eChapters

Abstract

Mango pulp is high in prebiotic dietary fibers vitamin c, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins and dietary minerals. Mint leaves are known for its medicinal aromatic and flavorsome qualities. Mint act as powerful antioxidant, protecting the body against the formation of cancerous cells and is rich source of polyphenolic compounds. Tulsi also have antioxidant, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immune-enhancing properties. Honey is natural sweetener and has antiseptic and antibacterial properties. Medicinally, honey is non irritant promote rapid growth of healthy tissue and is useful in purities value, bed spores, skin and intestinal disorder, etc. Keeping in mind the beneficial effects of these raw materials, attempt was made to prepare value added drink from it, which may have medicinal value and good sensory acceptability with objective to prepare and evaluate the recipe for value added green mango-mint-tulsi beverage and to study the shelf life of the developed value added beverage. The formulation prepared with partial substitution of honey was more acceptable. Throughout the storage period, the squash prepared with honey scored more in flavor, taste, mouth-feel and overall acceptability than without honey. The cost of production without including labour, bottling and other overhead charges came out to be Rs. 34.5/L for squash without honey and Rs. 59.0/L for squash without honey.

Abstract

A functional food is defined as food that provides health benefit beyond the basic nutrition. Such foods reduce risk of high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer and dental caries. Consumers’ increasing interest for maintaining or improving their health by eating specific food items has led to the development of many new functional foods including dairy products. These functional dairy foods contain some functional ingredients that decrease the absorption of cholesterol, reduce blood pressure and play role in regulation of satiety and have antimicrobial effects. Milk is a good source of fat, protein and minerals. It also contains several intrinsic functional components like melatonin, conjugated linoleic acid etc. in amounts lower than the body requirements. Fermented dairy products contain probiotics with special health benefits. Functional dairy foods could be produced with the addition and/or generation of functional components. Some examples include milk, yogurts and cheese enriched with conjugated linoleic acid or plant stanols/sterols to help reduce the risk of heart disease. Fermented dairy foods possess various nutritional and therapeutic properties. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a major role in determining the positive health effects of fermented milks and related products. Dairy products with probiotics and prebiotics enhance digestive health, prevent colon cancer, help in lowering blood pressure and improve immune functions. Melatonin is important in curing of sleep disturbance and enhancement of alertness. Milk derived peptides have immunological, antimicrobial, ACE-inhibitory activity/antihypertensive, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant activity. The aspects of functional dairy foods will be presented in detail.

ABSTRACT

Hyperspectral image reduction processes use only information drawn from knowledge related to the surface reflectance properties. The chemical composition and crystal structure control the shape of spectral curve, position and amplitude of absorption bands. Spectral database provide a source of reference spectra useful in classification of hyperspectral images.

An attempt has been made to put all such available data on a structured database for easy access and visualization. A Web-based interface for reference spectra of natural surfaces facilitates data sharing and increases access to reference material for classification.

1. INTRODUCTION

Hyperspectral imaging refers to the imaging of a scene over a large number of discrete, narrow contiguous spectral bands in the visible through thermal infrared portion of the spectrum. Thus it is possible to construct a complete reflectance spectrum of every pixel in the scene.

Field spectroscopy is a nondestructive way to collect information on natural resources and is becoming a common exercise in remote sensing field campaigns. Specific absorption features of reflectance spectrum can be used to identify a number of important rock forming minerals, and have been used by geologists for geologic mapping and studies of volcanoes. Spectral database provide a source of reference spectra useful in classification of hyperspectral images.

Successful designing of new gardens needs proper planning besides consideration of several things like type of garden, purpose, theme, users etc. The next phase is examining all necessary physical inputs and assessing feasibility of developing the particular type of garden. Advantages and disadvantages of the site are also to be considered before finally deciding the kind of garden to be developed. Every type of garden has a set of requirements and one has to evaluate critically all those things in detail, once the conceptualization is over.

Before taking up planning, the designer or the landscape architect should consider following basic points.

In natural condition primary soil particles cohere to each other to form a cluster or an aggregate through the cementing action of various agents like organic matter, carbonates, oxides of iron and aluminium, etc. Aggregate analysis tells one about the structural status, pore geometry which in turn influences the movement of air and water in soil, amount of water stable secondary particles (aggregate) as well as the extent of finer particles aggregated to the coarser particles and the erodibility status of surface soil against wind and water.

Soil consistency is a term used to designate the manifestation of different physical forces acting within the soil at various moisture levels. The consistency limits, also known as ‘Atterberg Limits’ (Atterberg, 1911; 12) are defined by the water content of the soil to create specified degree of consistency. These limits are – (i) Liquid limit or upper plastic limit, (ii) Plastic limit or lower plastic limit and (iii) Sticky limit.

