eChapters

When any serious work is undertaken involving the use of living cultures it is necessary to keep these alive for use during the work and for future reference.

This can be done either by growing on a suitable substrate and transferring to fresh media, as the nutrient is used up or by treating the cultures in some way, which halts metabolism until they are revived for use. The former method is time consuming and cultures are at risk whenever they are handled, so various means are devised which can lengthen the periods between sub culturing. The latter methods tend to be complex and expensive.

LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS, MARKETIG, ACCOUNTANCY & ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELELOPMENT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING

• A Textbook of Agricultural Extension Management (2019). C. Karthikeyan, R. Sandilkumar & D.Jagannathan. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• Accounting Principles for Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension (2014). Samaresh Kumar Das, Puspa Publishing House Kolkata.
• Agricultural Extension 1998. Van Den Ban and HS Hawkins. CBS Publishers New Delhi.
• Banerjee, A. and S. Majumdar, D. (2011). Business Economics and Business Environment, ABS Publishing House, Kolkata.
• Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication 2020. Sagar Mandal, BCKV, Kalyani Publishers New Delhi.

The deviation from normal health is defined as disease. Health refers to the very absence of the disease. Therefore, health is a state where all the body
systems function normally and the activities continue within the physiological limits. So, the disease can be defined as the inability to perform physiological
functions at normal levels even when nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate level.

The diseases that occur during the first one month of life are termed as diseases of neonates. During this period, the animal requires special attention to reduce
mortality rate. The clinical examinations that are applied to adult animals are being used for the examination of newborns.

Interpersonal Behavior is the study of one’s own perception, knowledge, attitude & motivation and how these affect one’s behavior to the self & with others. It is characterized mainly by 3 factors. A. Communication skill (Knowledge / literacy / intelligence, Listening skill, Verbal skill and Active listening/feedback). B. Emotional intelligence (Self-awareness and Emotional maturity) C. Social skill (Good eye contact, Body language and Empathy/ understanding & assimilating ability). For Understanding Interpersonal Behaviors, Behavioral scientists recommend the use of Johari Window & Transactional Analysis (TA).

Johari Window is a psychological too created by Joseph Luft& Harry Ingham in 1955 in USA.. It helps people to understand their better interpersonal relations & communication. The Johari Window model is also referred to as a ‘disclosure/feedback model of self-awareness’, and by some people an ‘information processing tool’. The Johari Window actually represents information - feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc - within or about a person - in relation to their group, from four perspectives. Johari window four quadrants: 1. what is known by the person about him/herself and is also known by others - open area, open self, free area, free self, or ‘the arena’. 2. what is unknown by the person about him/herself but which others know - blind area, blind self, or ‘blind spot‘. 3. what the person knows about him/herself that others do not know - hidden area, hidden self, avoided area, avoided self or ‘facade‘. 4. What is unknown by the person about him/herself and is also unknown by others - unknown area or unknown self.

Miles to go for uplifting the entire population above the poverty line. But the picture was different in ancient times. As life style was simple, all amenities required in daily life were available within the villages. In need social system used to spread its helping hand towards the distressed. But the stability of the system becomes disturbed by invasion of foreigners and exploitation of foreign rulers.

In the British period series of famines from 1875 to 1901, numbering 18 out of a total 3 3 during the whole 19^th Century, the Government was compelled to appoint some Commissions and imposed some acts and established Development Departments like Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary irrigation etc. The journey for rural development stated from here by Government.

3.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to the Moluccas Islands of Indonesia.

• Although Indonesia is the largest producer of cloves, Zanzibar and Madagascar are the major exporters,

• In India, grown in the hilly tracts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

3.2. Economic importance

• Clove taste is imparted by eugenol and quantity of pice required is small.

• Pairs well with cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine, basil, onion, citrus peel, star anise, and pepper corns.

4.1. Origin and distribution

• Originated in the central hills of Sri Lanka and Malabar Coast.

• Distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of North America, Central America, South America, Asia, Oceania

• Cultivated in Sri Lanka, Malagasy Republic and Seychelles.

