eChapters

Family: Cleomaceae

Flowering: May-July

Fruiting: August-October

Botanical description: The plant is a tall annual herb growing up to a meter high, more or less hairy with glandular hairs. The leaves are compound, with 3-5 leaflets. Leaflets are obovate, elliptic-oblong, very variable in size. Flowers are yellow in colour, 10-15 mm across with 6-20 mm long pedicels. Fruits are 30-75 mm long, 3-5 mm broad, linear-oblong, erect, with tapering at both ends. Seeds many, 1.25mm across with dark brown colour.

Family: Cleomaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: December-February

Botanical description: The plant is an erect herbaceous annual herb growing up to 1.5 m in height. Leaves are alternately arranged and stalked. Each leaf has 3-7 leaflets, which are pinnately dissected and stalkless. Inflorescence is quite showy, and is usually up to 30 cm in length. The flowers have long stalks, ovate or elliptic petals either purplish or white in colour. The fruit is a long-stalked, dry, spindle-shaped capsule. Seeds are many, 1.5 mm across, with a shallow and narrow cleft.

Family: Lauraceae

Flowering: January Fruiting: February

Botanical description: The plant is a moderate sized tree growing up to 10-20 metres. Leaves are mostely oblong, usually 10-12.5 cm long, acuminate or acute, glabrous with shining above and acute base. The flowers are 5-6 mm long with pubescent pedicel. The tepals are pubescent, deciduous in fruits.

Ecology: The plant is occasionally planted and commonly cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India.

Use: Leaves are used in different curries and recipes for special aroma.

Family: Fabaceae

Flowering: December-February

Fruiting: February-April

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb, much branched and viscous hairy. The plant grows up to 20-50 cm high and has small feathery leaves on either side of the stem. The flowers are bluish purple in colour, 6-7 mm long on slender peduncles. Pods oblong, one seedpod contains two or three peas.

Family: Chenopodiaceae

Flowering: November-January Fruiting: February-April

Botanical description: The plant is a fast-growing, upright and weedy annual herb. The leaves are variables in appearance. The first leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and 3-7 cm long and 3-6 cm broad. The leaves on the upper part of the flowering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid with 1-5 cm long and 0.4-2 cm broad. The flowers of the plant are 1-1.2 mm across, in short axillary spikes and often forming a terminal thyrse. Seeds are black, depressed with an obscure horizontal keel.

Family: Apiaceae

Flowering: August-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a small creeping herb with shovel shaped leaves emerging alternately in clusters at the stem nodes. The runners lie along the ground and the inch long leaves with their scalloped edges rise above on long reddish petioles. The insignificant greenish- to pinkish-white flowers are borne in dense umbels (clusters in which all the flower stalks arise from the same point) on separate stems in the summer. The seeds are pumpkin-shaped nutlets 0.1-0.2 cm long.

Ecology: It is commonly seen in shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields and in grass thickets and distributed throughout India.

Use: Leaves and young shoots are collected, roasted then eaten

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: August-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, growing up to 60-75cm height, erect, branching with oval or lanceo-shaped, with hundreds of tiny flowers packed in dense spikes of silver- white flowers which usually stand above the foliage. They are beautiful plants with soft, dense feathery spikes, produced in profusion. Leaves are lanceolate, linear, acute to acuminate tapering into slender petiole. Seeds are several, black in colour and shining.

Family: Brassicaseae

Flowering & Fruiting: August-March

Botanical description: The plant is having a short stem, enlarging into a spherical edible tuber. Basal cauline leaves are broadly ovate, not overlapping on globose stem, about 10-45 x 3-25 cm across with cuneate base.

Ecology: The plant is a herb, widely cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India. The plant loves to grow in late winter season.

Family: Brassicaseae

Botanical description: The leaves of the plant is having stout nerves, densely congested into a subglobose or ellipsoid head which is edible.

Ecology: The plant is a herb, widely cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India.

Use: Leaves are fried separately or with other vegetables, and then eaten

Nutritional Value: The plant is rich in vitamin B and minerals.The nutritional value of the plant is presented below. 100g of the plant leaves carries:

Family: Brassicaseae

Flowering: November-February Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is a herb with white edible mass of abortive flowers aggregated on thick branches of the inflorescence.

Ecology: It is widely cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India. The plant grows in winter season.

Use: Leaves are fried or made into curry and consumed. Inflorescence is used in various types of preparations.