8.1 Determination of Liquid Limit or Upper Plastic Limit

Equipments and Materials

Liquid limit device (Casagrande, 1932) and accessories, spatula, dish, oven, moisture box, balance, desiccator

Temperature is a fundamental property of usually used to characterize the thermal condition of a system. The growth of any biological system is optimal within certain ranges of temperature and inhibited or ceased beyond this boundary. In addition to plant growth, the significance of temperature on agriculture can be ascertained by its role on physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in soil. Therefore, to study these soil properties intensively measurement of soil temperature is essential.

10.1 Measurement of Soil Temperature

Temperature of any system cannot be directly measured. It can only be estimated by its influence on some properties (thermometric properties) which respond to the variation in the intensity of heat of that system. These thermometric properties include volume, pressure, length, electrical resistance, thermal emf of the matter. Instruments built to take the advantage of any of these thermometric properties of the matter are called thermometer.

11.1 Determination of Penetrability of Soil

Penetrability of a soil is usually assessed by the penetration resistance, which a measure of soil strength and thereby the soil compaction. Penetration resistance is the capacity of the soil in its confined state to resist penetration by a rigid object. Besides soil strength, the penetration resistance also depends on the size, shape and orientation of the axis of the penetrating probe. The penetrating probe may be a finger, pencil, stick, root or any specially designed object having a specified geometric shape and a device to measure the resistance as it is pushed into the soil.

Soil penetrability is intimately related to agriculture because of its adverse impact on draught requirement during ploughing, root development and crop yield, to civil engineering due to its relation to settlement, stability and ground water flow.

Soil penetrability is a measure of the ease with which an object can be pushed or driven into the soil. Any device designed to measure the resistance to penetration may be called penetrometer. There are several types of penetrometers: (i) pocket penetrometer, (ii) proctor penetrometer, (iii) cone penetrometer, and (iv) split-spoon penetrometer. Here, we will discuss about two most commonly used penetrometers viz. pocket penetrometer and cone penetrometer used for agricultural purposes.

26.1 Plant Available Fraction of Nickel, Cadmium, Lead and Chromium

The DTPA method was originally developed to extract Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn from slightly acidic to alkaline soils (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978), but in some cases it can be used for other metals also, such as Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr). Among them Ni is considered as an essential micronutrient. The DTPA is used to extract soil metals by forming chelates with free metals in solution, which lowers their ionic activities so that additional quantities of metal are released from the soil colloids until equilibrium is attained. Triehanolamine (TEA) is used to buffer the extracting solution at pH 7.3 in an attempt to optimize the extraction of various metals. Calcium chloride is included in the extracting solution to minimize dissolution of CaCO₃.

Cereals and pulses are the staple food in India, thus it has to be stored by producers in their homes and by traders and government agencies. Variations in the season i.e., warm and high humidity weather is highly conducive to proper development and rapid multiplication of storage insect pests. Almost all insect pests of stored grains have a remarkably high rate of multiplication and within one season, they may destroy 9-10% of the grains and contaminate the rest with undesirable odors and flavors. The type of insects infesting grains vary and include weevils, moths and beetles. Apart from this it is necessary to control or kill egg, larval, pupal and adult stages of the insect. After proper cleaning and drying the produce is stored where damage can be caused due to cross-infestation or infestation already left in the produce. Grains are stored in different types of receptacles and to protect it, different protectants are being used since from the early days. The success in the use of these protectants (organic, inorganic or inert) depends upon the effect on the grain, killing of the insects, practicability, period of storage and lastly the physical and chemical state of treated seeds.

1. Inert dusts

Inert dusts are fine powders chemically inactive but cause considerable insecticidal activity by mechanical abrassing and physical absorption of moisture proofing layers of insect integument. The use of inert dust was initiated sometimes during World War II. Some common inert dusts are ashes, clays, gypsum, lime, magnesite, Nakki, silica, talk, phosphates, diatomaceous earth. It was reported that though most of the dust proved effective and convenient to use but it is difficult to remove it and clean as it goes inside the infested and damaged grains. The dust can only kill larvae and adults moving in between the grains. Once any stage of insects entered inside the grain, it is beyond the reach of the dust.

Bearing: Bearing is connotation of flowering and fruiting.

Bearing habit: The position of f lower bud with respect to vegetative growth of the plant after the cessation of juvenility. Different fruit plants have different habits.

