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Organic farming is one of the several approaches found to meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture. It is often associated and sometimes confused with
‘sustainable farming’. However, policy and ethics-wise ‘organic farming’ is different from ‘sustainable farming’. Organic farming is based on various laws
and certification programmes whereas sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of ecology.

The livestock sector has emerged as a vital sector for ensuring a more inclusive and sustainable agriculture system. Livestock production can be an important
component of a sustainable agricultural system because it can provide a quality source of plant nutrients, be an income generator, and provide an environmentally
sound use of certain lands. Some farmland is just not suitable for crop production, but may be utilised sustainably for livestock production.

The residues from production and processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products and crops are called agricultural
wastes. The by-products of agricultural activities are also referred to as agricultural waste.

Veterinary Clinical Medicine is a subset of Veterinary Medicine, and refers to study on animal diseases at the patient bed side for diagnosis, monitoring,
prognosis and treatment of the disease. The Veterinary Medicine is that branch of veterinary science that deals with diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
of diseases, disorders and injury in domesticated, pet, wild, zoo, captive, freeliving animals and birds.

The deviation from normal health is defined as disease. Health refers to the very absence of the disease. Therefore, health is a state where all the body
systems function normally and the activities continue within the physiological limits. So, the disease can be defined as the inability to perform physiological
functions at normal levels even when nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate level.

The term “diagnosis” is derived from Greek words dia (between) and gignoskein (to know). It literally means to recognizing a disease and knowing
difference between the two diseases or conditions. Therefore, diagnosis includes – determination of specific cause, abnormality of structure and
function produced by the causative agents and clinical manifestations associated with the abnormality.

The general systemic states are generalized in nature and involve whole body systems. They are common to many diseases and contribute to the pathogenesis
of the disease. Pathogenesis is defined as the changes in functioning at the cellular level and establishment of disease process. Hyperthermia,
hypothermia, fever, toxaemia, septicaemia, bacteraemia, shock, dehydration, acid-base imbalance, hyponatremia, hypokalemia etc. are some examples of
general systemic states.

The two different compartments of the body fluids are extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) with variation in solute concentrations.
The extracellular fluid is the fluid in the cardiovascular system or in between the cells, called interstitial fluid.

The primary function of the digestive system include prehension of food material, its digestion, absorption, excretion of undigested material and
maintenance of internal environment. All the these functions are accomplished through the four major functions of the gastrointestinal system.

Liver is the largest exocrine gland located in right side of the abdominal cavity
obliquely from lumbocostal angle downward and forward to intercostal space,
about 3-4” (10 cm) above the abdominal floor.

The primary function of cardiovascular system is to maintain blood circulation so that normal exchange of fluid, electrolyte, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient
and excretory and secretory end products can take place between tissue and blood. Failure of circulation to any degree interferes with the transport and
exchange mechanism.

The blood is considered as the connective tissue, and consists of fluid component called plasma, and cellular component. Cellular component
consists of erythrocytes, leikocytes and thrombocytes. Blood cells produced during different stages of life (prenatal and postnotal) differ in morphology
and function. The primitive erythrocytes (Red blood cell) are produced on yolk sac, and later from liver, spleen and bone marrow.

The functional efficiency of the respiratory system depends on the ability to oxygenate the blood and to remove CO2 as it passes in the respiratory
circulation resultant. Interference with this function can occur in a number of ways but the resultant defect in all cases is lack of adequate oxygen supply to
the tissues. The respiratory insufficiency like anoxia or hypoxia is responsible for most of the clinical signs of respiratory diseases leading to respiratory
failure and finally death.

Diseases of bladder and urethra are most commonly reported in farm animals than diseases of kidney. Knowledge of the physiology of the urinary secretion
and excretion is required to understand the urinary tract diseases. The functions of kidneys are to excrete the end products of tissue metabolism except CO2
and to maintain homeostasis with respect to fluid and solutes including acid base balance by selective excretion of these substances. The kidney maintains
homeostasis by varying volume of water and the concentration of solutes in the urine.

