eChapters

This family of sub-class polypetalae is represented by only 5 genera and over 70 species. Members are cosmopolitan in distribution, except in very cold regions, and are favorite plants for garden pools. Plants are mostly ornamental, few are medicinal or edible. Flowers of water lily are variously coloured and open just above the water surface in ponds while that of crow lily (Nuphar) are golden yellow and extend up and out of the water in the pond. Nymphaea nouchali is the Indian red water-lily. Victoria regia is a native of South America. Genus Nymphaea attained wide spread fame as ornamentals in Europe and North America in the early 19th century. Word ‘Nympha’ in Greek and in Roman mythology means ‘Nature-goddess’. Nymphacine is an alkaloid present in all parts except seeds and contain 47% starch and fatty oils. Flowers are used as cardiac tonic to relieve pains and cures diseases of liver and skin and rhizomes are used in tannin industry, seeds for culinary purposes and leaves as dining plates. Dried rhizome powder is used to cure piles.
Among the few bulbous ornamentals which survive only in water, one of them is water lily. Water lilies constitute an important element in tropical aquatic ornamental horticulture because of their strikingly beautiful flowers with wide spectrum of colours. Its flowers are very formal in shape and rather more attractive than lotus. Many are fragrant and there is great variation even in size of the flowers and leaves. Unripe fruits of Nymphaea rubra are used as vegetables and flowering stalks as vegetables and salad. Rhizomes are used in tannin industry and seeds for culinary purposes. Leaves are used as dining plates. Nymphacine alkaloid is available in all parts of the plant except the seeds which are free from this alkaloid and contain 47 per cent starch and fatty oils. Rhizomes of N. stellata are edible and also used to relieve cardiac pains. Rhizomes of N. nouchali are used to cure dysentery and diarrhoea. The vegetable ‘kamal kakri’ is actually the rhizome of N. nouchali.

Obligate photoperiodism: Obligate photoperiod plants absolutely require a long or short day before flowering. If required photoperiod condition is not met they won’t flower. This phenomenon is called obligate photoperiodism.

Oleosome (Spherosome or oil body): Cell organelle bounded by a single membrane and contains triglycerides.

Oligohalophyte: A plant adapted to habitats of low salinity (0.04 to 0.4 MPa at field capacity; EC 1 to 10 dS/m).

Oligomycin: An antibiotic that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the activity of F₀F₁ ATP synthase.

Oligosaccharide: A molecule containing fewer number of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae): Eng.- Sweet Basil; Hindi- Ban tulsi; Kash.-Baber [RC]. A cultivated aromatic herb grown for its seed. Flowers showy, light blue, fragrant. Leaves used for flavouring purposes. Seeds used for preparing refreshing drinks/ sharbats.

Objective- oriented evaluation: The objective- oriented evaluation is the evaluation when it is designed to ascertain whether or not a programme or a service is achieving its objectives or goals.

Objective Methods: Objective Methods are used for evaluation of food quality. These are based on recognized standard scientific tests to any sample of the product without regard to its previous history. They represent the modern idea in quality control (QC) because the human element has been excluded. This method divided into three groups like physical, chemical and microbiological. The devices are used in this evaluation.

Obligate aerobes: These microbes grow only in the presence of oxygen (Plate 450).

Obligate anaerobes: These microbes do no grow in the presence of oxygen (Plate 450).

Obligate parasite: Obligate parasites is host specific and grows on living host only and attach limited range of host and are very difficult or impossible to grow on artificial culture/media.

Obligate thermophile: These microorganisms grow at a temperature between 38-80oC.

Oenology: Treatments used to prevent spoilage of wine is called oenology. It is synonym to that of enology.

Offal: It is the viscera and trimmings of a butchered animal removed in dressing of meat. It is by-product of slaughtering process.