Depending upon position of fruit bud, fruit trees may be categorized as under:

1. Shoot flowering: Terminal flowering: Banana, Pineapple, Mango, Litchi, Avocado Lateral flowering: Coconut, Papaya, Guava, Orange, Ber, Passion fruit, Bread fruit
2. Stem /Branch bearing: It also known as caulifluorous bearing habit. In this habit, flower and fruit appear directly from the main stem or branch. Example: Jackfruit, Cocoa, Durian,
3. Spur bearing: It is a shot stubby shoot of more than one year age which bears fruit bud in many fruit plants. Example: Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Grape, Apricot etc

I. CHALLENGES TO CYBERSPACE

The problems and prospects of copyright and information technology need to be deliberated in the context of present day jurisprudence. The subject is referable to the extensive use of information technology all over the world which has resulted in enhanced efficiency, effectiveness and optimum use of resources. The copyright law is concerned with the negative right of preventing copying of the physical material in the field of literature and arts. Trade and Merchandise Marks Act protects the patent, trade mark and design giving the registered proprietor an exclusive right to the registered material. The prohibition contained in rights in patent and copyright extend to the unauthorised manufacture or reproduction, so long as the exclusive right rests. Copyright has been held to be not the mere creature of the statute but a natural and civil right. The moral basis of the copyright is that the man is entitled to the fruits of its mental faculties as much as he is entitled to the fruits of his mechanical labour. The law rests on the English Commandment - thou shall not steal. It does not permit one man to make a profit and appropriate himself what has been produced by the labour, skill and capital of another. Blackstone in his commentaries Vol.II at page p.406 has stated:

There is still another aspect of property and this is the right which an author may be supposed to have in his own original literary compositions: so that no other person without his leave may publish or make profit of the copies. When a man by the exertion of his rational powers has produced an original work, he seems to have clearly a right to dispose of that identical work as he pleases and any attempt to vary the disposition he has made to it appears to be an invasion of that right.

Telemedicine is a rapidly developing application of clinical medicine wherein medical information is transferred via telephone, the Internet or other networks for the purpose of consulting, and sometimes remote medical procedures or examinations. Telemedicine may be as simple as two health professionals discussing a case over the telephone, or as complex as using satellite technology and video-conferencing equipment to conduct a real-time consultation between medical specialists in two different countries. Telemedicine generally refers to the use of communications and information technologies for the delivery of clinical care.

Care at a distance (also called in absentia care), is an old practice which was often conducted via post; there has been a long and successful history of in absentia health care, which, thanks to modern communication technology, has metamorphosed into what we now know as modern telemedicine.

The terms e-health and tele-health are at times wrongly interchanged with telemedicine. Like the terms “medicine” and “health care”, telemedicine often refers only to the provision of clinical services while the term tele-health can refer to clinical and non-clinical services such as medical education, administration, and research. The term e-health is often, particularly in the UK and Europe, used as an umbrella term that includes tele-health, electronic medical records, and other components of health IT.

A nimal disease monitoring describes the ongoing efforts directed at assessing the health and disease status of a given population. The disease can be a specific infectious disease/diseases or health in general, whereas the monitoring activities are the routine recording, analyses and distribution of information related to the disease (or health). The term disease surveillance is used to describe a more active system and implies that some form of directed action will be taken if the data indicates a disease level above a certain threshold.

In today’s click-and-access kind of world, Information Technology is finding applications in every field and animal disease monitoring & surveillance is no exception. The various technologies which are applied are Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning System, database management, computer aided design (CAD), computer network technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems etc.

Starting from the middle of the 20^th Century, information has become a commodity. Those best able to access information will be more successful than their peers in their future careers. Technological competence will be as important as medical competence to practice at the highest levels. Advances in computer technology have made access to veterinary and medical databases much simpler than in the past. It is quite likely that in the future, it will be a malpractice for practitioners not to access online information essential to the treatment of their patients. Wireless digital transfer of information will make access to necessary information independent of time and place.

Veterinary medicine and educational delivery are becoming an increasingly international market. Those who are prepared to deliver material in this manner will have a competitive advantage. Use of digital technologies will allow veterinary colleges to share information, including class material, more efficiently. This will enable each college to market specific educational information for students at other veterinary colleges or continuing education modules to graduate veterinarians around the world. On-line certificate programmes in specific veterinary topics will be developed. Use of computer technologies can enrich the teaching environment. By digitizing library, classroom, and laboratory visual images, students can access these materials at any time or place, freeing them from library and classroom schedules. Medical colleges have found that students heavily use these image resources. Computer technologies provide both horizontal and vertical integration of the professional curriculum, allowing students to explore information to the depth at which they are comfortable, without regard to their “year of study” in a traditional “linear” curriculum. Allowing students to see future applications of current learning material provides additional incentive to master basic material. Computers are a tool, just like a textbook, notebook, or calculator.