Family: Brassicaceae

Flowering: September-November

Fruiting: December-February

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb with stems reaching up to 1.5 m tall. Stems are erect, reddish-purple below, greenish-red above, hairless, arising from large thickened taproot up to 10 cm in diameter. Leaves are large alternately arranged and hairless, upper smaller. Lower leaves are up to 25 cm long, pinnately cut, with small prickles above and below. Flowers are yellow in colour, borne in racemes at the end of branches with 2 cm across. The pods are stout, 5-9 cm long bearing 30-80 seeds with whitish, yellow or brownish in colour.

Use: Leaves are fried with oil then eaten and also chopped leaves and stems are dried in shade, stored in an earthen pot for consumption.

Family: Nyctaginaceae

Flowering & Fruiting: Most parts of the year, mostly dry winter season

Botanical description: The plant is a prostrate herb with diffuse inflorescences. The stem of the plant is glabrous or minutely pubescent and often purplish. The leaves are in unequal pairs, broadly ovate with obtuse or rounded apex. Flowers are very small, purplish red to reddish pink or nearly white, bell-shaped beyond the constriction.

Ecology: It is a common weed found near dry and warm river valleys; along roadsides, near habitations, in and along cultivated fields and in open cleared patches in forests. It is distributed throughout India.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Flowering: October-November

Fruiting: December-January

Botanical description: The plant is a annual climbing herb, having stems up to 6 metres long that scramble over the ground or climb on other plants, supporting themselves by means of tendrils. Leaves are roundish, kidney-shaped, base deeply heart-shaped. Upper surface is rough, lower surface shortly bristly, 5-7-lobed, with long and hairy stalk. Tendrils are slender and rarely simple. Flowers are yellow in colour, calyx tube 10-15 mm long with spreading petals ending in a short point. Fruits large, succulent, densely hairy when young, with a thick waxy deposit when mature.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Flowering: February-March

Fruiting: April-May

Botanical description: The plant is a moderate sized tree growing up to 20-40 ft tall and 10-20 ft wide with a spreading crown of briefly deciduous leaves which are 10-15 cm across and rounded with lobed ends and heart shaped bases. The leaves are shaped like a cow’s hoof. The flowers are white or purple in colour with one petal variegated yellow, 5-10 cm across and carried in clusters at the branch tips. The flowers often make their first appearance in late winter while the tree is bare of leaves. Seeds of the plant are sub-orbicular in shape.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Flowering: April-June

Fruiting: December-March

Botanical description: The plant is a climber growing up to 10-30 m long. The woody stem can get as thick as 20 cm. The spreading tout branches are covered with rusty fine hairs. The stout tendrils are coiling and occur in pairs. Large leaves are 10-45 cm, 2-lobed with a broad cut. The flowers are white, 2-3 cm across, turn yellow when old and borne in rounded clusters. Fruit is a flat woody pod with fine rusty hairs, 20-30 cm long.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Flowering: September-February

Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is a moderate sized tree with ashy or dark brown bark. Leaves are often oblong, about 5-18cm, deeply lobed from one third way down to nearly the base with scarcely overlapping. Flowers are purple and large on terminal panicled racemes. Pods are 15-30×18-25 cm long, narrow below, somewhat broadening upwards.

Family: Basillaceae

Flowering: May-September

Fruiting: October-February

Botanical description: The plant is a twining succulent herb with green stem and petioles. Leaves of the plant are broadly ovate and green to purplish in colour. Flowers are pinkish or purple in colour. Fruits are berries, ovoid or depressed-globose, turns black after ripening with deep purple juice.

Family: Poaceae

Flowering & Fruiting: The plant flowers after about 90-100 years. Flowering and fruting occurs in wet season

Botanical description: The plant is a perennial tree growing up to 20-53 m in height and 8-18 cm in diameter. There are 1-3 spines at each branch node. Leaves are thin, linear, up to 20 cm long, 1-1.8 cm wide with a long pointed tip. The branches of the plant spread out from the base and areal roots reaching up to nodes. The length of the internodes is about 15-46 cm and is hollow.

Ecology: It is cultivated and naturalized throughout India. Plant loves to grow in moist soils.

Family: Meliaceae

Flowering: February-May

Fruiting: June-July

Botanical description: The plant is a tree. The leaf of the plant is about 20-38 cm in length, leaflets 5-9 pairs and obliquely lanceolate. Flower is white in colour and fragrant. The plant bark, leaves and flowers are bitter in taste.

