eChapters

A research methodology is a means to describe how a researcher plans to conduct their research. It is a rational, methodological approach to solve a research issue. A methodology explains how a researcher will conduct the study in order to produce accurate, legitimate, data that meets their goals and objective. It includes the data they will get, where they will get it from, how they will gather it, and how they will analyse it. The methodology has been thought through in order to comprehend the idea, processes, and procedures that are applied to design the study, information gathering, data analysis, and finding interpretation for the discovery of truths and creation of hypothesis. This chapter, which covers the study’s methodology and methods is divided into eight key sections:
• Research location
• Pilot study
• Sampling design
• Empirical measurement of the independent and dependent
• Preparation of interview schedule
• Pre-resting of interview schedule
• Data collection methods
• Tools for analyzing data using statistics

Research: The word research is composed of two words “Re” and “Search”.

“Re” - ‘Again or over again or a new’.

“Search” - ‘To examine closely and carefully’ or ‘to test and try’.

Research is a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field

of knowledge undertaken to establish principles / policies.

Science: It is a systematized knowledge derived through observation,

experimentation or any other systematic method or procedure in order to

determine the nature of phenomenon or process being studied or the causes

behind specific events.

Research Methodology: The study of conducting research is research

methodology.

Pure/Basic/Fundamental Research: Gathering, knowledge is termed as

‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research. Just to gather knowledge in order to formulate or

generalize theories or policies. Pure research involves developing and testing

theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but

may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.

A research methodology is the logical and systematic planning and directing of a research process to accomplish research goals. The components of research methods used in the present study are as follows:
5.1 Hypotheses
5.2 Sampling plan 
5.3 Variables and their measurements
5.4 The interview schedule
5.5 Statistical analyses

1.1. INTRODUCTION

The word research derives from the French “recherche”, which means to search closely. Research is a process of investigation. It is an examination of a subject from different points of view. It’s not just a trip to the library to pick up a stack of materials, or picking the first five hits from a computer search. Research is a hunt for the truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading up on it, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following up on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose for research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but always not necessary.

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world around us. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines.

The research procedures followed in the study are reported under the following sub-heads viz. Selection of Farm Technology and Development of Farmer -Friendly Interactive Multimedia Compact Disc.

3.1. Selection of Farm Technology: Integrated Pest Management Practices for Coconut Eryophid Mite

3.1.1. Importance of Coconut

Coconut is one of the most widely grown plantation crops of the tropics. The palm is recognized as a multiproduct and termed as horticultural, plantation, food and even as an oil seed crop. It has diversified uses such as sources of food, drink and shelter and as a raw material for various industrial uses and thus serves as commercial crop.

The coconut is referred to as man’s most useful tree, synonymously the King of the tropical flora, tree of abundance, tree of heaven Kalpa Vrisha, tree of life and layman’s crop. Millions of people in India and other tropical regions depend upon the coconut plantations for their livelihood. More than 100 products are being made directly or indirectly from coconuts and their export earned India appreciable foreign exchequer.

This chapter “Research Methodology” deals with methods and procedures followed in conducting the study. The chapter contains three parts. The first part deals with the sampling technique and the second part covers the empirical measures of different variables and last part describes details of data collection and statistical measures used in the study.

The major focus of the study was to critically analyse the overall performance of Women Dairy Cooperative Societies (WDCS) in two districts of Odisha. The methodology used in carrying out investigation has been outlined in eight sections as mentioned below.

1. Selection of problem
2. Research design
3. Plan of work
4. Locale of the study
5. Sampling procedure

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blueprint of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, a discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods, and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyze data and interpret the findings for the revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under the following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research
2. Sampling design
3. Pilot study
4. Variables and their measurements
5. Methods of data collection
6. Statistical tools used for the analysis of data

Research methodology is a systematic approach to solve any research problem and arrive at a conclusion that adds to the already existing fund of knowledge. The research methodology seeks to define the solution by adopting appropriate research techniques. They are generally applied during the initial stage of the study to delineate and outline the rationale for the chosen methods and their functionality and effectiveness towards achieving a decided objective. Research methodologies are an organized approach to accomplish the selected objectives. The research methodology comprises different techniques used during the experiment with surveys, tests, etc.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

Locale of Research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Radhikapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Kaliyaganj block in Uttar Dinajpur District.

The characters and the factors under study have been well discernible to this area

• The researcher’s close familiarity with respect to area, people, officials and local dialects

• The highly cooperative and responsive respondents

• The profuse scope to get relevant information regarding entrepreneurship communication behavior, economical communication, information seeking & responding behavior, information flow in & flow out etc.