Computers take on an increasingly important role in today’s world. In this regard, their utility as tools for imparting high quality professional knowledge to veterinarians is much needed. e-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes, including computer-based learning, web-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital collaboration. The delivery of content could be via electronic media, including the internet, intranets, extranets, satellite broadcast, audio/video tape, TV and CD-ROM. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the form of on-line teaching, face-to face video-cases and video-performances has recently been applied in the veterinary profession all over the world. ‘m-learning’ is the new buzz word almost indicating learning “anywhere” using mobile phones and Bluetooth or WiFi technologies. However, in the veterinary profession, connectivity is an issue as high quality network service is lacking in most remote areas. Some other terms frequently interchanged with e-learning are online learning, online education, distance education, distance learning, technology-based training, web-based training and even computer-based training (generally thought of as learning from a CD-ROM). e-learning is a broad term used to describe learning done at a computer.

Climate change in particular global warming affect the health of the animals both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include temperature associated diseases like heat stroke and death and morbidity of animals during extreme weather conditions. Indirect effects include those deriving from attempt to adapt to changing environment or influence of climate on microbial populations, distribution of vector borne diseases, host resistance to infectious agents, feed and water shortages or food borne diseases. Among infectious diseases vector borne diseases and diseases caused by agents who have a stage in the environment are more likely to be affected than other diseases. The assessment of impact of climate change on animal diseases is challenging because there are several factors affecting the disease dynamics. But once the risk of potential diseases and their transmission routes are identified, the disease forecasts can be generated and control measures can be implemented to reduce the risk of such diseases.

3.1 Introduction

Different types of farm ponds with their characteristics features are discussed in this Chapter. It is observed that farm ponds can be constructed at different sites starting from the plain areas with relatively flat slopes to valley terrain having steep slopes. The choice of a particular type of pond largely depends on the kind of water supply available and on the existing topography of the site selected. In general for valleys with bottom width less than 100 m, barrage ponds may work well whereas valleys with bottom width more than 100 m, diversion ponds find suitable.

3.2 Collection of Basic Information

Basic information on different data relating to the soil, climate, plant, topography, groundwater table, catchment characteristics, and livestock populations are to be collected for the area where pond has to be constructed. Estimation of water supply from different sources and water demand form the pond for various purposes are to be done and a pond water balance study needs to be done before designing a pond in a particular place.

Our exposure to wide variety of chemicals has increased markedly in the recent past. Most of these compounds are mutagenic as well as potential carcinogens. Emphasis is being laid to develop method for detection of environmental carcinogens so that their use can be avoided.

Despite the fact that mammalian cell structure and human enzymatic pathways differ from those in bacteria, the chemical nature of DNA is common to all organisms; this permits the use of bacterial test systems for rapid detection of possible mutagens.

The Ames test which was developed by Bruce Ames in 1970, at the University of California, U.S.A. is a mutational reversion assay employing several special strains of Salmonella typhimurium, each of which has a different mutation in the amino acid histidine biosynthesis operon.

S. typhimurium, the indicator organism, used in this test is the mutant strain that cannot synthesize histidine (His^-), lack the enzyme to repair DNA so that mutation shows up readily and has leaky cell wall that permit the rapid entry of chemicals. In addition, this S. typhimurium strain carries mutation enhanced plasmid, the combined effect of these characters increase the sensitivity of the organism to mutagenic treatments.

Viruses are smaller than bacteria and require living cell for their growth. They can be detected through the bacteria to which they parasitise. Viruses are associated with both eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes and contain either DNA or RNA; only few have both DNA and RNA.

Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage. They consist of head or capsid and a tail. The head may be round, oval, polyhedral and is made up of proteins while tail is hollow and provides an exit for nucleic acid to enter in bacterial cell. The tail also helps in attachment to the cell wall surface of bacteria. After injection of the nucleic acid into bacteria they multiply and form large number of bacteriophage particles which cause lysis of the bacterial cell wall releasing many bacteriophages. Phages that cause lysis are known as lytic phages and that do not cause lysis are called temperate phage. The most common lytic phage is E.coli – a coliphage.

Abstract

Patent infringement is the act of unauthorized making, using, offering for sale or selling any patented invention within the India. In case of patent infringement it is necessary for the patentee to compare the claims granted to him with the allegedly infringing product an check whether there is an infringement – whether the infringing product falls within the scope of the claims of the patent. In such a case the patentee may sue for relief in an appropriate court. The patentee may ask for permanent injunction and damages on account of the infringement. It is the crusade of the inventor asserting his rights against an infringer and the law recognizes the importance of this right; because, without such positive and assertive rights, industrial progress would be hard to come by

Abstract

Patent is a monopoly right which is granted by the Government to the applicant for the full disclosure of an ‘invention’ which is ‘new’, ‘inventive’ and ‘industrially applicable’. Thus, before filing a patent application, the inventor must be sure that the work done by him is new and inventive. Further, during the examination of the patent application, it is required to be verified that the invention claimed in the disclosure/specification is new, inventive and industrially applicable. Since the search for the ‘Novelty’ of the invention is carried worldwide, it becomes all the more important for the inventor and the examiners to search for the prior art thoroughly. Searching for the prior art (i.e. state of the art) across the globe in around millions of documents both patents and non-patent documents, is like ‘searching a needle in the haystack’. However, by using proper keywords and classification techniques, it is possible to arrive at the closest prior art available. Each patent application is classified by the Indian Patent Office and thus attributed to one or several fields of technology. The classification scheme applied is the International Patent Classification (IPC).

