eChapters

DNA can be sequenced in both double stranded and single stranded templates by cloning in plasmid or phage vectors. There are two sequencing methods.

Protoplasts are cells which have had their cell wall removed, usually by digestion with enzymes. Cellulase enzymes digest the cellulose in plant cell walls while pectinase enzymes break down the pectin holding cells together. Once the cell wall has been removed the resulting protoplast is spherical in shape. Digestion is usually carried out after incubation in an osmoticum (a solution of higher concentration than the cell contents which causes the cells to plasmolyse). This makes the cell walls easier to digest. Debris is filtered and/or centrifuged out of the suspension and the protoplasts are then centrifuged to form a pellet. On resuspension the protoplasts can be cultured on media which induce cell division and differentiation.

Developments in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to transfer gene from any source across species barrier. In fact, transfer and expression of foreign genes in plant cells is now a routine procedure. Of the several methods tried so far, the system based on Ti plasmid of Aprobacterium tumefaciens appears to be most successful for transformation of plant cells.

The genetic information which makes up the genes of higher plants is stored in DNA sequences of the nuclear chromosomes and the organelle genome. There is such an enormous amount of DNA in higher plant cell, that no two organisms are likely to be identical in DNA base sequence. 

Example: Isolation and Characterization of Protease Inhibitor Gene and Promoter from Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and Genetic Transformation and Molecular Analysis of Transgenic Tobacco

This research seeks to address some major concerns of communication through cyberspace and its socio-cultural implications. In particular, it seeks to address the use of cyberspace or Internet as a potential medium of communication for the people of Odisha and the relatively positive and negative outcomes of the use of this medium. It investigates the current Internet-mediated communication practice in the twin city (Bhubaneswar and Cuttack) of Odisha and explores the social and cultural implications of the new communication mode.

The aim of the research is to make a study of the role of Internet as a medium of interaction, its impact on the society from the social and cultural point of view. Keeping these objectives in mind, the researcher has referred to contemporary researches, books and articles available in the area. The researcher admits that the number of studies available in the area is very much dispersed. In the line of the research questions formulated for conducting the study, the researcher has explored the relevant studies undertaken so far by different researchers.

This chapter outlines the design of Phase One and Phase Two of the research. It outlines the research approaches and methodology utilized in Phase One and Phase Two of the research. The chapter also provides details of the sampling strategies, data sources, collection and analysis of both the phases; and finally addresses ethical issues.

This chapter reports the analysis of the data collected from Phase One and Phase Two of the research .The chapter is organized in three sections. The first section presents the analysis of the data collected in the first phase through the administration of the survey questionnaire (Appendix-I). It deals with a study of the potential of Internet as a communication tool through an account of the Internet usage habits of the two cities followed by a presentation of their perception, attitudes and internet adoption among the people.

The Internet, new information and communication technologies today are being entrenched into the fabric of our society at a very rapid rate. The Internet has emerged as an extraordinary prominent medium having a tremendous impact on and within society.

The researcher desires to make a study on the socio-cultural aspects of cyber spatial interactions. As you are aware, cyber space or Internet has emerged as a powerful medium of communication. The survey is meant purely for academic purpose and therefore, shall not be passed on to any one and the data obtained from the respondents shall be kept confidential for all practical purposes. The researcher sincerely requests your honest responses. The questions are of people in general, and that there is no right or wrong answers.

Eigen values of the matrix are

(A) 1 and 2             (B) 1 and 3

(C) 1 and 4            (D) 2 and 3

Integrating the function f (x) = 1 + e−x sin (4x) over the interval [0, 1]

using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule gives

(A) 1.021         (B) 0.091

(C) 1.321         (D) 2.642

The curl of the vector A= xyi + yzj + zxk (i, j and k represents unit vectors along the three orthogonal axis) is

(A) xi + yj + zk         (B) – xi – yj – zk

(C) yi + zj + xk          (D) – yi - zj - xk

For station X, the maximum one day rainfall with 25 years return period is 100 mm. The probability of a on day rainfall equal to or greater than 100 mm at station X occurring at least once in 15 successive years is
(A) 0.458             (B) 0.500
(C) 0.637            (D) 0.990

Inverse Laplace Transform of 1/(s - 2)2 is
(A) exp(2t)            (B) t exp(2t)
(C) 2t exp(2t)         (D) t2 exp(2t)

Sun’s radiation corresponding to that of a black body temperature is
about
(A) 50000 K           (B) 60000 K
(C) 70000 K           (D) 140000 K

Direction of rotation can be reversed in
(A) 2- stroke engine           (B) 4- stroke engine
(C) Both (A) and (B)          (D) None of these

A hunting governor is ……….
(A) Less sensitive       (B) More sensitive
(C) More stable           (D) None of these is correct

Q. 1 Which option about the statements made below is correct?
(1) The cooling system maintains engine temperature at 71 to 82ºC for petrol engines.
(2) The thermostat valve begins to open at about 60oC and opens widely at about 71ºC.
(A) Statement (1) is true, but statement (2) is false.
(B) Statement (2) is true, but statement (1) is false.
(C) Both statements (1) and (2) are true.
(D) Both Statements (1) and (2) are false.