Family: Araceae

Flowering: July-August

Fruiting: November

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, growing about 90 cm in height. It produces 2 - 3 leaves, 5 - 30cm or more in size with a flowering stem 30 - 50cm long. Leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate and oblique, uniting in an intramarginal nerve. Fruiting head 5 cm long, ovoid, berries are initially green clustered fruits finally ripening to bright red.

Family: Acanthaceae

Flowering: September-December

Fruiting: January-April

Botanical description: The plant is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste (all parts of the plant). It grows erect to a height of 1-4 ft. with dark stem. The leaves are glabrous, lanceolate, pinnate, with 8.0 cm long and 2.5 cm broad. Flowers of the plant are small, white-purple or spotted purple in colour, spreading axillary and terminal racemes or panicles and acute at both ends. Seeds numerous, sub quadrate and yellowish brown in colour.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: Throughout the year

Fruiting: Throughout the year

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb with erect stems growing upto 10-80 cm in height. The leaves are triangular-ovate to narrowly rhombic, 2-7 cm long, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, hairless, with a narrow and small narrow notch. The flowers of the plant are green, in slender, paniculate spikes, in leaf axils or at the end of branches. Fruit is nearly round, about 1.3-1.5 mm in size.

Ecology: The plant is a fairly common weed on waste ground and roadsides and distributed throughout India. The plant is also cultivated during summer season.

Use: Leaves and young shoots are collected, roasted and eaten

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: June-August

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical descripion: The plant is an erect tropical annual herb with long-stalked leaves, growing up to 5 ft tall. The leaves grow up to 5 inch long, are notched or rounded at the tips. The flowers are whitish-green or red white, the seeds are very small, shining, black or red- brown in colour.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: June-August

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb with sometimes red tinged erect stems, sometimes ascending, 30-150 cm long, usually branched. The leaves are ovate to rhombic- ovate, elliptic, lanceolate-oblong, or lanceolate, blades 1-12 cm long, 0.89-6 cm wide and smooth. The stem and its branches carry spines. Flowers of the plant are green, and are in axillary clusters in the lower part of the plant and in unbranched or branched spikes in the upper part. The lower clusters are entirely without stamens as the lower flowers of the spikes, the upper flowers in the spikes are staminate. Seeds are dark brown or black in colour.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: June-August

Fruiting: September-November

Botanical description: The plant is an annual erect herb that grows upto 1 meter in height. The stem is grooved and often redish. The leaves are long-petioled, ovate or elliptic, acute or subacute with base shortly cuneate to attenuate. The flowers are in axillary and terminal red or green panicled spikes with up to 20 cm long. Seeds are black in colour, shining and compressed or subspherical with thick margin.

Ecology: The plant being commonly used as leafy vegetables, is cultivated throughout the country. The plant loves to grow in soil rich with organic materials. The plant is commonly cultivated in summer and it grows luxuriantly in rainy season.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: November-December

Fruiting: January-March

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, reaches heights of over 1 meter tall with fleshy oval shaped leaves that are sometimes pointed at the tips. It is having a deep maroon colour in the center of the leaf with streaks of red, purple and green. The plant produces feathery purple, magenta or red flowers from the central stalk which is packed with edible seeds. The flower buds are edible, once they mature and become bushy.

Ecology: The plant is commonly used as leafy vegetables and cultivated throughout the country. The plant loves to grow in the sandy soil in winter season. It is also cultivated in left over potato fields.

Use: Leaves and young shoots are cut into small pieces, cooked with salt and chilly and then eaten. Sometimes the leaves and shoots are mixed with vegetables in cooking.

Family : Amaranthaceae

Flowering: Most part of the year

Fruiting: Year round

Botanical description: The plant is an evergreen creeper, herbaceous and perennial, growing up to 15 – 30 cm in height and spreading to form a growth mat about 45cm wide or more. Stems are prostrate or erect and moderately branched, hairless below, generally hairy above and in leaf-axils. The leaves are inverted-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute at apex, narrowed at the base into a poorly defined petiole, mostly 2-6 cm long and 0.6-2.0 cm wide. Round or short-cylindrical flower heads lie stalkless in leaf axils, 5-10 mm long and 5-7 mm wide.