Oat bran: Outer layer found under the hull of the oat grain which forms the milling fraction.
Oat fibre: Indigestible material derived from oat grains, consumption of which is reported to reduce serum cholesterol.
Oat flour: Flour ground from oats which their outer layers have been removed. It does not contain much gluten and must be combined with wheat flour to make a bread which rises. It is used as an ingredient in bakery products and snack foods.
Oat germ: The germ of the oat grain separated during the process of making oat flour. It is usually mixed with oat bran to a brown powder which can be used to make a thin porridge or added to other flours for use in bread making.
Oat oils: Oils extracted from oats which is highly unsaturated and containing high levels of linoleic acid.
Oatmeal: Coarsely ground or cracked dehusked oats separated by sieving into various particle sizes, usually fine, medium and coarse, but superfine and pinhead can be found
Oatrim: Fibre-rich fat substitute made from oat flour and oat bran which is used in bakery products, salad dressings, confectionery and dairy products.
Obesity: It is a condition in which the body’s weight is beyond the limit of skeletal and physical requirements due to excessive accumulation of fat. Possible causes include overeating, an inappropriate diet, genetic factors and metabolic disorders. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing a range of diseases, including adult onset diabetes, cardiovas cular diseases and certain types of cancer. In some cases, obesity can be reversed through measures such as adoption of a low-calorie diet, making changes to lifestyle or consuming functional foods designed for this purpose.

Oats originated in the Mediterranean region and from there it spread to most of the countries of the world like U.S.A., Russia, Canada, Poland, Australia, France and Germany.

1. Introduction

The demand for non-dairy based beverages in form of non-dairy milk is on rise due to several reasons. Firstly, the prevalence of lactose intolerance and milk allergy amongst a major percentage of population who cannot consume dairy milk and look for alternate source of proteins. The need for functional drinks is also a major factor which contributes to the increase in demand of milk-alternatives. It has also been reported that milk processors around the world face an uphill battle, including the dominance of private labels; consumer concerns over the presence of growth hormones in non-organic milk; fluctuations in commodity prices; supply shortages for organic milk; and growing consumer concern about the safety of animal products in general. With that long list of challenges, the market has had few growth opportunities even though consumers continue to prize milk for its nutritional benefits.

2. Need for Non-dairy Beverages

2.1 Prevalence of lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is estimated to affect 33 % of the global population, but the prevalence of the condition varies from country to country. It is also estimated that an average of 75 % of human adults have decreased intestinal lactase activity after weaning (NDDI, 2012).

Obesity in pets is a growing concern and can lead to several health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and decreased lifespan. Preventing obesity in dogs, cats, and horses requires a balanced dietary regimen, regular exercise, and monitoring of body weight. Here is a comprehensive guide to recommended dietary regimens and formulated diets, along with the proportion of ingredients suitable for each species.
Prevention of obesity in dogs
Dietary regimen
Caloric control
Dogs require a controlled-calorie diet to prevent excess weight gain. The number of calories should be adjusted based on the dog’s age, breed, activity level, and current body weight.
Meal frequency
Feeding dogs smaller, more frequent meals instead of free-feeding helps manage portion control and prevents overeating.
High fibre diet
Fibre promotes satiety without adding significant calories. Including adequate amounts of fibre helps prevent obesity.
Low-fat diet
High-fat diets can lead to quick weight gain. A diet lower in fat content but with sufficient essential fatty acids helps prevent obesity while maintaining overall health.

It is very important to watch weight, not allowing oneself to become too thin or too fat, but trying to remain neat ideal. Most youngsters in their teens, if they are healthy and active, are fairly close to the ideal weight for their size and age. Changes often come in the late twenties, reducing a person's physical fitness. Sluggish habits begin to develop as the individual loses his skill in running, swimming or healthy activities.

When greater quantities of energy (in the form of food) enter the body than are expended, the body weight increases. Therefore, obesity is caused by excess energy input over energy output. In other words, extra weight is due to extra eating. For each 9.3 Calories of excess energy that enters the body, one gram of fat is stored.

Excess energy input occurs only during the development phase of obesity. Once a person has become obese, all that is required to remain obese so that the energy input equals the energy output. For a person to reduce in weight, the input must be less than the output. People with large bones and well-developed muscles may seem somewhat overweigh compared with those of lighter build. But actually the lighter person may carry around more fat. His muscles may be weak and underdeveloped.

16.1 OOP in python

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model which organized object and data.