• In India, it is grown in one or two locations in Kerala

4.2. Economic importance

• Commercial products are

? Quills: Scraped peel of inner bark of mature cinnamon shoots, joined together with overlapping tubes, hollow of which has been filled with smaller pieces of cinnamon peels.

? Quillings: Broken pieces and splits of all grades of cinnamon quills.

5.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to the Moluccas of Spice Islands of Indonesia.

• In India, cultivated in Thrissur, Ernakulam and Kottayam districts of Kerala, and parts of Kanyakumari and Thenkasi, Nilgiris (Kallar, Buraliar) districts in Tamil Nadu.

5.2. Economic importance

• Fleshy arils surrounding the nutmeg seed are the source of the spice mace.

• Used to flavour many kinds of baked goods, confectionaries, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and beverages such as eggnog.

• Fresh husks are used for making jelly.

• Nutmegs act as stimulant and carminative.

10.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Tropical Africa and cultivated throughout South East Asia, Australia, America and India.

• Cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

10.2. Economic importance

• The fruits are used as condiment or as acidulant.

• Fruits that contain a sweet, tangy pulp, which is used in cuisines around the world.

• Used as an acidic/flavouring agent in the Indian cookery.

• High in tartaric acid, sugar, B vitamins, and calcium.

• Used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish.

• Used for woodworking and oil can be extracted from the seeds.

• Seeds are astringent, aphrodisiac useful in giddiness, vertigo.

3.1. Origin and distribution

• Originated in the Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and grows throughout Northern, Eastern, and Western hemispheres specifically in Asia, Rumania, North America, Europe, India, Russia, Germany and France.

• In India, cultivated in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Haryana.

3.2. Economic importance

• The leaf stalks are used both as vegetable and salad.

• A common practice in most Indian households is to have few fennel seeds at the end of every meal to freshen the mouth.

• Used for various digestive problems including heartburn, intestinal gas, bloating, loss of appetite and colic in infants.

• Source of copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, vitamin C, iron, selenium and magnesium.

• The seeds are used as condiment

• Seeds yield 4-5% volatile with anethole as major constituent.

4. 1. Origin and distribution

• Native to Egypt, Syria, Middle East and stretching east to India.

• In India, cumin is mainly cultivated in Western Indian states like Rajasthan and Gujarat.

4.2. Economic importance

• Important spice used in Indian kitchens for flavoring various food preparations.

• The flavor is due to chief constituent cuminol (Cuminaldehyde)

• Volatile oil is up to 2.5-3.5 %.

• Used in various ayurvedic medicines especially for the conditions like obesity, stomach pain and dyspesia.

• Many Latino, Vietnamese, United States and Thai foods recipes have cumin and many chilli recipe includes cumin.

• In India, cumin is a traditional ingredient not only curry, but also kormas, masalas, soups and other recipes.

• Used in some cheeses like Leyden cheese as well as some French breads.

8.1. Origin and distribution

• Originated in South and South East Asia.

• Cultivated mostly from Pakistan to Papua New Guinea.

8.2. Economic importance

• In India and Sri Lanka, sheaf of betel leaves are traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings like greeting elders at wedding ceremonies, celebrating the New Year, and offering payment to Ayurvedic Physicians and Astrologers (To whom money and/or areca nut placed on top of the sheaf of leaves are offered in thanks for blessings).

• Consumed in Asia as betel quid or paan with arecanut and/or tobacco.

• Used in cooking usually raw for its peppery taste.

• Medicinal use over a 300 years history in China.

2.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Madagascar and spread to India, Indonesia, Indo-China, Philippines, South Africa, Israel, USA and other parts of the world.

• In India, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Assam are the major states that cultivate periwinkle.

• USA - world’s largest user as raw material.

• Germany, Italy, Netherlands and the UK are interested in roots.

2.2. Economic importance

• Economic parts: Leaves, stem and roots

• Used as an abortificent, purgative, antidiabetic, diuretic, hemorrhagic antimalarial, antidysentric and against skin diseases

3.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of South East Asia

• Distributed all over tropical and sub-tropical regions of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, tropical east Africa, Brazil.

• In India, sub-tropical Himalayan regions from Kumaon to Nepal.

