muscle close to stifle than reflect middle gluteus muscle dorsocranially and observe the deeper layer of muscles.

Site of incision-Make a rostro-caudal incision along the ventral border of horizontal ramus of mandible then extend cranio-dorsally along caudal margin of nostrils up to middorsal line of face. From the caudal end of 1st incision make another incision dorsally up to base of the ear then passes cranially along the ventral aspect of eye up to mid dorsal line of face. Reflect the skin carefully from ventral to dorsal, carefully remove the muscle zygomaticus, malaris and nasolabialis as these are firmly attached to skin.

Site of incision

Remove the skin of intermandibular space.Then remove one of the rami of mandible by disarticulating temporo-mandibular joint at caudal end and cut the ramus just behind the mental foramen.