Abstract

Describes the genesis, organization and Internet representation of International Patent Classification (IPC). Provides the outline of seventh edition and useful URLs related to it.

Keywords: International Patent Classification, Patent Classification, Classification, Internet representation

Introduction

The International Patent Classification, commonly known as the IPC, is based on an international multi-lateral treaty administered by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). This treaty is called the Strasbourg Agreement concerning the IPC, which was concluded in 1971 and came into force on October 7, 1975. The Agreement aimed to overcome the difficulties caused by using diverse national patent classification system. The common classification system defined by the Agreement is applied to patent and utility model documents. The Agreement is open to States party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

Keeping in view the importance of intellectual property rights and their protection, Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (JIPR) was started in 1996. The objective of the journal is enhancing communication between policy makers, organizational agents, academics, and managers on the critical understanding and research on intellectual property; and to promote the development of the newly cultivated research field. The journal publishes contributed/invited articles, case studies and patent reviews; technical notes on current IPR issues; literature review; world literature on IPR; national and international IPR news, book reviews, and conference reports.

JIPR is covered in the abstracting/ indexing services namely Scopus, EBSCO host Electronic Journals Service, Directory of Open Access Journal, Library & Information Science Abstracts database and Legal information Institute of India database.

Today, organic and local foods are preferred as they use less pesticides or fertilizers. However, these foods, like others, can be exposed to harmful bacteria during the growing and harvesting process. The farmers and distributors must use good sanitary practices to minimize food contamination. Consumers should cook food properly. The street food vendors are a traditional and indigenous fast food approaching in most countries of the South-East Asia Region. As these are economical they cater to millions of consumers. Among safe street foods there are many contributing factors that are associated with the safety of street food. WHO had conducted a survey in 1993 covering 100 street foods in 100 countries around the world. It revealed that the major health threat comes from raw and undercooked food, infected food handlers and inadequate hygiene practices in processing and storing such food. If the street food is cooked well and is served hot, then the chances of food poisoning is less. The water quality, hygienic conditions and the level of cleanliness especially in the summer season are the major factors for food poisoning. However improvements in physical infrastructure and hygienic conditions are growing as consumers are also demanding quality food. Michael et al., (2017) have looked into organic versus conventional foods.

When certain disease-causing bacteria or pathogens contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness, often called “food poisoning”. Foods that are contaminated may not look, taste or smell any different from foods that are safe to eat. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria and Escherichia coli are common bacteria causing foodborne illness. Some foodborne illnesses are mild where most people get better within a few days, but illness can sometimes be more severe and fatal. Bacillus cereus can form heat resistant spores. On cooking the food with these spores the heat resistant toxin is left at room temperature. Reheating or lightly cooking the food does not destroy these toxins. Most types of foodborne illnesses cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps. Fever and/or the presence of blood or mucus in the stool are signs of bacterial infection that may require a medical consultation. Proper food handling is vital to prevent most foodborne illnesses and diseases. WHO has given keys towards safer food which should be followed. Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances, causes more than 200 diseases which range from diarrhoea to cancers. Foodborne and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases kill around 2 million people worldwide annually, including many children. A single foodborne bacterium can grow into more than two million bacteria in just seven hours under the right conditions. Foodborne pathogen called Listeria sp. can survive and sometimes grow on foods being stored in the refrigerator. Hepatitis A virus can cause long-lasting liver disease and spreads typically through raw or undercooked seafood or contaminated raw produce. It is estimated that more than 250 million people worldwide suffer food allergies. The boiling temperature (smoke point) of cooking oil is above 200 °C. The boiling point of water is 100 °C.

According to the World Health Day (WHO,2015) food contamination happens when food are corrupted with another substance. It can happen during the process of production, transportation, packaging, storage, sales and cooking process. The contamination can be physical, chemical and biological. Faulde et al., (2013) studied the infection caused to patients by mothfly

6.1 Preparing for Negotiation

Introduction

When people hear the word Negotiation, they picture board meetings, lawsuits and favorable deal-makers sipping tea in a conference room. They are pictured being dressed in their expensive suits and handing dossiers to each other. In reality, we negotiate all the time. If we have to sight a negotiation, all you have to do is lift the window-pane and look out. For instance, have you ever decided where to dine with friends, or decided upon a leave and talked it out with your supervisor, or argued with your senior for a hike? These are all some common examples in our daily routine.