16.1.1 What is Encapsulation

If same variable is reapet in two different palce then which problem is solved using encapsulation it means one variable is making private otherwise program generate error.

16.1.2 Abstraction

Abstraction in Python is the process of hiding the real implementation of an application from the user and emphasizing only on usage of it. For example, consider you have bought a new electronic gadget. Along with the gadget, you get a user guide, instructing how to use the application, but this user guide has no info regarding the internal working of the gadget.

Another example is, when you use TV remote, you do not know how pressing a key in the remote changes the channel internally on the TV. You just know that pressing + volume key will increase the volume.

I. FILL UPS

1. The objectionable weed of paddy is _____.
2. The objectionable weed of sunflower is _____.
3. The objectionable weed of oat is _____.
4. The objectionable weed of napier grass _____

1. PRESENCE OF OBJECTIONABLE WEEDS

Objectionable weeds present in the seed crop of the respective species should be removed and destroyed before flowering. They should be verified during field inspection (Table 1). The maximum permitted limit of objectionable weed in seed crop is presented in table 2.

Many anesthetic drugs are available to immobilize the lab and wild animals. In wild animals, immobilizing agents are usually administered by intramuscular injection.

Common Anesthetic Agents used for Immobilizing Wild Animals

    1.    Ketamine
    2.    Telazol
    3.    Xylazine
    4.    Medetomidine
    5.    Carfentanil
    6.    Etorphine

Bandages
       Bandages are used to protect the wound and incisions, as well as support body parts.

       Bandages are also used to immobilize the limbs.

       Bandages are used to promote the wound healing process by :

        i.    Removal of dead and necrosed tissue from the wound (debridement).
        ii.    Application of topical antiseptics.
        iii.    Pressure to reduce the dead space, hemorrhage and edema.
        iv.    Preserving the hemostasis at the wound site.

General Description of An Animal
    1.    Age      
    2.    Sex                          
    3.    Body weight

The effects of anesthesia need to be monitored to prevent excessive insult to the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system. 

1. Evaluation of Central Nervous System (CNS)
       Observe reflex activity to monitor degree of CNS depression. 

    Eye reflexes
        i.    Palpebral reflex 
        ii.    Corneal reflex 
        iii.    Position of eye ball 
        iv.    Nystagmus
        v.    Lacrimation 
        vi.    Pupillary reflex

    1.    Molar tooth cutter :  It is used to cut the extra sharp molar tooth in large animals (Fig. 7.1).

General anaesthesia can be induced by parentral anaesthetics or by gaseous or inhalation anaesthetics. 

Apparatuses

    1.    Syringes : Disposable plastic syringes of different capacities e.g. 1ml, 2ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml and 50 ml.
 
    2.    Hypodermic needles : They are of different sizes e.g. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 gauze. They must be sharp with short bevel to reduce risk of transfixing the vein.
 
    3.    Catheters : They are used for constant infusion of drug or for administration of intermittent small doses of drug. 

These instruments are used for different surgical conditions of hoof.
 
    1.    Drawing knife: It is used to remove excess sole and trimming of horny tissue (Fig. 6.1). 
    2.    Hoof plane: it is used to plane the surface of the hoof. 

These instruments are used for surgery and need special care and attention for sterilization and storage.
 
    1.    Strabismus scissors : It is used for treating strabismus i.e. sectioning of affected muscle.
 
    2.    Me Guire corneal scissors : It is used for incising cornea
 
    3.    Graefe’s eye speculum : It is used for retraction of eyelids for examination of eye or for ophthalmic surgery.
 
    4.    Ziegler knife needle : It is used for separation of ocular tissues during ophthalmic surgery.
 
    5.    Iris hook : It is used for handling of Iris drug ophthalmic surgery.
 
    6.    Tenotomy scissors : It is used either for cutting the ocular ligament of eye or for removal of ocular sutures.
 
    7.    Dressing forceps : It is used for manipulation of eyelids, 3rd eye lid and other tissues of the eye.

These specialized instruments are used for operation of skeletal system. Common instruments are as follows :

    1.    Loman bone holding clamp : It is used for holding fractured bony ends with bone plates.
 
    2.    Bone plates : are used for rigid immobilization of fractured fragments. Bone plates are of difference shapes, sizes and with varying number of holes. These are of following types :
 
        a.    Dynamic compression plate.
        b.    Neutralization plate.
        c.    Shcrnab plate etc.
 