• The locale is located at the terminal point & beside the INDIA BANGLADESH border, so there is some cross border impact also.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzing data and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:

1. Locale of research

2. Sampling design

3. Pilot study

4. Variables and their measurements

5. Methods of data collection

6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data

5.1: Locale of research

The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH cross border village named Mitrapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Haringhata block in Nadia District.

Local of the study: Migration, from very beginning of civilization, has been one of the most important phenomenons in population distribution across the world. As a result, it has been a major focus of both sociological as well as demographical studies around the world. Though migration theories get its root from the famous article of Ravenstein (1889) but most of the modern migration studies so far have centered around the conventional approach of migration as one of the cornerstones known as the Harris-Todaro Model of Migration Harris and Todaro (1970), which is considered as one of the cornerstones of migration studies. This model dealt with the migration decision of an individual of a family, keeping apart the role of family as a whole. The main approach of this model was some kind of cost-benefit type of assessment in undertaking migration decision. Here the potential migrant was to analyze the expected return that he/she may receive after migrating and the cost that to be borne in the process. If the net return is found to be positive then there is every chance that the concerned person will migrate and more from the place of origin to the place of destinations. The major attack that this approach received is that it gave individual the highest importance in migration decision ignoring the role of ‘family’ and thus the migration studies until recently were partial in nature.

The research methodology is a comprehensive plan and guide that outlines the process of conducting a study. The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with a clear understanding of the concepts, approaches, and techniques employed in designing a study, collecting data, analyzing it, and interpreting the findings to establish validity and develop theories. For better comprehension, the entire chapter has been divided into the following subsections:

i. Research location

ii. Sampling strategy

iii. Pilot study

iv. The variables and their measures

v. Data collecting strategies

Research methodology gives detailed justification about the research methods and procedures carried out in the present study. The present study focuses on the women’s involvement in the dairy farming and their empowerment. Keeping in view the specific objectives of the study and various aspects relating to these objectives the methodological framework has been formulated. The sub topic under the research methodology is as follow:

3.1 Locale of the study

The present study entitled “Retrospective Multidimensional Study on Magnitude of Participation of Women in Dairy Farming in East district of Sikkim” was carried out in the villages of East district of Sikkim. Sikkim is the second smallest states in India, with an area of 7,096 sq. km in size. The meaning of Sikkim is “The valley of rice”. It lies between 27 º33' 00" N and 88 º30' 00" E. The average annual temperature of the state is 18 ºC (64 ºF) and annual rainfall is 2739 mm. The state is situated in the Eastern Himalayas and it shares its border with countries like Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan. Mt Kanchendzonga (8585m) which is the third highest peak in the world is situated at Sikkim. According to 2011 census, population of state was 610,577 with male population of 323,070 and female population of 287,507. The literacy rate in the state is 81.40 percent. The density of the state is 86 people per km2 (Census,2011). The cattle population in the state was 264,860 in number (BAHS,2019). The state has four district- East, West, North, and South (Registrar General of India, 1989).

The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which are utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the findings for revelation of truths and formulation of theories. These chapter deals with the method and a procedure used in the study an consist of eight main parts-

A. Locale of research.

B. Pilot study.

C. Sampling Design.

D. Empirical measurement of the variables.

5.1 Locale of Research

Based on the All-India assessment report regarding Climate Vulnerability Assessment for Adaptation Planning in India Using a Common Framework which identifies the most vulnerable states and districts in India with respect to current climate risk and the main drivers of vulnerability, the present study has been conducted in two relatively highly vulnerable states of India namely West Bengal (Vulnerability Indices:0.592) and Jharkhand (Vulnerability Indices: 0.674). It specifically comes under Agro-climatic zone III (Lower Gangetic plain region) and Agro-climatic zone VII (Eastern plateau and hilly region) respectively.

On the basis of Vulnerability Indices (Vis) different district of West Bengal classified into three categories i.e. relatively high vulnerability (0.59-0.69), moderate vulnerability (0.49 -0.59), and relatively low vulnerability (0.38- 0.49). Two districts, Malda (VIs:0.690) and Jalpaiguri (VIs:0.627) from highly vulnerable and three district Murshidabad (VIs:0.524), Dakshin Dinajpur (VIs:0.523) and Burdwan (VIs:0.497) from moderate vulnerable category were selected purposively for the present study. For satisfying the purposes three agroclimatic zones of the West Bengal, viz. Terai Zone (Jalpaigudi), Old Alluvial Zone (Murshidabad and Dakshin Dinajpur) and New Alluvial Zone (Burdwan) districts were taken into account for the assessment. Twenty respondents of two Villages from each Block i.e., Alipurduar-I of Jalpaigudi, Hilli and Gangarampur of Dakshin Dinajpur, Old Malda of Murshidabad and Barabani of East Burdwan were purposively picked for the research study.