• Cultivated in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

3.2. Economic importance

• Dried roots - rich source of forskholin (Coleonol) (0.10 to 0.80%)

• Used for treating hypertension, glaucoma, asthma, congestive heart failures and certain types of cancer.

• Tuberous roots, resembles carrot in shape and brown in colour - commercial part.

• Useful against cholesterol and activating the cardio vascular system

4.1. Origin and distribution

• It is called as Indian ginseng.

• Native of Africa, India and Mediterranean region.

• Wild in grazing grounds in Mandsaur and forest lands in Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, all over foothills of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and Western Uttar Pradesh, in Himalayas.

• Also wild in Mediterranean regions in North Africa.

4.2. Economic importance

6.1. Origin and distribution

• Indigenous to moist deciduous forest of south East Asia (Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Andaman Islands)

• In India, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North Bengal, Parts of Western Ghats and Assam are the major cultivators.

6.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Root.

• Used in treatment of snake bite, stings, nervous disorders etc.,

• Root bark - 40-60% alkaloids helps in reducing high blood pressure and sedative or tranquilizing agent.

• Fresh roots - Emit acrid aroma very bitter.

11.1. Origin and distribution

• Originates in India

• Sikkim, West Bengal, Odisha, Upper Gangetic Plains and in Nilgiris, ascending to altitude of 1600 m.

• North-east, North-west, Southern as well as Central India, and extends into Myanmar and China.

11.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Whole plant

• Raw materials for production of steroidal drugs, steroid bearing solanum

• Yields a glyco alkaloid, solasodine, a nitrogen analogue of diosgenine.

13.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to Turkey Western Mediterranean region.

• Cultivation in India - Confined to states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

13.2. Economic importance

• Opium and codeine - important medicines used for analgesic and hypnotic effects.

• A semi-synthetic derivative of drug from morphine - Heroin.

• Seeds contain linoleic acid which lowers blood cholesterol.

• License from Government is mandate for cultivation

15.1. Origin and distribution

• Also known as Cheeni tulsi or Mou tulsi.

• Originated from Seirra Amambay in North eastern Paraguay and adjacent areas in Bolivia and Brazil.

• Widely distributed in U SA and Brazil.

15.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - leaves

• Candy leaf

• Major constituents-Stevioside (3 to 10%), rebaudiside-A (13%), rebaudiside- B and C

20.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Indo-Malayan region

• Grown in all southern states and extends northwards to Odisha and Bengal.

• In India, it is cultivated in gardens and nurseries as live fence in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.

20.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Wood, leaves, pods and seeds.

• Sappan wood or East Indian red wood - Multipurpose tree, yielding valuable natural dyes with medicinal properties.

• Source of commercial redwood or Brazil wood.

• Used for inlaying work, cabinet making, violin bows and for walking sticks

• Stem produces gum, tannin or dye stuff

21.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to tropical Asia and China

• Widely growing in tropics of Africa, Asia and Malaysia.

• In India, it is grown in forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar.

• Due to raising demand in South East Asia, plant is endangered particularly in Tamil Nadu.

21.2. Economic importance

• Madhunashini - Important medicinal climber acclaimed for its anti-diabetic properties.

• Preparations - Profound actions on the modulating taste suppressing sweet taste sensations.

22.1. Origin and distribution

• Queen of herbs

• Native to India

• Wide distribution covering entire Indian sub-continent up to 1800m in Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• Ocimum tenuiflorum (Ocimum sanctum) - Holy basil

• Ocimum basilicum (2n=48) - Culinary or ornamental basil

22.2. Economic importance

• Have a religious attachment and grown in shrines and homes as an aromatic perennial shrub.

• Part of routine worship and scientific background as antimicrobial and antiviral properties and purifies the air.

3.1. Origin and distribution

• Originated from Sri Lanka.

• Cultivated throughout tropics.

• Presently maj or producers - China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Argentina, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Madagascar and India.

3.2. Economic importance

• Two types of citronella oil: Java citronella oil obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus which is superior.

• Another is Ceylon citronella oil which is obtained from Cymbopogon nardus inferior type oil.

• Citronella oil - essential oil containing citronellal, geranial and hydroxy citronellal and high value perfumery bases obtained on steam distillation of citronella grass.