Q. 1 In which of the following tractor components, the speed reduction takes place? 
(A) Gear box        (B) Differential
(C) Final drive       (D) All of the above

Q. 1 Improper wheel balancing results in :-
(A) Excessive tyre pressure       (B) Excessive tyre speed
(C) Excessive tyre wear             (D) All above

Q. 1 Toe-in and toe-out are related with
(A) Front axle of tractor     (B) Rear axle of tractor
(C) Tractor steering           (D) Transmission system

Q. 1 A device which is used to store energy in hydraulic system is known as
(A) Motor             (B) Cylinder
(C) Accumulator  (D) Pump

Q. 1 In agricultural tractors, the vibration level is in the range of .......... Hz.
(A) 0 – 2         (B) 2 - 8
(C) 8 – 20       (D) More than 20

Q. 1 If the forward speed of a tractor drawn seed drill is increased twice,
then the seed rate delivered will be
(A) Reduced to half            (B) Double
(C) Increased by four time (D) Remains the same

Q. 1 Operating speed of power sprayer varies from
(A) 2 - 5 km /hr          (B) 4.8 - 8 km /hr
(C) 10 - 20 km /hr      (D) 20 - 35 km /hr

Q. 1 While operating a combine harvester, the grain not collected by the
machine is called
(A) Field loss         (B) Shattering loss
(C) Gathering loss (D) Reel loss

Q. 1 Weight of a manually operated chaff cutter’s fly wheel should not be
below than
(A) 24 kg      (B) 30 kg
(C) 32 kg      (D) 35 kg
(E) 27 kg

Q. 1 Annual depreciation of a machine is included in
(A) Fixed cost         (B) Variable cost
(C) Hiring cost         (D) None of the above

Q. 1 Density of water is:-
(A) 1000 kg/m3    (B) 500 kg/m3
(C) 1500 kg/m3    (D) 2000 kg/m3

Q. 1 Hygrophilic soils are those
(A) Which attract water       (B) Which do not attract water
(C) Which transmit water    (D) Which produce water

Q. 1 The Lysimeter is used to determine
(A) Sun shine hours   (B) Wind velocity
(C) Flow velocity        (D) Evapotranspiration

Q. 1 The development of a tube well should be started from :-
(A) Middle of screen      (B) Top of screen
(C) Bottom of screen     (D) Bottom of casing pipe

Q. 1 A submersible pump may be
(A) Single stage pump       (B) Multi stage pump
(C) Centrifugal pump         (D) Both (A) and (B)

Q. 1 When flow parameters change with time but remain constant with space the flow is called as:-
(A) Unsteady uniform flow       (B) Steady uniform flow
(C) Steady non-uniform flow   (D) Unsteady non-uniform flow

Q. 1 Which of the following is a correct match?
(A) Mole drain = pump drainage
(B) Vertical drainage = well drain age
(C) Pipe drain = well drainage
(D) Horizontal drain = bio-drainage

Q. 1 Which type of gully is formed on flat land?
(A) U-shaped  (B) V-shaped
(C) L-shaped   (D) T-shaped

Q. 1 Fore sight is also known as
(A) Positive sight            (B) Minus sight
(C) Intermediate sight     (D) Vertical sight

Q. 1 Psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of which properties
of air
(A) Chemical        (B) Aerodynamic
(C) Hygroscopic   (D) Thermodynamic

Q. 1 LSU dryer was developed at
(A) London State University       (B) Ludhiana State University
(C) Lucknow State University     (D) Lusiana State University

Q. 1 Which of the following is not a type of grinder ?
(A) Attrition mill      (B) Burr mill
(C) Hammer mill     (D) Solvent extraction mill

Q. 1 The high moisture grain should be kept in
(A) Air tight structure     (B) Aerated structure
(C) Pucca kothi             (D) Gunny bags in closed room

Q. 1 Unit of refrigeration is:-
(A) Quintal    (B) Gram
(C) kg            (D) Ton

Q. 1 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1gm milk by
one degree celsius in comparison to water is
(A) 85 %     (B) 93 %
(C) 107 %    (D) 100 %

Q. 1 Froude number is the ratio between
(A) Inertia force to viscous forces (B) Inertia force to gravity force
(C) Inertia force to shear force      (D) Gravity force to inertia force

Q. 1 Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the following sentence:
His rather casual remarks on politics ………. his lack of seriousness about the subject.
(A) Masked        (B) Belied
(C) Betrayed       (D) Suppressed

Q. 1 An ellipsoidal object has three axes measuring 40 cm, 20 cm and 20 cm respectively. The volume of the object is
(A) 4.23 liters       (B) 8.38 liters
(C) 12.63 liters     (D) 17.05 liters

Q. 1 The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of words. Select the pair that best expresses the relation in the original pair. 

Unemployed : Worker
(A) Fallow : land     (B) Unaware : sleeper
(C) Wit : jester        (D) Renovated : house

Q. 1 In building material RCC stands for
(A) Revised cost calculation
(B) Revised construction cost
(C) Reinforced central construction
(D) Reinforced cement concrete