Research methodology is a detailed plan of investigation and the blue print of procedure for carrying out the research. In this chapter, discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concepts, methods and
techniques, which are utilized to design the study, collect information, analyzingdata and interpreting the findings for revelation of truth and formulation of theories. The entire chapter has been broken up under following sub-heads for easy understanding:
1. Locale of research
2. Sampling design
3. Pilot study
4. Variables and their measurements
5. Methods of data collection
6. Statistical tools used for analysis of data
Locale of Research
The present study has been conducted in a INDIA-BANGLADESH crossborder village named Radhikapur in the state West Bengal. Villages from Kaliyaganj block in Uttar Dinajpur District.
The characters and the factors under study have been well discernible to this area
• The researcher’s close familiarity with respect to area, people, officials and local dialects
• The highly cooperative and responsive respondents
• The profuse scope to get relevant information regarding entrepreneurship communication behavior, economical communication, information seeking & responding behavior, information flow in & flow out etc.
• The locale is located at the terminal point & beside the INDIABANGLADESH border, so there is some cross border impact also.

The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods, and techniques which were utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of the data and interpretation of the findings for revelation of truths and formulation of theories. This chapter deals with the method and a procedure used in the study and consists of eight main parts-
• Locale of research
• Pilot study
• Sampling Design and Framework
• Empirical measurement of the variables
• Item analysis and experts rating for devising scoring technique on dependent variables
• Preparation of interview Schedule
• Pre testing of Interview Schedule
• Techniques of Data collection
• Statistical Tools used for Analysis of Data
5.1. Locale of Research
The present research has been carried out at Kasthodanga, Mollabalia, Madhpur, Baksha, and Mitrapur villages of Kasthodanga gram panchayat in Haringhata block; Rautari, Ghetu Gachhi, Maniktala para, Tentul Baria, Maheswarpur from gram panchayat in Chakdaha block of Nadia district; Boinchigram, Goara, Chau bera, Uttarkhanda, Champahati villages of Bantika- Boinchi gram panchayat in Pandua Block; Dhopapara, Beleswar, Ichhapura, Tiornai, Baksagari from Dhopapara gram panchayat in Balagarh block of Hooghly district from the Alluvial zone of West Bengal. From the Terai zone of West Bengal, Elejanerkuthi, Kalabarighat, Hourgari, Ghughumari, Gokuler Kuthi, Hirar kuthi from Coochbehar- 1 block; Pundibari, Kalarayerkuthi, Sukhdhanerkuthi, Khagribari, Singimari Paschimpar, Basdaha Natibari, villages of Coochbehar- 2 block; Mirer Kuthi, Kismat Dasagram, Bara Shakdal, Kochabari, Bamanhat-ii, Durganagar, villages of Dinhata 2 block

The discussion on the methodology has been done to comprehend the idea, procedures and techniques which are employed to design the research, gathering of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the results for revelation of truths and creation of hypotheses. These chapter deals with the approach and a process employed in the research a comprise of eight basic parts-
A. Locale of research.
B. Pilot research.
C. Sampling Design.
D. Empirical measurement of the variables.
E. Preparation of interview Schedule.
F. Pre-testing of Interview Schedule
G. Techniques of Data gathering.
H. Statistical Tools utilized for Analysis of Data.
A. Locale of Research
The research focused on the rural areas of Haringhata Block in Nadia district, West Bengal. This region was selected for the investigation due to several key reasons:
a) There is significant potential to gather pertinent data relevant to the current study within this area.
b) The researchers’ familiarity with the local population and proficiency in the local language facilitate more effective data collection and communication.
c) The region’s proximity to the researchers’ residences made it highly convenient for them to conduct fieldwork.

The discussion on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques, which were utilized to design the study, collect the information, analyze the data and interpret the findings for revelation of truth in hand formulation of theories. This chapter deals with the research methodology that had been adopted for the purpose of the present study. The entire discussion has been made under the following heads:
• Developing a paradigm
• Locale of research
• Pilot study
• Sampling design
• Methods of data collection
• Variables and their measurement
• Statistical tools used for analysis of data.
The research work was based in a few districts of Manipur, a small state in the North East India. The research was done in conjunction with the farmers living in the study area and was participatory in nature. This chapter presents the sampling design, nature and method of data collection and analytical tools being applied in attaining the objectives of the study.