• Used for perfuming soaps, detergents, cosmetics, agarbattis and for making mosquito repellent creams.

4.1. Origin and distribution

• Indigenous to Indian sub-continent.

• Native of Tropical Asia and introduced into tropics of both hemispheres.

4.2. Economic importance

• Economic part-roots up to 30-40 cm, cooling properties

• Maj or constituents - vetivone, vetiverols and vetivernate; obtained by steam distillation of roots

• One of finest oriental perfumes with persistent fragrance.

• Used in manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, perfumery, agarbattis, soft drinks, pan masala etc.

• Acts as excellent fixatives for volatile compounds.

.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of the Cape Province in South Africa.

• Grown in India, South Africa, Belgium, China, Congo, Egypt, France, Madagascar, Morocco, Reunion Islands, Spain, former USSR countries.

• Commercially cultivated mainly in Nilgiris and Kodaikanal hills of Tamil Nadu, and in and around Bangalore in Karnataka.

5.2. Economic importance

• Very profound and strong rose like odour.

• Also known as rose geranium.

• Chief constituent of oil - geraniol and citronellol.

8.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Mediterranean regions of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa.

• Grown in Spain, Italy, France, Algeria, Morocco and Portugal for its essential oil.

• Cultivated to a limited extent in Nilgiris in South India.

8.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - leaves and flowering tops

• Oil is valued for its use in culinary, medicine, perfumery and cosmetic industries.

• Excellent fixative material and oil also contributes a strong fresh odour

• Also serves to mask unpleasant smell.

• Rosemary oil - antimicrobial activity against certain gram positive and gram negative organisms.

10.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Philippines

• Grows wild in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.

• Natural habitat extends across Paruguay, Penang, East and West Indies, sub-tropical Himalayas and Deccan peninsula.

• Introduced into India by Tata Oil Mills

• Cultivated in Bangalore and coastal areas of South India, Bengal, Odisha and Assam.

10.2. Economic importance

• Oil of patchouli is called patchoulol. Oil contains benzaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamic aldehyde etc.

11.1. Origin and distribution

• Indigenous to Mediterranean region, growing wild in higher hills of Southern France, Italy and Bulgaria.

11.2. Economic importance

• True lavender (Lavendula angustifolia Mill sub. sp augustifolia)

• Spike lavender (Lavendula latifolia Mill sub. sp spica)

• True lavender - used in perfumery industry.

• Lavandin - hybrid between true and spike lavender

• Lavender oil - delightfully clean, refreshing and sweet odour.

• Main constituent - ester, linalyl acetate 30 to 60%

• Another compound - ethyl-n-amyl ketone.

• Free linalool - major component

• Different steps involved in post-harvest processing of horticultural produces are depicted in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Flow chart on post-harvest processing of horticultural produces.

6.1. Pre sorting

• Done to eliminate injured, decayed and unwanted produce before cooling and handling.

6.2. Pre cooling

• Removal of field heat after harvest at 32°C for 1 h.

6.2.1. Advantages

• Reduces rate of respiration and ripening, moisture, bruise damage during transits, production of ethylene and growth of spoilage organisms

• Eases load on cooling system (Refrigeration) of transport or storage chamber

• Cashew kernel contains 47% fat, 21% protein and 22% carbohydrates.
• Cashew kernel does not have cholesterol.
• Collection of fallen nuts is known as Gllining.
• India is the largest producer as well exporter of raw cashew nut.
• The USA is the largest importer of cashew nut kernels in the world.
• Cashew is restricted to altitude below 700 m where the temperature does not fall below 20°C for prolong period.
• pH more than 8.0 is not suitable for its commercial cultivation.
• Pruning period: August-September
• Steam method is the most popular method of roasting.
• Best quality whole kernels kernels are obtained from drum roasting.
• Maximum recovery of oil is done using oil bath roasting.
• Inflorescence: Polygamomonocious
• Cashew nut is the III most important agriculture commodity exported from India.
• Broma dryer is a commonly used drier for drying of the kernel.
• The moisture content of the dried kernelranges between 2% to 4%.