Use: Young leaves and shoots are collected, fried and eaten as green vegetables

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a perennial herb. The plant is a much branched prostrate herb, branches often purplish, frequently rooting at the lower nodes. The leaves are simple, opposite, somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous and shortly petiolate. The flowers of the plant are small, white and in axillary clusters. Fruits are compressed obcordate utricles, with suborbicular seeds.

English Name: Node Flower Allmaina

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: May-June

Fruiting: June-July

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb. It is erect and rising, 10-50 cm tall. Stem is branched from or near the base. The Leaves are obovate, oblong, or linear with 1.5-6.5 mm long and 0.3-2.5 cm wide. Flowers of the plant are greenish or orange-red in colour with 3-7-flowered cymes. Seeds are single, black and shining with 1.5-2 mm in diam.

Ecology: The plant is a common weed widely distributed in forests and cultivated lands.

Family : Amaryllidaceae

Flowering: November-December

Fruiting: January-February

Botanical description: The plant is a herb. The leaves of the plants are flat, linear with sheaths, about half of their length. Flower of the plant is white or greenish white with a short pedicel. The plant is having bulbs with membranous outer scales in the axils of which do exist 10-12 lesser bulbs.

Family : Amaryllidaceae

Flowering: December-January

Fruiting: January-February

Botanical description: It is a herb. The leaves of the plants are cylindric, fistular and look like tubes. Flower of the plant is white or greenish white with a short pedicel.

Ecology: The plant is commonly cultivated along the river banks during winter season. The plant loves to grow in sandy and loamy soil.

Use: Young leaves and shoots are collected, fried then eaten. The leaves and the flowering stalks are used for various preparations and curries.

Family : Amaranthaceae

Flowering: August-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a perennial sub-erect, diffuse or prostrate herb, growing upto 0.3-2 meter high, branched from the base and often also from above. Stem and branches are densely woolly with whitish or yellowish, shaggy hairs. Leaves are alternately arranged, nearly circular to lanceo shaped-elliptic, wedge-shaped at the base, rounded to sharp at the tip. Flower spikes are stalkless, solitary or usually in clusters in leaf axils, silky white to creamy in colour, forming a long inflorescence leafy to the ultimate spikes.

Ecology: This plant is commonly found in open forests on mountain slopes, on waste and disturbed ground and coastal scrubs. The plant is widespread in drier parts of the tropics and subtropics.

Use: Leaves are collected, fried and then eaten

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Flowering: July-September

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical description: The plant is a small erect herb, growing up to 60 cm or more. The ascending branches are angled and velvet-hairy. Leaves are broadly ovate, nearly triangular, rather coarsely toothed. Leaf stalks are as long as or longer than the 3-5 cm long blades. Flowers are stalkless, borne on erect axillary spikes longer than the leaves. Male flowers are minute, crowded distally. Female flowers are scattered along the inflorescence axis, each subtended by a conspicuous semicupular leaf-like toothed green bract nearly 7 mm long. Capsule is bristly and1 mm broad.

Ecology: It is mostly found in hot, low to medium altitude, sandy margins of rivers, seasonal water courses and pans, usually in shade of thickets, on rocky hillsides and often in disturbed ground and as a weed of cultivation.

Family : Amaranthaceae

Flowering : October-December

Fruiting : December-January

Botanical description

The plant is an erect, straggling or subscandant herb. The leaves are ovate, elliptic, obtuse, acute and finely attached to the stem on both sides. The flowers are greenish white in colour, bracteolate having membranous blade and seeds are reddish brown in colour, sub-cylindric at apex and rounded at the base.

Angier, Natalie (2009-11-09). “Pigs Prove to Be Smart, if Not Vain”. The New York Times (New York, New York, US: The New York Times Company).

Anonymous 2002-03. Annual Report of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Directorate of Animal. Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Government of Mizoram, Pp 8

Broom, Donald M.; Hilana Sena, Kiera L. Moynihan (2009-11). “Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information”. Animal Behaviour 78 (5): 1037-1041.

Burkholder JoAnn; Bob Libra, Peter Weyer, Susan Heathcote, Dana Kolpin, Peter S. Thorne, Michael Wichman (2007) Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality. Environ Health Perspectives. 115:308-312.

Chandrashekhar Sahukar. (2000). Piggery India Year Book, pp. 343-347.