The discussion on the methodology has been conducted to comprehend the idea, procedures, and approaches employed for outlining the study, gathering information, analysing data, and interpreting the findings for the disclosure of Concrete evidence and the development of hypotheses. This chapter focuses on the methodology and process employed in the study, which is divided into eight key sections.
The study randomly chose the villages of Bhomrapara, Mitrapur, and Maniktala in the Gram Panchayat-Kasthadanga-1 of the Haringhata block in the Nadia district of West Bengal as the research locale. The area was chosen for the study due to several reasons: a) There is ample opportunity to gather relevant data for the current study, b) The researchers are familiar with the local people and language, c) The area is easily accessible to the researcher, and d) The student researchers have close connections with the area, its people, officials, and local dialects.
Pilot Study
Prior to commencing field work, preliminary research was undertaken to gain insight into the area, its inhabitants, institutions, communication and extension systems, as well as the existing information. The perspective and attitude of individuals towards the notion of climate change.
Sampling design
The sampling design for this agro-ecosystem study is meticulously crafted to address the pressing issues of agricultural sustainability. At the state level, West Bengal is purposively selected due to its severe agro-ecosystem degradation from high-intensity agriculture, necessitating in-depth research. Within the state, Nadia district is chosen for its similar challenges, reflecting the broader concerns observed at the state level. Further, the Haringhata block is identified purposively because of its specific issues: intense rice and vegetable farming, significant groundwater depletion, declining productivity, and reduced levels of livestock and organic carbon. These factors highlight the urgent need for Conservation Agriculture in this area. At the gram panchayat level, Kastodanga-1 is selected for its accessibility, which facilitates efficient

Several fruits and vegetables are unexploited for proper utilization and product development. Due to lack of utilization, there is a lot of wastage and ultimately the great loss to the people as well as nation. Some unexploited fruits and vegetables have potential for introducing new products. Therefore unexploited fruits and vegetables have to be exploited for new product development especially from underutilized sub-tropical and tropical fruits and vegetables. Research and development should be undertaken to utilize these fruits and vegetables.

Unexploited Fruits

Unripe Green Mango: Although pickles are prepared but droped green mango fruits are not preferred for pickle preparation. They can be dried and utilized for preparation of dried slices or amchur. Amchur is used to develop flavor and taste in Ice cream. These products are used to develop flavor and taste in meal or food. It is also used to prepare chatney. But utilization of Amchur is not known to common people.

Avocado: It is found in tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions having more humidity and rainfall. In Ethiopia it is found throughout the country but not utilized properly by people. They prefer to eat ripe fruits with salt and lime juice. It is very healthy fruit for chronic disease like cardiac and diabeted diseases. This is seasonal use but no product is available for off season. Therefore researches should be carried out for different products development of Avocado products.

Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi

Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Calicut, Kerala

Central Institute of sub-tropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH), Srinagar

Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Kufri, Shimla

Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) Kasargod, Kerala

Central Institute of Arid Horticulture (CIAH), Bikaner, Rajasthan

Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Ferozepur, Punjab

Agriculture is the backbone of many economies worldwide, particularly in developing countries where it is a significant source of livelihood for millions of people. However, agricultural productivity is heavily dependent on weather and climate conditions, making it one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate variability and change. The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves further exacerbate the challenges faced by farmers, impacting crop yields, food security, and the overall sustainability of agricultural systems. To mitigate these impacts, operational agrometeorological advisories have become essential tools for farmers and agricultural stakeholders. These advisories provide critical information on weather and climate conditions, helping farmers make informed decisions on planting, harvesting, irrigation, pest management, and other agricultural practices. Traditionally, farmers have relied on indigenous knowledge and observations of natural phenomena to predict weather patterns and plan their agricultural activities. While this traditional knowledge is valuable, its limitations in the face of rapid climate change and the increasing complexity of agricultural systems necessitate the integration of modern approaches. Modern agrometeorological advisories leverage advances in meteorology, remote sensing, and information and communication technologies (ICTs) to provide more accurate and timely weather and climate information. These technologies enable the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data on various meteorological parameters, including temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Furthermore, the development of crop models and decision support systems (DSS) allows for the simulation of crop growth and development under different weather and climate scenarios, facilitating more precise agricultural planning and management. Despite these advancements, there remains a significant gap in effectively integrating traditional and modern approaches to agrometeorological advisories. Many modern systems overlook the value of traditional knowledge, while indigenous practices may not fully incorporate the benefits of modern technology. This disconnect can lead to advisories that are not fully tailored to the needs and contexts of local farming communities, limiting their adoption and effectiveness. This chapter outlines a research agenda aimed at bridging this gap by exploring how traditional and modern approaches can be integrated to enhance

A close look on three disciplines of Parasitology reveal that these are the branches where a scholar initially select them as per his basic qualifications. But while pursuing research in Parasitology, the line of demarcation becomes blurred and it is in fact combination of a group of scientists,from varied disciplines, who are able to solve any one problem; at that point, it is absurd to divide the subject as medical or veterinary or basic parasitology. In fact, these will be your interests and experiences which will decide your line of research and will determine your achievements.