The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage system that returns water and proteins from various tissues back to the blood stream. The system consists of
a network of very fine vessels or tubes called lymphatics that drain lymph from all over the body, and lymphnodes. Lymphatics are found in every part of the
body except the central nervous system.

Emergency medicine deals with patients those are critically ill and requires immediate healthcare for survival. Every life threatening disease is presented
for emergency management and the clinician is required during emergenices to successfully manage these with strong working knowledge, quick assessment
and appropriate action.

Causes: Dietary causes like hypovitaminosis A, nutritional deficiency of vitamin B complex, linoleic acid. Iodine poisoning. Parasitic causes like flea, lice, mange infestation, ring worm.

The major functions of the musculoskeletal system to provide support to organs and help in physical activities including locomotion, prehension, and
mastication. The clinical manifestations of the diseases of muscles, bones and joints are much in common, and are generally characterized by lameness,
failure of support, in coordination of movement and deformity.

The role of nervous system in animal is the maintance of bodies, speical relation with the immediate environment. Such functions are acomplished by several
sections of the nervous systsm. The sensory motor system is responsible for maintaing normal posture and gait.

Metabolic diseases assume the greatest significance in dairy cows and buffaloes during transition period, and occur due to imbalance in input and
output of production. The main reasons of occurrence of metabolic diseases are an imbalance between the rate of ‘input’ of dietary nutrients and ‘output’
of production.

General evidence of deficiency include either nutrient deficiency in diet or abnormal absorption, utilization or requirement of nutrient under consideration.
Special evidence may be obtained by chemical or biochemical examination of diet.

The diseases that occur during the first one month of life are termed as diseases of neonates. During this period, the animal requires special attention to reduce
mortality rate. The clinical examinations that are applied to adult animals are being used for the examination of newborns.

Animals contract poisoning due to a variety of toxic chemicals (inorganic and farm chemicals), phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and zootoxins, which is often
fatal. Toxic chemicals and poisonous plants represent a tremendous economic impact. However, more often the poisoning episodes go undiagnosed. In
general, poisoning is suspected when number of previously healthy animals show same symptoms and severity of illness at the same time and the same
lesions at necropsy.

The whole plants or their parts have been used as source of medicine and health tonics both in medical and veterinary practice since time immemorial. Many of
the active ingredients in chemically manufactured drugs have been originally derived from plant components (e.g. pyrethroids). Despite availability of
the modern allopathic medicines, herbal medicines are still used on a very large scale. In the back drop of current global trade of herbal medicine and
intellectual property right (IPR) scenario, and to overcome side effects of ‘single golden molecular bullet’ drug technologies of twentieth century, there
is an upsurge of interest in traditional practices.

1. Which one of the following is the botanical name of dill
   1. Cuminum cyminum
   2. Trychospremum ammi
   3. Apium graveolens
   4. Anethum graveolens
2. The normally in cardamom could be seen in
   1. Throughout year
   2. 4 month
   3. 6 month
   4. 2 month
3. The hortus malabaricus is written by
   1. Ravindran
   2. Subramniyan
   3. Hendrick Van Rheede
   4. Venugopaln Nambiyar

1. Ginger is generally planted in the month of
   1. January – February
   2. August – September
   3. March – June
   4. October – December
2. Which one of the following slope is preferred for planting of clove
   1. North – West
   2. North – East
   3. South – East
   4. South – North
3. Ginger seedlings will be ready for transplanting
   1. 10 – 15 days
   2. 10 – 15 days
   3. 30 – 40 days
   4. 60 – 70 days

1. Pick the odd one out
   1. Athira
   2. Karthika
   3. Suguna
   4. Aswathy
2. Sreekara is variety of
   1. Turmeric
   2. Black Pepper
   3. Ginger
   4. Cinnamon
3. Find the odd one out
   1. HM107
   2. ML-150
   3. CO4
   4. Pusa early bunching

1. Ginger rhizomes peeled and soaked in lime water is called as
   1. Garbled
   2. Bleached ginger
   3. Non garbled
   4. Unbleached ginger
2. Harvesting period of cardamom is
   1. October to November
   2. June to July
   3. December to January
   4. March to April
3. Which of following month is flowering period in black pepper
   1. July – August
   2. May – June
   3. November – December
   4. January – February