Christianson, L.L, Bane D.P, Curtis S.E, Hall W.F, Muehling A.J, and Riskowski G.L. 1989. Swine Care Handbook for Pork Producers Using Environmentally Controlled Housing. Des Moines: National Pork Producers Council.

Crucik Shank, R et al (1965). Medical Microbiology, ELBS, London.

Curtis, S.E., et al. 1988. Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. Champaign III, Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching.

Dalton, C. and. Kilgour R.1984. Livestock Behaviour; A Practical Guide. Granada Publishing, Lt., Frogmore, St. albans, Herts, U.K.

Daszak et al (2000). Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife — Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health. Science Vol 287 pp 443-449

Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S., Courbois, C., 1999. Livestock to 2020. The next food revolution. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper28. IFPRI, FAO, ILRI

DeShazer, J.A and ONil erhults D.G.1982. Energy Demand in Livestock Production. Livestock Environment, Proceedings of 2nd International Livestock Environment Symposium. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MO.

Donham K. (1998). “The impact of industrial swine production on human health”. In Thu K, Durrenberger E. Pigs, Profits, and Rural Communities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 73-83.

Eastman, Wilbur F. The Canning, Freezing, Curing & Smoking of Meat, Fish & Game, Garden Way Publishing, 1975, ISBN 0-88266-045-4

Embog, H.D. et at (1996). How the Danish surveillance system for Salmonella has influenced the microbiological quality of swine carcase meat. Proc. Int. Pig. Vet. Soc.14:714.

FAO (1983). Integrated crops and livestock in West Africa. Animal Production and Health paper. Rome, No. 41. Foodand Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation.

FAO (1998a). Farm Animal Genetic Resources: Biodiversity for food and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation.

FAO (1998b). Local animal breeds still threatened by extinction, No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation.

FAO (2001). Bulletin of Statistics. Vol.2, No.1. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

Commonly used terms in swine husbandary

Al-Ani, F.K. and Vestweber, J.G.E., 1986. Udder oedema: an update review. Vet. Bull., 56: 763-769.

Aitken, I.D. 2007. Diseases of sheep, 4^th edition, Blackwell publishing, UK.

Bennett, R. H. and Jasper, D. E. 1980. Bovine mycoplasmal mastitis from intramammary inoculations of small numbers of Mycoplasma bovis: local and systemic antibody response. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41(6):889-92.

Bennett, R.H. and Jasper, D.E. 1977. Bovine mycoplasma mastitis from intramammary inoculation of small numbers of Mycoplasma bovis. I. Microbiology and pathology. Vet. Microbiol., 2(4): 341–355.

Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology. (edited by) John, G. Holt Fetd. 9th edn. (1994).

Bottom of Al-Ani, F.K. and Vestweber, J.G.E., 1986. Udder oedema: an update review. Vet. Bull., 56: 763-769.

Bertschinger, H. U., Pohlenz, J. and Hemlep, I. 1977. Studies on the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome (milk fever) in sows. II. Bacteriological findings in spontaneous cases. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd.119(6): 223-33.

Bostedt, H., Lehmann ,B. and Peip, D. 1988. The problems of mastitis in mares. Tierarztl. Prax.. 16(4):367-71.

Bradley, A. J. 2002. Bovine Mastitis: An Evolving Disease. Vet. J., 164(2): 116–128.

Buchanan, A. G. 1982. Clinical laboratory evaluation of a reverse CAMP test for presumptive identification of Clostridium perfringens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:761–762.

Bushnell, R. B. 1984. Mycoplasma mastitis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Large Anim. Pract., 6(2):301-12.

Chareonsirisuthigul, T., Kirpal, G., Amtsberg, G. 1979. Biochemistry, serology, pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of an Escherichia coli strain from healthy sows and from animals with mastitismetritis-agalactia syndrome. Berl. Munch Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 92(21):409-16.

Christie, N. E., Atkins, N. E. and Munch-Petersen, E. 1944. A note on a lytic phenomenon shown by group B Streptococcus. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 22:193–195.

Claxton, P.D. and Ryan, D. 1980. Bovine mastitis bacteriology. Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Animal Diseases. Pp. 1-8

Daley, M. J., Oldham, E. R., Williams, T. J. and Coyle, P. A. 1991. Quantitative and qualitative properties of host polymorphonuclear cells during experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., 52(3): 474-9.