10.1 Leading Self and Other

Leading up

In order to develop the ability to be a good Leader, people must learn to lead up with their leader, lead across with colleagues, and lead down with followers. Each of these skills draws on different principles. Leading up is the process of influencing a leader. The principles of leading up greatly increase the chance for success.

11.1 Time Management

One of the greatest assets business can have is an employee who uses his or her time to its fullest potential. Time is something that we can lose and never get back. People are always wishing they had more hours available in the day. The solution to this common problem is easier than one might realize. With a few minor adjustments in how to utilize time, people can change how to manage time. Proper time management can change life on a fundamental basis for the better.

Time management is not an instinct and instead, must be learned. . Using time wisely allows a person to complete tasks in an allotted time period, take on additional work, or spend more time with family. There are many things in an office environment that prevent effective time use.

Interruptions are time-wasters, especially since items one may consider urgent are not necessarily important. There is no way to pre plan the time and duration of an interruption, which may cause a loss of train-of-thought, difficulty concentrating, or complete memory lapse. Although it is difficult to avoid interruptions, there are methods for limiting their duration and impact the schedule.

Time is not like other resources which can be stored and used in the future, Time is a very special resource that you cannot be stored or saved for later use. Everyone has the exact same amount of time each day. Time not well used cannot be retrieved. Most people, feel like they have too much to do and not enough time. They blame lack of time for their poor finances, stress, bad relationships, and for not exercising their body.

Wise time management can help people find the time for what one desire, and for what they need to do. People need time to get what they want in life. If they wait for extra time to appear, they might lose the game of life. Through right time management, they can “create” the time they need, and not just wait for it to come. By planning time wisely, they will have more time to do more things.

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants (phyto means “plant” in Greek). Some are responsible for color and other organoleptic properties, such as the deep purple of blueberries and the smell of garlic. The term is generally used to refer to those chemicals that may have biological significance, for example antioxidants, but are not established as essential nutrients. Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 10,000 different phytochemicals having the potential to affect diseases such as cancer, stroke or metabolic syndrome. The potential of the phytochemicals have large scale pharmacological and biological activities such as antioxidant constituents (hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acid and flavonoids) of the plant materials for the care of health and protection from coronary heart diseases, cancer, anti-carcinogenic and anti-mutagenic effects. Varieties of herbaceous vegetables are protective against various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. These herbaceous plants and species are harmless sources for obtaining natural antioxidants. Antioxidant constituents can delay or inhibit the oxidation of lipids and other compounds by inhibiting the propagation of oxidation chain reaction (Hussain et al., 2011)

Primarily, antioxidant effect is due to phenolic compounds such as phenolic acid, flavonoids and phenolic diterpenes and their mode of action for antioxidant compounds is due to its redox reaction properties which can absorb and neutralize free radicals by quenching singlet and triplet oxygen. Vitamins are organic substances necessary for metabolism. Human diet does not always contain the required amount of vitamins for the normal growth and maintenance of the body function and as such cannot produce enough quantity for their body metabolism, so it can be obtained from fruits, vegetables and foods. Deficiency of vitamins can cause serious human health diseases and sometimes, very small concentrations are required for maintenance of good human health.

ABSTRACT

The Cretaceous formation of Ariyalur area is well known for its lithological and faunal variation. It contains rich assemblages of fossils as well as the occurrence of economic deposits of limestone, gypsum, phosphatic nodules and clays. Representative Uttatur clay samples have been collected and analysed for physical and chemical properties. The physical properties such as fired colour, plasticity, fusing temperature, slaging nature, shrinkage test, bulk density, liquid limit, and plastic limit and Atterberg number etc. of uttatur clays have been determined. The chemical properties of the clays show low in silica and alumina and high iron and lime which make them suitable for low duty refractories and stoneware works.

ABSTRACT

The coastal zone is environmentally sensitive and economically valuable, which has great attention from researchers especially from geoscientists. Coastal zone has great threat from pollution and natural calamities like cyclones, flood and tsunami. Natural calamity is a frequent phenomenon over coast. Therefore, it is very essential to monitor the changes over coastal ecosystem and geomorphic features like beach, shoreline and sand dunes. In this case, one of the basic requirements in managing and monitoring these features is the topographic data. The recently emerged technique of Airborne Altimetric LiDAR provides accurate topographic data. It is in preparatory stage in India. By this technique, we can collect the data at high speed when disaster happens. This paper attempts to provide a general overview of the role of LiDAR in coastal management.