The research setting is an important component of the research methodology. Research setting refers to the detailed information of an area where the study was conducted. The research setting can be seen as the physical, social, and cultural site in which the researcher conducts the study. In qualitative research, the participants are observed in their natural environments with a primary focus on meaning-making. The study area generally consists of a particular geographical area viz. a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area selected according to the benefit of the investigator who possesses adequate knowledge regarding the location, communication facility, the period of study, the availability of resources, etc. of the locality so that he can easily approach every corner of the area for data collection. Additionally, to comprehend people’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour more easily, investigators must have a fundamental understanding of their socio-demographic backgrounds. It is the environment within which studies are run that has important consequences for experimental design, the type of data that can be collected and the interpretation of results.

4. Research Setting
Research setting presents the set of an ecosystem, here social-ecological systems, where the variables and characters are created, evolved, characterized and interact with others. Research setting is not a stale or lentic ecosystem rather it is agile, evolving and dynamic, so in this present work, we have perceived research setting as the performing social-ecology which sustains and keeps constantly characterizing the behaviour and dynamics of the variables under study, e.g. a settlement in close proximity to natural water body is expected to have interaction with ethiophonal diversity and performing economy therewith similarly, another set of respondents with the same set of variables but living in a forest ecosystem. The interaction and exposition of the variables will follow a different expression and pathway. So, while we will go for modelling, with the same set of variables but in different ecological set up, it is expected that the nature of interaction and expression will follow the unique characters of the concerned ecosystem.
4.1. Area of Study
The area of investigation of this study is situated in the state of West Bengal located in the eastern part of India. The state of West Bengal in eastern India has unique social and ecological backgrounds which influence the living standard and behavioural patterns of the people in many ways. The present research design has accommodated two agro- ecological set ups in West Bengal, India, and these are New Alluvial and Terai zone.

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commending by the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

The physical, social, or experimental context in which research is carried out is referred to as the research setting. This context must be accurately described in a study publication because it may have a significant impact on the findings and how they are interpreted. For instance, in a paper describing the social behavior of chimpanzees, the authors may need to provide the following information about the research environment: where the chimpanzees were observed (in the wild or in captivity), the number of chimpanzees observed, and whether they belonged to the same social group, the geographic location, the time of study, the season/weather conditions, the availability of resources like food/water/shelter, and the presence of environmental factor.

Area of the Study

The present study was taken up in West Bengal. From West Bengal, District Uttar Diaper, Blocks Kaliyaganj, Villages Radhikapur was selected.

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

The physical, social, or experimental context in which research is carried out is referred to as the research setting. This context must be accurately described in a study publication because it may have a significant impact on the findings and how they are interpreted. For instance, in a paper describing the social behavior of chimpanzees, the authors may need to provide the following information about the research environment: where the chimpanzees were observed (in the wild or in captivity), the number of chimpanzees observed, and whether they belonged to the same social group, the geographic location, the time of study, the season/weather conditions, the availability of resources like food/water/shelter, and the presence of environmental factor.

For proper conceptualization and interpretation of data in social science research, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of the traits, attitudes, and behaviours of people in a certain field. This comprises a thorough analysis of the socio-demographic makeup of the local populace in a rural area. The physical, social, or experimental context in which the research is conducted makes up the research setting, which is important since it affects the results. A study's publication must appropriately describe the research environment since it has a significant impact on the findings and how they are interpreted.

For instance, when studying the social behaviour of chimpanzees, researchers must provide detailed information about the observation environment, such as whether the chimpanzees were observed in the wild or in captivity, the number of chimpanzees observed, their social group dynamics, geographic location, time of the study, weather conditions, availability of resources, and environmental factors. Considering these factors helps researchers understand the interplay of various components and factors within the research context.

4.1 Study Area

The present study was carried out in West Bengal, with a focus on the two districts of Uttar Dinajpur and Nadia. The research team specifically selected Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) that are operating and present in certain blocks (Kaliyaganj, Hemtabad, Hanskhali, Ranaghat-1) in these two districts.