Darling, J. F. 1975. Standardization and evaluation of CAMP reaction for the prompt, presumptive identification of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) in clinical material. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:171–174.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2005.Status of nitric oxide production by polymorphonuclear cells during clinical mastitis in lactating cows. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infec. Dis., 26(1): 61-62.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2008. Anti-inflammatory and respiratory burst activity of Azadirachta indica during acute bovine mastitis Indian J. Anim. Sci., 79(2): 32-34.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2009. Expression of cytokines and respiratory burst activity of milk cells in response to Azadirachta indica during bovine mastitis. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41(2): 189-197.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2009. Inhibitory response of Azadirachta indica extract on nitric oxide production by milk leukocytes during clinical mastitis. Vet. Arhiv, 79(1), 41-50.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2009.Prevalence of mastitis in crossbred cows. Indian Vet. J., 86:858-859.

De, U. K. and Mukherjee, R. 2011. Potential of Indigenous Enzymatic Activities, Nitric Oxide and Ceruloplasmin in Bovine Milk to Diagnose Subclinical Mastitis. J Veterinar Sci Technol 2:109. doi:10.4172/2157-7579.1000109

12.1 Meaning and Definition

A flow chart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flow chart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

11.1 Concept of Internet

The internet is not a computer network. It is a network of networks, linking computer to computers. Each runs software to provide access and view information.

In other words, internet is the connection of two or more networks so that a computer on one network can communicate with a computer on another network. The communication between two computers takes place such that the user does not have to worry about the technology used by the networks. The router, also called gateway, acts as an interface between two networks. The internet covers the entire globe and includes large, international networks as well as many smaller, local area networks (LANs). A user can access data, graphics, sound, software, text and people through a variety of services and tools for communication and data exchange. To get, provide and compile information, internet is the cheapest and fastest medium. Some of the popular tools and services available for communication and data exchange are as follows:

MS-ACCESS is a very powerful RDBMS (Data Base Management System) which manages data in term of special table called relation. Using MS-ACCESS you can manage all your information from a single database file. Database files are stored with extension. MDB.

ACCESS stores information in the form of tables and you build your database on its basis. Each row in a table holds all information’s & for a particular person it is called a record. And each column contains different pieces of information regarding that person, like Roll No, Name, Class, Address etc. Same as MSACCESS involves.

In ACCESS, you have few things known as Forms, Reports and Queries. They allow you to check and get desired information as and when required.

Solution:

Steps used for plotting the bar graph are as:

Step 1: Open Excel sheet and feed the above data as given in figure. 9.1.

Step 2: Select data and go to insert menu and select column chart. (figure 9.2)

Step 3: Select 2-D column, option first from dialog Box (figure 9.3).

Step 4: The desired output will be as shown (figure 9.4).

Remark The data labels, axis name, title of the graph etc. can be inserted through selecting option formatting chart area and add data labels by right clicking on the graph output (figure 9.5).

Some basic and most common analysis tools used in research are summary statistics. These can be analyzed in Ms-Excel through the following ways.

8.1 Summary Statistics

The following data are the yield (q/ha) of 60 varieties of paddy maintained in a research station for breeding trails:

53 ,74, 89, 65, 88, 65, 45, 70, 25, 80, 75, 85, 47, 63, 78, 44, 42, 51, 59, 86, 76, 48, 30, 38, 67, 78, 74, 68, 58, 59, 36, 76, 89, 48, 67, 69, 35, 46, 89, 75, 79, 56, 42, 41, 60, 65, 68, 69, 61, 63, 95, 94, 85, 83, 76, 71, 68, 62, 64, 62.

Calculate the summary statistics for the study of the data.

Solution: The summary statistics of the data using MS – excel can be obtained / analyzed through following steps:

Step 1: Open Excel sheet and feed the data as given in Fig. 8.1.

Step 2: Go to data menu and select Data Analysis. Sometimes this menu is not available in the data, it can be added through add in → check in, analysis tool pack → go. It will appear as the way showing in Fig. 8.1.

7.1 The Formula Palette

By clicking on the equals sign in the formula bar a drop – down panel called the formula palette appeared.

Consider an example, type number 25 in cell A1 and move the cell pointer to cell B2. type or click the equal sign in the formulabar. Adrop – down panel will display formula result = and wait for further inputs. Enter sqrt result to 5 at B2.

The dialog box divides into parts as

(a) Name of the function at the top left of the argument entry box.