ABSTRACT

In order to assess the baseline environmental status in the PTK mines the comprehensive primary data collection / survey programme was undertaken during the period i.e. from April 2003 to June 2003. The environmental monitoring for ambient air quality, water quality, soil quality, noise levels, dust fall, traffic density, meteorology of the study area, etc was carried out. Detailed satellite image interpretation was carried out and thematic maps of the study area were prepared by visual interpretation using tone, texture variations from IRS –IC LISS-III – False Color Composite geo coded images. Digital image processing techniques (supervised classification) were used to classify land use, geology, geomorphology, and drainage pattern/ watersheds and soil cover of the study area. Detailed flora and fauna study was carried out in the study area comprising of core and buffer zones for identification of existing species. The description of baseline environment in the study area is given below.

Abstract

There are two distinct types of oscillations in global oceans, separated in their frequencies by the period of the pendulum day. One species is the gravity waves and the other is the rotational waves, associated with earth’s rotation. Both these species can be found in tidal records around islands as well as near coastlines. These two types of modes are usually found in the tsunami records on tide gauges. The tide gauge records as well as visual descriptions of the water levels during and after the occurrence of a tsunami clearly show the presence of these oscillations. During the tsunami of 26th December 2004 in the Indian Ocean, media reports suggested high water levels persisted around the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for several days. These persistent high water levels can be explained by invoking the existence of trapped and partially leaky modes on the shelves surrounding these islands.

Keywords: Oscillations in global waves, Tsunami (2004), Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Abstract

The major subduction of the Indian plate and the related high magnitude earthquake (>9M) occurred in Sumatra region, triggered a major tsunami on 26, Dec 2004 which caused massive disasters in many coastal regions of South Asian countries including India, killing tens of thousands of life and causing property loss of several million rupees. Duly realizing the credentials of Geospatial / Geomatics technology and the expertise of NRDMS, an all India coordinated programme was conceived by NRDMS on tsunami disaster assessment and got it executed through six specialized institutions working on geomatics technology in the country. In the programme, the tsunami disaster in terms of natural, physical and human resources were assessed using geomatics technology and village wise digital databases were generated which will form a potential baseline information in coastal area.

Keywords: Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, DST Initiatives, Disaster Assessment, Mitigation.

Abstract

Though people belonging to different disciplines from the common citizen to top level administrators are familiar with cyclones, floods, earthquakes, landslides, droughts, etc., the tsunami which struck and devastated over 1000 km long Tamil Nadu coast was not only unexpected but also an unknown phenomenon for the people of this part of the region. The Government of Tamil Nadu, though faced with this disaster for the first time, has efficiently managed the crisis owing to clear policy directions from the top political executive of the government, the planned working of the ministers, the committed service rendered by the senior officials and the tireless efforts of district collectors and their supporting staff down the line. The immediate measures taken in search, rescue and relief operations are detailed in this paper. Also covered are the rehabilitation measures undertaken including those for orphaned children and unmarried girls and the steps adopted for the prevention of epidemics.

Keywords: Tsunami Disaster, State Administration, Relief and Rehabilitation, Tamil Nadu.

INTRODUCTION

India is traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been occurring regularly in some part of the country or the other. In Tamil Nadu, the unprecedented drought in 2002-03, followed by another drought of comparatively less severity in 2003-04 and the floods in the northern coastal districts in October-November, 2004 had kept the State machinery on constant alert. But the tsunami that struck the coastal districts on 26^th December, 2004 was an altogether new and nightmarish experience. It was a disaster, the like of which, had not been seen before. The suddenness and the ferocity with which the waves gushed into the habitations along the 1076 km long coast line, taking the people totally unaware, caused unprecedented damage, death and destruction and posed the greatest challenge to the State administration. However, the state faced the challenge successfully, thanks to the vision and commitment shown by the Government and the timely help rendered by a number of non-governmental organisations and groups.

Efficiency of pest control by insecticides is dependent on the correct type of pesticide formulation applied at the proper time and correct dosage, besides the good equipment. Equipment used to apply insecticides must be suited to the crop (or other situation in which the pest is to be controlled), to the scale of operation, and to the formulation of chemical to be applied. In the long run, it is good economy to buy the best equipment available.

Application equipment of high quality means not only good, durable construction but also good design that gives it a professional appearance. Because it is desirable and often necessary to utilize pesticides in a variety of ways, various types of dispensing equipment have been developed. This equipment is placed in the following categories: (1) Sprayers, (2) Dusters, and (3) Granule Applicators. In addition, specialised equipment of various sorts (such as mist machines and fog generators) are available for particular purposes. Since detailed consideration of pesticide application equipment is out of the scope of this book, only a brief consideration is given here to some important features of the main types of equipment.