Research setting refers to the detailed information of an area where the study was conducted. The study area generally comprises of a particular geographical area viz. a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area selected according to the convenience of the investigator who possess adequate knowledge regarding the location, communication facility etc. of the locality so that he can easily approach each and every corner of the area for data collection. Besides the investigators must also have the basic knowledge about the socio demographic background of the people so as to have an easy understanding of their knowledge, attitude and behavior. This chapter is intended to present a brief description of the area in terms of social, economic, and agricultural aspects where the present study has been conducted.

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components. Besides the investigators must also have the basic knowledge about the socio demographic background of the people so as to have an easy understanding of their knowledge, attitude and behavior.

Research setting refers to the detail information of an area where the study has been conducted. The study area, generally comprises of a particular geographical area viz. a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area selected according to the convenience of the investigator who possess adequate knowledge regarding the location, communication facility etc. of the locality so that he/she can easily approach each and every corner of the area for data collection. Here. in this study the data collection was done mostly over telephone based on the interview schedule due to Covid-19 pandemic situation.

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commending by the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the largercommunity. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.
The physical, social, or experimental context in which research is carried out is referred to as the research setting. This context must be accurately described in a study publication because it may have a significant impact on the findings and how they are interpreted. For instance, in a paper describing the social behavior of chimpanzees, the authors may need to provide the following information about the research environment: where the chimpanzees were observed (in the wild or in captivity), the number of chimpanzees observed, and whether they belonged to the same social group, the geographic location, the time of study, the season/weather conditions, the availability of resources like food/water/shelter, and the presence of environmental factor.

The term “research setting” describes the specifics of the location where the study was carried out. The study area typically consists of a specific geographic area, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area, chosen based on the investigator’s convenience. The investigator should have sufficient knowledge of the area’s location, communication infrastructure, etc. to enable him to easily approach every part of the area for data collection. In order to easily comprehend the people’s knowledge, attitude, and conduct, investigators also need to have a fundamental awareness of their sociodemographic background. This chapter aims to provide a short overview of the social, economic, and agricultural elements of the region where the current research was carried out. The Haringhata and Kastodanga villages of gram panchayat Haringhata-1 and Kastodanga-2 in Haringhata block in the Nadia district of West Bengal were the study’s locations. Below is a quick overview of the block and village in particular, as well as the state and district in general.
Study Area
West Bengal, a state in eastern India, is the location of this study’s research region. West Bengal, a state in eastern India, has a distinct social and ecological context that has a wide range of effects on the people’s behaviour and level of life. The Nadia district’s block is the subject of the inquiry. The research area is under the Haringhata-1 and Kastodanga-2 Gram Panchayat in the villages of Haringhata and Kastodanga.

The physical, social, or experimental context in which research is carried out is referred to as the research setting. This context must be accurately described in a study publication because it might significantlyaffect the outcomes and the interpretation. For instance, in a study that depicts chimpanzee’s social behaviour, the authors may need to give the description of the research environment, includingwherethe chimpanzees were seen whether they are in the wild or captivity, and whether they belonged to the same place,thesametime,the samestudyterm,thetimeof yearandweather, theaccessibility of resources like food, drink, and shelter, the presence of dangers from the environment and so forth. The environment in which studies are conducted, or the research setting, has asignificant impact on how the results are interpreted. Doing a study in an experimental setting, for instance in the lab, you might be able to control variables in ways that you can’t control in the field, and it could be argued that the results don’t accuratelyrepresent reality. It is frequently crucial to undertake complementary research in a variety of research context to strengthen the generalizability of the results.
4.1. Area of the study
The study was conducted at Bilkumari village of Bilkumari gram panchayat in Nakashipara block in Nadia district in West Bengal.
4.2. Profile of West Bengal
On August 15,1947, as a result of the division of the undivided, West Bengal was established as one of the constituent state or the Indian union among the 29 states in India. The location of the West Bengal is in India’s north- eastern region between 21°37'-27°10' north latitude and 85°51'-89°53'east longitude. It is located in the country’s eastern part and fourth most populous state. It has theseventh-highest population density among sub-national entities worldwide. The sixth largest contributor to country’s GDP is WB. It is surrounded bythe countries of Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Sikkim, Assam with an area of 34,267 sqm with Kolkata as its capital. The sub and Himalayan region in the north, and the Gangetic Plain in the south comprise the two principal natural areas that comprise West Bengal. Despite the factthat West Bengal is oneofthesmallerstates, it isoneof India’slargest states in terms of population with 91million people. Agriculture is the main economicsector, the state’s population is primarily agricultural workers andfarmers. Rice is regarded as the primary food crop. Maize, legumes, oilseeds, wheat, barley, and potatoes are some of the major food crops. Nearly 66% of India’s jute needs are met by the state. Tea is the key cash crop. Darjeeling’s tea plantations are one of its main draws. Being widely known for its artistic achievements, particularly its filmmaking.