    3.    Bone screws : are either used to immobilize fractured fragments or to fix bone plates. They are of different sizes and classified in to cancellous and cortical types.

1.    Milking tube : It is used for milking the animal after udder or teat surgery. It can also be used for infusing intramammary medication through teat canal.
 
 2.    Teat plug : It is used to plug the teat in cases of leaky teats or trodden teats or following operation at teat sphincter. It can also be used for retaining medication in the teat canal.
 
 3.    Udder infusion tube : It is used for infusion of medication in the udder/teat.

 4.    Teat slitter with concealed blade : For cutting any growth inside the teat canal without injury to the teat.
 
 5.    Teat tumor extractor : It is used for removal of teat tumour or polyps from the teat canal. 

Operation theatre (OT) is a place where surgical operations are performed under the principle of aseptic surgery. An ideal operation theatre :
    Should be located near the work and intensive care areas of the hospital.

    Should be independent of general traffic. One way traffic flow is maintained to ensure sterility. 

    If possible, air within the OT should be under mild positive pressure so that when the surgery room opened, air flows out of rather than into the room.
 
    Floors, walls and ceilings should be constructed of impervious material that can easily be cleaned and disinfected.
 
    The lighting of the OT should entirely be dependent on artificial light.
 
    Room temperature should be about 70^ºF with a relative humidity of about 50% provides a better environment for the surgeon and patient.

Hemorrhage is a discharge of blood from the vascular system. Control of bleeding is of great importance because besides anesthetic problems the only disaster befalling the surgeon in the operating room is the result of hemorrhage.

Hemorrhage is Classified as
1. According to Source
Arterial : Blood is bright red and flows in spurts.
 
Venous : Blood is bluish red and flows freely. Capillary: Blood oozes under low pressure. 

    1.    Trocar and canula : It is used to remove the gas from the rumen during bloat. It should be inserted by sliding the skin through the left paralumbar fossa. (Fig. 18.1). Sliding of skin decreases the chances the formation of ruminal fistula after its removal.

    2.    Probang gag : It is made of a wooden piece with a hole in the middle and straps on either ends. Wooden block having the hole is fixed in the mouth and straps are fastened behind the horn at the poll. The probing is passed through the hole in to the stomach (Fig. 18.2).

Surgical pack : It is sterilized bundle containing the conventional surgical instruments and drapes etc. required for routine surgical operation.
 
Common surgical instruments: These instruments are used in routine general surgery and made up of stainless steel. Stainless steel not only has excellent strength but also resistant to corrosion. The general instruments are:

    1.    Towel clamp : It is used to hold the drape in position. It has pointed ends so that drape does not slipped away from the area of operation. Small amount of skin is grasped to secure the drape. It is of two types :

    a.    Backhause towel clamp
 
    b.    Cross action towel clamp

    2.    Bard Parker knife / scalpel (B.P. handle with blade) : Bard Parker knife is available as disposable knife. BP handle is available with changeable blades.

Preparation of Patient for General Anesthesia
    1.    Check for feeding status of animal : Dogs should be kept off feed and off water 8-12 hours ruminants 24-48 hours, and horses 12-24 hours before surgery.

        Advantages
    a.    To avoid vomition and choking.
    b.    To avoid respiratory distress due to pressure of full stomach on diaphragm. 
    c.    To avoid gastric rupture.
    d.    While restraining, there may abdominal rupture.
    e.    Prevent increase in BMR.
    2.    Complete blood count like PCV, Hb, DLC and blood chemistry should be undertaken. 

Restraining means use of strong force or chemical agents to prevent or suppress or to control the action of animal for clinical examination or for prevention of self-injury and for performing surgical interventions.
 