• Deciduous, Monoecious fruit crop.
• Rich in Vitamin A (2710/U/100g)
• Fruits are highly astringent due to tannin content.
• Flowers appear in spring on new growth in February- March.
• Type of flowers: Male, Female, Bisexual.
• Pollination - Cross-pollination
• Mode of pollination - Insects
• Persimmon fruits exhibit a double sigmoid growth area.
• Date-plum (Diospyros lotus) used Rootstock in India
• American - Diospyros virginiana
• Japanese or oriental Persimmon - Diospyros kaki.
• Fruiting time – August- September
• Inarching on its rootstock on D. lotus.
• Dwarf and Semi-dwarf, modified central leader system.

• Monoecious, temperate nut fruit.
• Most valuable exchange earning nut crop.
• The USA is the leading producer of walnut
• Female are born terminally and male flowers laterally
• Paradoxes is a rootstock derived from Juglans hindsii × Juglans nigra.
• Reduction of walnut hull dehiscence Ethephon @ 2000 ppm.
• The blank nut is due to hot summers with low humidity.
• Trees deciduous 10-40 meter tall
• The temperature of 29-32°C near harvesting results in the wall filled kernels
• Sensitive to low temperature during spring and high temperature during summer.
• The chilling requirement is about 200-800hrs.
• Modified central leader system is ideal for training.
• Walnuts have high antioxidant content (Vitamin and fiber).

• Poona fig is the most popular cultivar grown in India (5.0 m × 5.0 m)
• Excel and Candia are suitable for HDP (2.5 m × 2.5 m)
• Candia is suitable for drying purpose.
• Excel is suitable for canning purpose.
• Deanna is suitable for table purpose.
• Fig is one of the first fruit to be preserved by drying.
• Salt and drought-resistant crop.
• Ficus carica is gynodioecious spp.
• Caprifig is monoecious spp.
• Common fig is pistillate.
• Excessive irrigation or heavy rains during ripening result in fruit cracking and producing of insipid fruits.
• Cultivar – Merselies, Black Ischia, Kabul, Banglara, Lucknow, (Dinkar – an improvement over Daulatabad).

• Banarsi, Chakaiya, Francis (susceptible to fruit necrosis) NA-4 (Krishna), NA-6 (NA-5 Kanchan), NA-9 (Neelum), N-7 (Amrit) free necrosis.
• Anola can be grown in the light as well as heavy soils except for very sandy one. However, well-drained fertile loamy soil is the best for its growth.
• Though Aonla is a subtropical fruit, it can be cultivated in a tropical climate quite successfully.
• Descending order of area wise production: Azamgarh < Pratapgarh < Varanasi < Bareilly
• Commercially propagated by Patch/T Budding
• Planting time is during July with a distance of 8m × 8m.
• The plant should be trained to a modified Leader system.
• By NDU in UP is the application of 10kg FYM, 125gN 50g P2O5 and 50g K2O per one-year-old plant.
• Age of 8 years (1000gN, 400g P2O5 and 400g2K2/O tree)
• Use of fertilizer is required during April-May and September-October.
• Flower bud differentiation in the 1st week of March.
• Sir ration (male to female) (1:307-1:197)

25.1 Introduction

All fishes have a similar nervous system organisation. Meninx primitive is a single protective covering that covers the brain and spinal cord. The brain varies in size about the body in different species and does not occupy the entire cranial cavity (Fig. 25.1).

25.2 The Brain

Except for elasmobranchs, which have larger brains, the relative ratio of the brain has been observed to be fairly constant in all fishes. The brain-body weight ratio, also known as the cerebro-somatic index (CSI), is calculated as follows. 

Fungicides are only allowed after years of intensive testing for effectiveness against a variety of plant plant. When a disease is stated on the label of a fungicide, it can be presumed that the active ingredient inhibits pathogen growth and limits the occurrence and spread of disease within acceptable levels of control. Fungicides do not always perform as predicted in practice. Not because the active ingredient is useless, but because of other factors that influence its performance. Consider everything from light and temperature to humidity and pH, and remember that all of these variables affect the active ingredients. Find information on these and other topics that can help you succeed in disease control below.