Present study was conducted in an Eastern Indian State ‘Chhattisgarh’, which was purposively selected keeping in view the importance of SHG movement in empowering rural poor in Eastern Indian States, home of the largest proportion of population below poverty line. To have in-depth micro level analyses, one district of Chhattisgarh was randomly selected, which happened to be the Kanker district.

4.1 Agroeconomic Features of Manipur in Brief
Nestled in the North-Eastern region of the India sub-continent, Manipur is a beautiful state located between 23°81’ N to 25°68’N latitude and 93°03’E to 94°75’E longitude an area of 22,327 sq. km. and sharing an international boundary with Myanmar in the East which also lies to its south along with Mizoram. It is bounded by the Cachar District of Assam in the West and to its North lies Nagaland.
Physio-graphically, Manipur is one of the most enchanting place in the country. It can be broadly classified into three well defined geographical region viz. the hilly region, the central plain or the Manipur valley and the Jiribam plain. The hilly region of Manipur covers about 90% of the total land area of the state. It stretches mainly from North to South or North-South parallel folds with an altitude varying altitude of 833m to 3030m above MSL. The Manipur valley is situated in the central part in Manipur covering an area of 1843km2 which account for about 9% of total land area of the state having an oval shaped elevated plain surrounded by hilly on all sides and extended about 58 km from North to South and 31 km from East to West. The central valley has an elevation ranging between 700 m and 800 m above MSL. About 70% of the total population of the state resided in the central plain of Manipur. The whole valley slopes from North to South. The Jiribam plain lies beyond the Manipur Western hill tract covering an area of 1% of the land area. The central valley along with the Jiribam valley situated at a lower altitude of 400 m in the southwest part of the state outside the western hill ranges of Manipur occupies 11.72 percent of the total geographical area of the state. The rest of the state is hilly. Manipur is endowed with a wide range of climatic, physiographic and geological conditions resulting in the formation of different kinds of soils.
4.2 Climate
The impact of terrain diversity, altitudinal variation and river regime has become eloquent in the seasonal variability of climate from one place to another. The Barak basin and lower foothills of Manipur Western hills have

1. Introduction

For actively participating in today's global information society, having access to information and information resources is crucial. Information serves as a foundational pillar for the success of any nation, and libraries act as the primary gateways to access information. Libraries have been playing a crucial role for decades in supporting educational, learning, and research activities, as well as catering to the diverse informational requirements of individuals. However, changes in the form and formats of documents as well as diverse needs of users, pose new challenges for libraries in meeting these dynamic needs of their users. Libraries must now reconsider their roles and duties, designing a variety of new innovative services that are crucial for providing value-added, needs-based support to the society. Societal progress depends on research, often described as the lifeblood of communities, as it is vital for offering solutions to various problems.Traditionally, libraries have provided their patrons with information resources. However, in addition to these resources, libraries must now offer a range of services to support the research endeavors of scholars and researchers. In essence, while libraries have historically played a significant role in supporting research, they now must take an active role from the inception of research activities to the dissemination and formal publication of research findings. Achieving this requires not only the redesigning of library services but also the development of new skills among library professionals to proficiently navigate through the flood of information, useadvanced information and communication technologies effectively and offer comprehensive research support services (RSS) to user community.

Introduction

We, the participants of ITAF 2023 along with Dr. B. R. Chavan and Dr. Prashant Bodake visited Farm Song Nam under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Dr. Naphat Panthukumbol and Dr. Sorawit Powtongsookon 18/10/23 at 01:00 pm. This research station is under NSTDA (National Science and Technology Development Agency). The purpose of the visit was to learn about the latest developments in aquaculture technologies.

Dr. Sorawit explains that this system is able to monitor water quality, floc sedimentation, the current age of shrimp, quantity in the pond, total weight, density, size, total amount of water used, pond volume, and volume of water in the pond at a time. This system is equipped with cloud backup that can store all recorded pieces of information. After monitoring, the available information is automatically uploaded to the cloud and accessible through mobile by simply visiting the website. The key feature of Aqua-IoT is the integration of key data– physical, chemical, and biological water qualities and weather – into one single dashboard that enables users to understand the relationship between the data, analyze the data, and make informed decisions.

1.1. Introduction

Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific investigation. Several social scientists have defined research in different ways.