1. Mostly cultivated arecanut species is
   1. Areca catechu
   2. Areca triandra
   3. Both a and b
   4. None of these
2. Wonder nut is commonly known as
   1. Cashew nut
   2. Cocoa
   3. Coconut
   4. Arecanut
3. The following inflorescence type of cashew is
   1. Racemose
   2. Auxiliary
   3. Cymose
   4. Terminal panicle

1. Mostly cultivated arecanut species is
   1. Areca catechu
   2. Areca triandra
   3. Both a and b
   4. None of these
2. Wonder nut is commonly known as
   1. Cashew nut
   2. Cocoa
   3. Coconut
   4. Arecanut
3. The following inflorescence type of cashew is
   1. Racemose
   2. Auxiliary
   3. Cymose
   4. Terminal panicle

1. The following in meters for High Density Planting (HDP) which enhances the productivity of cashew
   1. 4 x 4
   2. 8 x 8
   3. 3 x 2
   4. 2 x2
2. Which of the following month for seed sowing of cocoa
   1. May – June
   2. December – January
   3. July – August
   4. February – March
3. The following week for seed germination in tea
   1. 2 – 3
   2. 8 – 10
   3. 4 – 6
   4. 1 – 2

1. The following hybrid of cocoa is a cross between CCRP 1 x CCRP 7
   1. CCRP 6
   2. CCRP 9
   3. CCRP 10
   4. CCRP 8
2. VHC-3 hybrid of coconut is developed by
   1. Aliyar
   2. Veppankulam
   3. Pattukottai
   4. TNAU, Coimbatore
3. Which one of the following varieties of coffee is multiple crosses
   1. Selection 2
   2. Selection 1
   3. Selection 4
   4. Selection 3

1. Which round of plucking done in tea plantation
   1. 10 – 15
   2. 20 – 25
   3. 45 – 50
   4. 30 – 40
2. The method of oil extraction from fresh coconut was developed by
   1. CFTRI
   2. IARI
   3. IIHR
   4. CPCRI
3. The fresh arecanut fruits are preserved in thick layer of made and this product referred to as
   1. Bura tamul
   2. Chali
   3. Clay preserving
   4. Mud preservation

1. The Following disease of cocoa is characterized by formation of water soaked lesions on pod either at tip or stalk
   1. Collectotrichum pod rot
   2. Withches broom
   3. Charcoal pod rot
   4. Blight
2. The following species of coffee is affected by white stem borer grown under inadequate shade
   1. Robusta
   2. Arabica
   3. Tree coffee
   4. both a and B
3. The following disease is major in arecanut
   1. Koleroga
   2. Fruit rot
   3. Mohali
   4. All of these

1. Atropa belladonna contains which alkaloids is
   1. 1-hyoscyamine
   2. N-methyl-puridine
   3. Atropine
   4. Pyridine
2. Withania somnifera is commonly known in english
   1. Belladonna
   2. Liquorice
   3. Blue cherry
   4. Winter cherry
3. Botanical name of black nightshade is
   1. Solanum tarvum
   2. Solanum xanthocarpum
   3. Solanum nigrum
   4. Solanum viarum

1. Liquorice is propagated by
   1. Seeds and stem cuttings
   2. Root cuttings and stem cuttings
   3. Seeds, root cuttings and stem cuttings
   4. Seeds alone
2. Belladonna plants will be ready for planting in main field when they attain a height of
   1. 15 – 20 cm after 8 – 12 weeks
   2. 15 – 20 cm after 2 – 4 weeks
   3. 4 – 8 cm after 8 – 12 weeks
   4. 40 – 45 cm after 8 – 12 weeks
3. The cinchona seeds germinate in ___ days after sowing
   1. 60 – 65
   2. 5 – 10
   3. 20 – 40
   4. 10 – 15

1. K-8 is a variety of
   1. Aloe
   2. Coleus
   3. Ashwagandha
   4. Buckwheat
2. The following variety is aloe vera
   1. CIM – Sheel
   2. CIM - Sheetel
   3. CIM – Jeevan
   4. CIM - Mithi
3. Haryana Mulhatti -1 is a variety of
   1. Fox Glove
   2. Long pepper
   3. Liquorice
   4. Safed musli