Restraining can be performed by:
    1.    Psychic persuasion 
    2.    Physical restraint 
    3.    Chemical restraint

Application of various methods of restraints is essential to carry out certain surgical procedures on animals. A particular method of restraint suitable for one animal may proves ineffective for another. Consider the temperament, Age, breed and individual characteristic of the animal as well as purpose of the restraint.

Catheters are hollow tubes made up of rubber, gum elastic, polyethylene or teflon or metal and are indicated.
 
    1.    To evacuate fluid from the body cavity.
 
    2.    To collect fluid sample from the hollow organ.
 
    3.    To administer medication inside a hollow organ.

1.Which one is the example of abiotic stress?

a.Drought

b.Salinity

c.Flood

d.All of these

2.Which one is the example of osmoticum?

a.NaCl

b.PEG

c.H₂O

9.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1 Which insect order is close related to Diptera?

a) Hymenoptera b) Orthoptera

c) Plecoptera d) Zygentoma

Fill in the Blanks

1.The highest amount of rain is received in India by _______ Monsoon

2.Country with largest irrigated area in the world is _______

3.The major source of irrigation water in Andhra Pradesh is _______

4.The annual water budget of India is about _______ million ha meters

5.Ultimate irrigation potential in India is _______ m. ha.

6.The portion of the total rainfall that is retained in the soil directly for evapotranspiration is _______ M ha m

7.The first irrigation commission was constituted in the year _______

This chapter deals with the objects used in R which contains the data in various formats. The data types used in R has also been mentioned in this chapter. The chapter also includes the functions used in R as the codes for accomplishing several jobs related to data analysis.

Unlike C language and Java, the variables in R are not declared as some data type. The variables are assigned with R object and the data type of R object becomes the data type of the variable. The commonly used R objects in R are vectors, lists, matrices, arrays, factors and data frames. The vector object is the simplest one and other R-objects are built upon the vectors. The different data types of these vectors are logical, numeric, integer, complex, character and raw. The objects in R are stored by the name of a variable and the data type of the object is determined by its content. To know the data type of a variable the class() function is used. The various data types are described as below:

t is the method of gathering the data by seeing, hearing and then recording the observation on the phenomenon/behavior of the respondent rather than the subjects’ self-reporting of the response.

This practical assignment is associated with visiting any two public/ private sector agricultural enterprises. This assignment provides a platform for the students to study structure, function and activities of the enterprise and gives an opportunity to analyses the same.

PURPOSE

 To help the students visit and observe directly the structure and activities of both public and private sector enterprises.

 To enable the students to find out the differences between the public and private sector enterprises with respect to certain aspects.

Observational study : Epidemiological study in situations where nature is allowed to take its course. Changes or differences in one characteristic are studied in relation to changes or differences in others, without the intervention of the investigator.

Odds ratio : A measure of association which quantifies the relationship between an exposure and health outcome from a comparative study; also known as the cross-product ratio.

OECD : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, a Paris-based club for industrialised countries and the best of the rest. It was formed in 1961, building on the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), which had been established under the marshall plan. By 2003, its membership had risen to 30countries, from an original 20. Together, oecd countries produce two-thirds of the world’s goods and services. The oecd provides a policy talking shop for governments. It produces forests-worth of documents discussing public policy ideas, as well as detailed empirical analysis. It also publishes reports on the economic performance of individual countries, which usually contain lots of valuable information even if they are rarely very critical of the policies implemented by a member government.

8.1. Major Obstacle to Nigeria Economic Growth

In Nigeria, high transport prices are rightly seen as a major obstacle to economic growth of the region. This has been documented in several studies. One of them (Amjadi and Yeats, 1995) even concluded that, in Nigeria, transport costs are a higher trade barrier than import tariffs and trade restrictions. In this paper, it is analyzed, identified and quantified the factors behind Nigeria’s high prices of road transport, with the purpose of helping policy-makers adopt appropriate actions to reduce transport prices to domestic and international trade. Before the presentation of the results, a distinction has to be made between logistics costs, transport prices, transport costs and vehicle operating costs in order to avoid the usual confusion. This distinction is useful because prices may or may not reflect transport cost:

Key Points

• Dystocia, uterine prolapse, obstetrics, and torsion of the uterus are among the common obstetrical issues in dairy animals.