1. Identification: The most crucial first step towards successful disease control is correctly recognising the condition. Failure to diagnose disease can lead to misplaced or inappropriately scheduled controls.

Strobilurins are a group of compounds used as fungicides in agriculture. They belong to the larger group of QoI inhibitors that inhibit the respiratory chain at the complex III level.Common strobilurins include azoxystrobin, cresoxime methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin.Strobilurin represents an important development of fungal-based fungicides and is derived from the fungus Strobilurus tenacellus.They have an inhibitory effect on other fungi and reduce nutrient competition.They inhibit mitochondrial electron transport, disrupt energy metabolism, and prevent target fungal growth. Strobilurin is the wonder fungicide ever developed with a new MOA and mobility that qualify it as a unique new generation of fungicides controlling different classes of pathogens.

Common Maintenance

 • Clean the exterior surface with a brush or cotton waste and plenty of water or kerosene oil.

 • Lubricate or lubricate the moving or rubbing surfaces of parts as needed.

 • Filter the chemical solution/fuel oil mixture as it is poured into the tanks. Make the caps or lids leak-proof by using gaskets.

 • Flush the equipment with clean water to clean the insides of containers, tubes, and nozzles.

Care and Maintenance of Hand Sprayer & Duster

• Dusters should be made of dry and sieved dust.

 • Grease the duster gear box once a month.

 • Clean the duster after use by removing all dust from the hopper.

 • Oil the sprayer’s cup and bucket washers on a regular basis.

 • After completing the day’s work, cleanse the spray tank discharge lines and nozzles with clean water.

Introduction

The agrochemical sector has been critical in enhancing agricultural productivity and output. Let’s look at the challenges that the agrochemical sector is facing and how they might be solved to ensure a brighter future.

Opportunities

1. Increase in irrigated area: Every year, around 0.5 million hectares of irrigated land are added as a result of the government’s ongoing efforts to make water available for irrigation. This is anticipated to boost production and increase farmer income. As a result, agrochemical consumption is expected to rise.

2. Changing food and consumption trends: Changes in consumption patterns and demand for a wide range of fruits and vegetables may drive farmers to employ more modern agricultural practises in order to fetch a premium for such produce. This segment is predicted to result in a 2% to 3% increase in agrochemical consumption.

Roughly one-third of the food produced globally is lost or wasted. The India Agricultural Research Data Book from 2004 states that 30% of fruits and vegetables are wasted. Based on an estimated 150 million tonnes of fruit and vegetable output in India, 50 million tonnes of trash are produced annually.

The quality of fruits and vegetables starts to decline as soon as they are removed from their natural source of nutrients. Artificial ripening chemicals are used to speed up the harvesting process, but they also degrade the product and have long-term negative health impacts. Mangoes, for instance, mature rapidly once calcium carbonate is injected into them. Chemicals such as copper sulphate, rhodamine oxide, malachite green, and lethal carbide are frequently utilised to highlight the colour and freshness of vegetables.

Q fever: Q fever is caused by a rickettsia like Organism (RLO), a parasitic organism falling between bacteria and viruses. It is a disease that is characterized by high fever, chills, muscular pains, headache, and sometimes pneumonia, that is caused by a rickettsia (Coxiella burnetii) of which domestic animals serve as reservoirs, and that is transmitted to humans especially by inhalation of infective airborne bacteria as in contaminated dust.

Q value: It is the quantity of energy released in a nuclear reaction expressed in million electron volts (MeV).

Q10 value: The number of times a reaction rate change with a 10oC change in temperature is called Q10 value. If reaction rate doubles with 10oC change in temperature, Q10 = 2. It is also called temperature quotient.

Q-enzyme: It is a branching enzyme responsible for formation of 1-6 bonds in amylopectin.

QHV process: It stands for Quality Has Value Process.

Role-play is a product of ‘play’, ‘games’ and ‘simulation’ (Gabrielle McSharry, 2000). In science education, role-play may be seen as an interaction between these three components – either in combination or by themselves – and students who perform such activities results in learning outcome. In the context of social studies, role-play is used to learn the issues and decisions of the past and how things might have been different in local community in a broader setting. Aside from knowledge acquisition, preparing and conducting a role-play activity strengthens students’ knowledge, acquisition skills, their creativity, their values clarification skills and a variety of interpersonal skills identified in the curriculum outcomes. As an effective instructional teaching strategy, role-playing emphasizes the social nature of learning and sees cooperative behaviour as stimulating students both socially and intellectually.