1. The average dry yield of gymnema is
   1. 2 – 3 kg/plant
   2. 5 – 6 kg/plant
   3. 20 – 25 kg/plant
   4. 10 – 12 kg/plant
2. Isabgol will be ready for harvest in
   1. 80 – 90 days
   2. 60 – 70days
   3. 140 – 150 days
   4. 110 – 130 days
3. The liquorice uprooting in the month of
   1. November – December
   2. February – March
   3. August – September
   4. June – July

1. The major disease of isabgol is
   1. Powdery mildew
   2. Leaf spot
   3. leaf blight
   4. Downey mildew
2. The damping off is a series disease in
   1. Ipecac
   2. Aloe
   3. Indian penny wart
   4. Glory lilly
3. The following medicinal plants is affected by termites causes a lot of damage to young plants
   1. Gymnema
   2. Glory lilly
   3. Henbane
   4. Liquorice

1. The botanical name of West Indian birch is
   1. Bursera simaruba
   2. Bursera serratea
   3. Bursera gumifera
   4. Bursera javanica
2. The following genus is commonly known as khus
   1. Cymbopogan
   2. Chrysopogan
   3. Ocimum
   4. Apium
3. Ceylon citronella indigenous to
   1. India
   2. China
   3. Central Africa
   4. Ceylon

1. Seed rate of celery is
   1. 0.5 kg/ha
   2. 2.5 kg/ha
   3. 0.25 kg/ha
   4. 1.5 kg/ha
2. Davana seedlings will be ready for transplanting
   1. 10 – 12 weeks after sowing
   2. 6 – 8 weeks after sowing
   3. 4 – 5 weeks after sowing
   4. 2 – 3 weeks after sowing
3. Bursera planting is done at a spacing of
   1. 2 m x 2 m
   2. 4 m x 4 m
   3. 6 m x 6 m
   4. 8 m x 8 m

1. Pick odd one out
   1. Nima
   2. Pragati
   3. Jeva 2
   4. Praman
2. The following type of vetiver is high in oil yield but its oil quality is inferior
   1. East Indian Type
   2. North Indian Type
   3. West Indian Type
   4. South Indian Type
3. Vaishnavi is a variety of
   1. Vetiver
   2. Lemongrass
   3. Palmarosa
   4. Patchouli

1. The economic part of bursera is
   1. Root
   2. Leaves
   3. Stem and root
   4. Berries
2. Oil yield of thyme is
   1. 62 kg /ha
   2. 21 kg /ha
   3. 35 kg /ha
   4. 11 kg /ha
3. The oil yield of anise is
   1. 15 kg/ha
   2. 5 kg/ha
   3. 25 kg/ha
   4. 50 kg/ha

1. The leaf roller is an important pest of
   1. Lemongrass
   2. Citronella
   3. Mint
   4. Bursera
2. The following aromatic plants is susceptible to powdery mildew
   1. Sacred basil
   2. Thyme
   3. Geranium
   4. Rosemary
3. Meloidogyne hapla is reported to affect
   1. Thyme
   2. Geranium
   3. Sage
   4. Lavender

Coconut is a tall un-branched palm growing to a height of 15-30 m. it has a stout trunkraising from the swollen base which is known as bole. It is surrounded by a mass of fibrous. The stem is terminating into a radiating crown of leaves. Leaves are known as fronds. Palm is monoecious produces one inflorescence is enclosed in a strong tough double sheath called as spathe. Fruit is known as drupe, large in size, one seeded, round, ovoid I shape and the fruit has smooth thin green skin known as exocarp below which there is a thick fibrous hook known as mesocarp. Tall varieties live up to 80 . 100 years and dwarf varieties are live up to 40 . 60 years. Tall varieties begin flowering 5-7 years after planting and dwarf varieties . 3 years after planting

1. The botanical fruit type of coconut is
   1. Drupe
   2. Hesperidium
   3. Berry
   4. Capsule
2. Palm inflorescence are ____
   1. Monoecious
   2. Male
   3. Dioecious
   4. Female