• These reproductive abnormalities cause dairy farmers to suffer significant f inancial losses.

Introduction

Every instance of obstetrical complications needs to be handled right away. Along with taking the case history, a general clinical assessment and examination should be performed. Dystocia is one of the various obstetrical problems that is more common in cattle.

The ICAR / Agriculture Universities are playing key role in addressing the gender issues in agriculture as a whole through development of women friendly technologies, efficient extension system and technical backstopping because of the fact that women are the backbone of as nearly contribute 33% of agriculture workforce and silently adorning myriad roles in agriculture sector from home maker to cultivator and even entrepreneur. Traditionally, managing the home, nurturing and grooming children have been considered to be the primary responsibility of women. Besides attending the household chores, they attend to arduous agricultural operations like sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, threshing, agro processing in crop production and cutting and transportation of fodder, milking, cleaning of cattle shed and making of cow dung cakes in livestock rearing. The role of Indian rural women is increasing evidently due to migration of males to urban areas which is having profound and far-reaching effects.

Cancer remains a challenge because of its incurability and fatality.  Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in companion animals such as dogs and cats and is particularly common in animals that live 10 years or longer. Of all species, dogs develop neoplasm twice as frequently as humans, with incidence of skin and mammary tumours being the highest.

Data on incidence rates are relatively new development in the veterinary medicine. One of the major sources of various dog neoplasm incidence rates has been a population based animal tumour registry. Though, majority of epidemiological studies have been reported from various countries, in India knowledge about epidemiology of canine neoplasm is scant.

The breeds of animals are utilized for this study includes Spitz (12), German shepherd (7), Non descript (5), Doberman (2), Rottweiler (1), Labrador (1) and Pomeranian (2) (Total 30 clinical cases of CMT). The animals are weighed between seven to thirty nine kilograms. There are twenty three cases of non spayed and seven cases of spayed dogs. Out of thirty clinical cases of mammary tumour presented, 10 cases (33.33%) have multiple growths, and 20 cases (66.67 %) have solitary growths, pedunculated growth are 12, remaining eighteen growths are sessile. Ulcerated and inflamed are 36.67 % (11/30), and non infected are 63.33% (20/30).The surface of tumour is nodular in eight cases (4.18). Recurrence are recorded in 4 (13.33%) cases whereas, first time occurrence are 26 (86.67%).

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of fluoride more than permissible limit has been observed in ground water near Danishpet, Rajammannar Colony, Vayapurikombai, Melkombai, Umbilikampatty, Andikottai HC in Kadyampatty area, Salem district. Fluoride reaches to a maximum of 2.8 mg/l. Fluoride concentrations in ground water in various areas are as follows: Danishpet(2.0mg/l), Rajammannar Colony (2.8mg/l), Vayapurikombai (2.4 mg/l), Melkombai (2.4mg/l), Umbilikampatty (2.2 mg/l), and Andikottai HC (2 mg/l).. Granite gneiss and associated secondary vein filling minerals may be the source of high fluoride in ground water. The high concentration of Fluoride in ground water has led to human health hazard in the form of dental and skeletal deformation in the parts of Danishpet, Rajammar Colony, Vayapurikombai, Melkombai, Umbilikampatti and Andikottai HC villages.

Introduction

The initial information of marine litter in the oceans during 1970s drew minimal attention of the scientific community. (Carpenter et al., 1972; Carpenter and Smith, 1972; Coe and Rogers, 1996; Colton and Knapp, 1974). In recent years, with actual primary and secondary data on environmental and ecological consequences of marine and associated debris, this theme established an increased attention on research (Andrady, 2011).

15.1 Introduction

The oceans cover 71% of the earth’s surface and it acts a natural collector and store of solar energy. On an average day, 60 million sq. km. of tropical seas absorb an amount of solar radiation equivalent in heat content to about 245 billion barrels of oil, if this energy could be trapped, large scale renewable source becomes available especially for tropical countries. The energy available in the ocean is clean, continuous throughout the year and renewable.