Objective

After performing this experiment, you will be able to learn

Sampling methods and procedures of packaging material.

Introduction

The objective of sampling of a packaging material is to obtain a representative sample of a whole lot for the required testing and/or grading. It is expected that the test results and grading will reflect the average quality of the PM from which the sample was taken.

Principle

The sample techniques and processes outlined in this publication are grounded upon scientific principles. Since the validity of any later test result depends on the quality of the sampling and the information given with the sample, the sampler is essential to the process of selecting lots for testing and/or grading.

Every PM in the population being sampled has an equal chance of being selected, according to the random sampling principle. Usually, the sample size that is tested is very small in relation to the size of the lot that it represents. The sample must be taken carefully and in a way that gives assurance that it is genuinely representative of the lot. Similarly, in order to reduce the composite sample, all necessary.

1. 21723 living species of fishes existing in the world at present.

2. Jhingran and Gopalakrishnan 1974 listed 314 species of teleost utilized for aquaculture throughout the world.

3. Gynogenetic offsprings are always females.

4. Bisexual fishes – Gonochorism fishes.

5. Protoandrous hermaphrodites – Lates calcarifer, Sparus auratus, Sargus sargus and Palleus mormyrus.

6. Protogynous hermaphrodites – groupers.

7. Dwarf males were observed in Angler fish and Salmonids.

8. Sand spawners / Psammophils – Gobio gobio.

9. Rock and gravel spawners – Rohu, salmonids.

10. Terrestrial spawners / aerophils – Bryconpetrosus.

1. P. monodon (green tiger prawn) is the most candidate species for cul ture.

2. Testis have 6 lobe all lobes are connected on the inner margin leading to vasdeferens.

3. Spermatozoa are stored in the terminal of ampulae.

4. Inhibitory hormone are secreted in the early maturity stage.

5. Matured ovary has dark color due to the accumulation of the carotenoid pigment.

6. The first abdomen segment assumed that have diamond shape called as saddle.

7. Male have petasma on the first pair of pleopod.

8. Female have thelycum on the 4 & 5th pair of walking leg.

9. Male has Gonophore on the fifth pair of the walking leg.

10. Female has Gonophore on the third pair of walking leg.

1. F. produce inky taste.

2. Phenol produce bitter taste.

3. Anaebena produce strong grassy odour.

4. A protozoan dinobryon imparts fishy odour to the water.

5. Phosphorus compound produce wormy smell.

6. H,S produce rotten egg or putrid smell.

7. Humus produce earthy odour.

8. Sewage contain 99% of water & 1% solids.

9. Sewage contain 70% organic & 30% of inorganic in nature.

10. In sewage organic fraction contain 60% of protiens & 20% of carbo-hydrate &10% fat.

1. Food is an essential part in everyday life.

2. The major biomolecules of the food which perform these functions called nutrients.

3. The study of various nutrients in relation to their effect upon the human body is called as nutrition.

4. Major nutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins and water.

5. Insufficient food intake of necessary minimum amount of any nutrient leads tot state of malnutrition.

6. No food intake leads to starvation.

7. Water is not always included as nutrients, but it is essential that the diet provides sufficient water required for many functions of the body.

8. Lipids provide calories and essential fatty acids,

9. Lipids 98% of triglycerides + 2% phospholipids.

10. Lipids carry fat soluble vitamins.

1. Bacteria intoxication - already formed bacteria not live bacteria

2. Bacterial infection consumption of live bacteria

3. Neuro toxin produced by C. botulinum

4. Listeria identified by the serotyping

5. Fishery product have type E, C. botulinum

6. S. aureus produced entiro toxin

7. S. aureus is heat resistant but not active in pasteurization

8. E. coli-0157:H7

9. Salmonella should be below 105/g

10. Septicemia can occur due to the salmonella

11. L. monocytogens should be 10/ g