(b) Below of this there is the definition or description of the function.

(c) Next, there is an entry explanation.

(d) Formula result.

Things to remember: Any statistical or mathematical function can be activated with = (equal to) sign.

Now we have to learn how to enter numbers and text, how to edit any erroneous entry and then how to do simple calculations. Open empty excel spread sheet by clicking on the start menu in the window tool bars, click on Programs and then click on the Excel menu item.

6.1 Entering Numbers

Numeric entries are constant, can be integers, decimal fractions, integer fractions and scientific nations which can be entered by typing the number in the active cell [cell which can be made active by clicking the mouse on the cell.

5.1 Introduction

According to Croxton and Cowden, “Either for one’s own use or for the use of other, the data must be presented in some suitable form”.

Now – a – days everybody uses tables in one form or another, and accountants use them quite often. The work become tedious, especially if you had to do for 12 columns for the 12 months of the year, and more so if there were some modification to be done after having set up the entire table. The Americans have a special name for such tables- spreadsheet which makes life easy.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak two young Americans in 1976 AD developed the first desktop computer – The Apple which was not user friendly and needed programming for useful work. Dan Bricklin, Robert Frankston and Dan Fylstra proposed a program to turn the computer’s memory into a giant virtual spreadsheet where necessary corrections and modifications could be done fairly, quickly and easily and marketed the program in 1978 under the trade name VisiCalc. VisiCalc was soon succeeded by Sugercal and other computer programs which were more user friendly. The Lotus 1-2-3 designed and developed by Larry Kaplan put further step, which set the standard for many applications under the IBM, Now a days Microsoft under the leadership of Bill Gates had been working on the sidelines perfecting graphical user Interface (GUI) packages for the PC range of computers that would widen its reach. Now Microsoft office program Suite the integrated word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and data base management.

The spreadsheet package in Microsoft office is called Excel – our basic software, or program for this manual.

There are manyreasons for using computerstoday. Word processing is area which has proved computers to be powerful than ever. There are many different kinds of word processors availabletoday, however, most share the same basic functions and do not require advanced computeror typing skills to use. These basicfunctions include typing, savingdocuments,openingdocuments, copying, pasting, cutting printing, checking spelling, etc. The commonly used word processors include Microsoft Word, ClarisWorks, Word Perfect, Word Pad, Apple Works, etc.

4.1 Microsoft Word

4.1.1 Introduction

Microsoft Word, or Word as it is commonly known, is a software application that allows the user to perform word processing. The word processing means the creation, input, editing, and production of documents and texts by means of computers systems. Microsoft Word allowthe user to format text with attributes such as bold, italics, font size, and margins. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite of applications and is a highly popular programme for the workplace.

Microsoft Word was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Versions were later writtenfor several other platformsincluding IBS PCs running DOS in 1983,the Apple Macintosh in 1984 and Microsoft Windows in 1989. The latest release is Word 2010.

Windows is an operating system with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI displays graphical objects called icons, which represents the items you use. Also it is a menu driven interface, where you have menus and submenus to perform even the most basic tasks such as File open, Copy, and Help etc. The user need not know the computer commands, he just need to know simple English language to operate windows. This feature of windows made it a widely accepted operating system. Also windows allow multiprocessing environment, where we can perform more than one task simultaneously. For example, if you need to take a print out of a very long report which may take a couple of hours, you may give the command, and leave it at the background, and then you can keep working on the other applications. Windows supports a very useful pointing device called a mouse. With the mouse you can go anywhere on the screen and click where ever you want and pass instructions.

2.1 Definition and Concept

An operating system (abbreviated as ‘OS’) is the program that, manages all the other programs in a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system. It provides support for the loading and execution of other programs which are known as Application Programs.

1.1 Introduction

The word ‘computer’comes from the word ‘compute’, which means to calculate or perform a sequence of operations. Hence, a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device, which can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed.

In other words, a computer takes information (or input), processes it according to a set of instructions (or process), and gives back a result (or output). In this respect, it is very similar to a calculator, but obviously somewhat more complex.

A computer is a multi-function platform. The same machine can perform many different tasks by using different programs. The programs (also termed as applications) are written to do everything imaginable. In other words, we can say that a program is a set of instructions issued to a computer in order to get the desired output.

Definition

A Computer can defined as an electronic device that takes input from its user, stores, processes data and generates the required output as per the processing instructions given to it by the user.