The insect larva after the complete development emerges out from the egg by rupturing the egg shell chorion. It passes through several stages called as instars. Each instar is separated by a moult; the growth from larva to adult involves some degree of morphological changes or metamorphosis. The egg hatches into 1st instar larva which later moults to the second instar larva and so on until at a final moult the adult imago stage. The insect moult takes place after attaining adult except in the insect apterygote insect. In family pantatomide full insect moulting occurs. Many insects especially those with a small number of instars (mosquitoes) and (chrysocoris stolli) insect moulting occurs as Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th imago instar and then after sometime adults insect emerges.

Metamorphosis of Insect: The development process by which first instar immature stage is transformed into the adult is called metamorphosis, which means literally change in the form. The developing stage is morphologically different from the adult. The degree of difference varies from slight to extreme with many intermediates stage. E.g., Cockroaches, Butterfly, Chrysocoris stolli Wolf. The insect may be grouped on dependance of degree of metamorphosis as:

Seed

• In broad sense, seed is a material which is used for planting or regeneration purpose. However, scientifically, seed is a fertilized matured ovule together covered with seed coat is called seed or it is a propagating material i.e., part of agriculture, sericulture, silviculture and horticultural plants used for sowing or planting purpose.
• Seed is a mature integumented megasporangium or mature ovule consisting of embryonic plants together with store food material covered by a protective coat.
• Seeds are fertilised, mature ovules, the result of sexual reproduction in plants. Not all plants produce seed (some produce spores or reproduce vegetatively) but most of the higher plants produce seed.
• It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant.
• The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.

Variety is a group of plants having clear distinguished characters which when reproduced either sexually or asexually retains their characters. The genetic purity of a variety or trueness to its type deteriorates due to several factors during the production cycles. The factors that are responsible for loss of genetic purity during seed production are :

• Developmental Variation
• Mechanical Mixtures
• Mutations
• Natural Crossing
• Genetic drift
• Minor Genetic Variation
• Selective influence of Diseases
• Techniques of the Breeder
• Breakdown of male sterility
• Improper/defective seed certification System

Seed Production

Systemized crop production is known as seed production. In seed production adequate care is given from the purchase of seeds upto harvest adopting proper seed and crop management techniques. The benefits of seed production are

• Higher income
• Higher quality seed for next sowing

The important events involved in seed development and maturation include

• Pollination
• Fertilization
• Development of the fertilized ovule by cell division
• Accumulation of reserve food material
• Loss of moisture content

Seed Packing

Seed packaging is the process of filling, weighing and sewing of bags with seed. The choice of packaging materials and amount of seeds to be packed depends on kind of seeds to be packed, duration of storage, storage environment, the seed moisture content, the cost of seed, the cost of packaging material, the geographical area where the seeds will be stored.

Preliminary

1. Short title and extent

1. This Order may be called the Seeds (Control) Order, 1983
2. It extends to the whole of India
3. It shall come into force on the 30th December, 1983

Seed marketing is one of the most vital components of seed technology. Broadly, it includes such activities as production, processing, storage, quality control and marketing of seeds. In the narrow sense, however seed marketing refers to the actual acquisition and selling of packed seeds, intermediate storage, delivery and sales promotional activities. Seed marketing comprises the following:

1. Demand forecasts (assessment of effective demand)
2. Marketing structure
3. Arrangements for storage of seeds
4. Sales promotional activities
5. Post-sales service
6. Economics of seed production and seed pricing

There is a common practice of using the terms spurious, counterfeit, misbranded, illegal, sub-standard and others interchangeably and this often creates confusion among scientist, industrialist and extension officer. Spurious and counterfeit pesticides are the two major words used to describe all kind of anomalies in the pesticides. Hence, there is a need to have a clear understanding of these and differences between them.

Pesticides sustain food production and control disease and pests. They are vital for crop production and instrumental in continuous increase in food production. The consumption of pesticide in India is one of the lowest in the world. India uses a low amount of 0.5 kg/hectare pesticide compared to 7.0 kg/ hectare by USA, 2.5 kg/hectare by Europe, 12 kg/hectare by Japan and 6.6 kg/ hectare by Korea. However, despite the low consumption of pesticides, India has more problem of pesticide residues vis-a-vis other countries and these have entered into food products and underground water because of

Before applying fungicides in field at large areas, it is required to be thoroughly investigated under laboratory conditions for its efficacy on pathogen, subjected. Basic methods of testing these chemicals against subjected pathogen, under laboratory conditions are described here.

1. Poisoned Food Technique

Principle

The principle involved in this technique is to poison the medium with fungicides and then allow a teat fungus to grow on such medium. The test may be conducted both on solid and liquid medium.