Renewable energy contribution to the available energy resources is very important to the country as it is presently facing an energy resources crunch. Out of the total installed capacity of approximately 370.106 GW as on March 2020, Renewable Power Plants including hydro-electric plant contribute 35.86 % of total installed capacity. However, with the present increase in demand, more attention is required to extract the renewable sources so that at least 50 to 60 % share for the total energy requirement by the renewable energy sources.

There are various forms of ocean energy such as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), Wave Energy, Tidal Energy, Salinity Gradient Energy, Offshore Wind Energy, Marine Currents, Marine Biomass Conversion. Among these, the first three forms are likely to be technically viable for the future.

More recently Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India hasdeclared Ocean Energy as renewable energy, and clarified to all the stakeholders that energy produced using various forms of ocean energy such as tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion among others shall be considered as renewable energy.

MNRE reported that, the total identified potential of tidal energy is about 8000 - 9000 MW, with about 7000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat, about 1200 MW in Gulf of Kutch and less than 100 MW in Sundarbans. Primary estimates of wave energy potential along Indian coast are about 5 – 15 MW/m, so that theoretical estimates are around 40 – 60 GW. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) has a theoretical potential of 180,000 MW in India subject to suitable technological evolution. As of date, there is not any installed Ocean Energy capacity in India.

11.1 Introduction

More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean, the world’s largest solar energy collector and storage system. By utilizing only a small portion of this energy, we can meet all the energy needs around the world. As long as the sun shines and there are natural ocean currents, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) energy source is free, abundant, and continually replenished. It is estimated that 3 to 5 terawatts (1 terawatt is 1012 watts) of baseload power generation can be practically harvested without affecting ocean temperatures or the environment of the planet. this is about the twice the global demand for electricity. Oceans are therefore an abundant renewable resource, offering a sustainable method for the production of electricity in the future. 

In order to understand the generation of tides first we should understand the motions of earth with respect to sun and moon. Tides are affected by the orbit of the moon around the earth and, less so, by the earth around the sun. The orbital motion of earth with respect to sun and the orbital motion of moon with respect to earth are as shown in Fig.15.1.

Introduction

The immense use of chemicals and pharmacological entities has put the public health at brisk of potential health hazards. These substances in modern days are presented in the form of common constituents of food, medicines, beverages and junk foods etc. However, long term consumption of these substances might be responsible for chronic toxicity, but the accidental ingestion of large quantities of these substances may result into adverse acute toxic reactions. Hence an experimenter should have the acumen to develop and perform the acute toxic tests in order to find out the lethal dose 50 i.e. LD50 of the substances.

Acute Toxicity Studies

Acute toxicity studies helps to establish the dose dependent adverse effect including mortalities. The LD50 has been used as a major parameter in screening of pharmacological agents for acute toxic potential. Apart from mortality, other biological effects and the time of onset, duration and degree of recovery on survived animals, are also important in evaluation of acute toxicity. Hence, acute toxicity study solely gives information about LD50, therapeutic index and the degree of safety of a pharmacological agent.

Acute toxicity is defined as adverse effects occur following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a substance, or multiple doses given within 24 hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours. Oral administration is the most common form of acute systemic toxicity testing.

1. Introduction

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a popular seed spice crop, used for dual purpose seed and leaves both. Since ancient times, coriander leaves have been used in the production of many popular Asian and East European foods. It improves the taste and flavor of vegetable, chicken, fish, and meat dishes when combined with other kitchen herbs and spices. Blending of green coriander leaves with other spice crops is used to make chatni (paste) which is a good appetizer, flavour enhancer and rich source of medicinal properties of coriander. The green leaves of coriander are a rich source of minerals like calcium, phosphorus and iron as well as vitamin A, C, riboflavin and folic acid. Coriander is one of the few plants which can be termed both as herb and spice, the seeds being used as spices (coriander) and leaves are widely used as herbs (cilantro). The green leaves of this herb contain 160 mg/100 g vitamin C, 12 mg/100 g vitamin A and 87.9% moisture, 3.3% protein, 0.6% fat, 6.5% carbohydrates and 1.7% mineral matter