In the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson (1930) defined research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in the construction of theory or in the practice of an art”. According to Redman and Mory (1923), research is a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge”. It is an academic activity and therefore the term should be used in a technical sense. According to Clifford Woody (Kothari, 1988), research comprises “defining and redefining problems, formulating hypotheses or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and finally, carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypotheses”

5.1. Research methodology

Research methodology is a thorough investigation plan and the manual for conducting the research. This chapter’s examination of methodology aims to help readers comprehend the ideas, strategies, and tactics used to plan a study, gather data, analyse it, and interpret it in order to reveal reality and develop theories. This chapter has been classified under various sub headings for clear understanding:

(i) Locale of research.

 (ii) Pilot study.

 (iii) Methods of sampling.

 (iv) Variables and their empirical measurement.

 (v) Preparation of the interview schedule.

 (vi) Tools and techniques of data collection.

 (vii) Statistical analysis and interpretation of data.

The extension/research work organization consisted of seven distinct steps namely,

Situation analysis

Identification of problems and setting up of objectives

Designing of interventions

Preparing plan of work & implementation of project interventions

Monitoring of implementation process

Impact assessment

Project reconsideration

Individuals in a population can vary considerably on physical, cognitive, and behavioural traits. Examples include height, weight, intelligence, personality, etc. Individual differences may arise from variation in genes, environmental experiences, or a combination of both. It is generally accepted that individual differences in most traits are due to both genetic and environmental factors. To the extent that a trait is influenced by genetic (heritable) effects, phenotypic similarity is correlated with genetic relatedness.
The degree of resemblance among relatives allows for the estimation of genetic variance as well as heritability of a trait. We will now focus on how phenotypic correlation of relatives can be used to estimate the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on trait variation
Partitioning of Phenotypic Values
We previously introduced the general model of Y = G +E where Y is the trait value, G is the genotypic value, and E is the environmental deviation that is assumed to have a mean of 0 so that E(Y ) = E(G). If we assume that the genetic and environmental components are independent, we have that the variance of Y is Var(Y ) = s 2 Y = s 2 G +s 2 E .
We previously focused on the decomposition of the genetic variance s 2 G into additive and dominance components, i.e., G = A+D

A reservoir stores water behind a dam and can reduce downstream flooding by temporarily retaining part of the incoming flood volume. Its effectiveness depends on available storage, inflow characteristics, outlet capacity, operating rules, forecasting information, and the timing of releases. Reservoirs may also serve irrigation, municipal supply, hydropower, navigation, recreation, and environmental purposes, making their planning a multipurpose undertaking. This chapter introduces reservoir terminology, classifications, storage zones, capacity determination, site selection, sedimentation, and operating principles. It explains how flood-storage space modifies peak discharge and discusses reservoir routing, release regulation, design limitations, safety considerations, and the role of coordinated reservoir systems in basin-wide flood management.

Introduction
The lives of the local population are disrupted by large-scale projects such as dam construction, mining, highway construction, or the designation of a national park, and they are frequently forced to relocate to a new location. Relocating individuals is a significant challenge as it diminishes their capacity to survive solely on their customary natural resource base and intensifies psychological strain. 33 to 56 million people have been displaced by 54 projects in India over the past 50 years.
Resettlement and Rehabilitation of People
Major projects like dams, mines, expressways, and other industrialization-related projects, as well as some conservation strategies like the creation of national parks, can cause disruptions to people’s lives and force them to relocate to an alternate location. Relocating individuals from their birthplace is a grave concern as it diminishes their capacity to survive only on their customary natural resource base, so adding to their psychological strain. It is difficult for the displaced individuals to adjust to a new lifestyle in a new location. Due to the indirect effects of the Green Revolution—the building of thousands of dams since India’s independence—thousands of people havebeen displaced. These impoverished locals have essentially paid for the construction of the dams. Even if the government has set enough time to relocate these displaced individuals and offer them a sufficient package for rehabilitation, this rarely happens.

Abstract

Climate change and its various forms of variability are  a global phenomenon and are definitely a threat to our civilization. The change in climatic variables, being  uncertain in nature  has an impact on productivity of agriculture and other allied sectors thus producing a detrimental  effect on the fragile ecosystem prevailed in the North East India. Low or high atmospheric CO2  concentration, temperture fluctuations , rainfall and soil moisture variations, sunshine hours , soil temperature variability ,altogether considered as climatic complex could have impact on field crops, vegetables, fruit crops, animal and aquaculture productivity in a diversified way.Technological modalities in the domain of resilience in agriculture pertainining to natural resource management , crop production and livestock /fisheries  need to implemented in a holistic  manner so as to have institutional interventions to take the resilient measures in the doorstep of the farming community and such measures will be the  weapon for the people to face the challenges of climatic uncertaintity

Done for both biotic and abiotic stresses.

Biotic stresses are disease and insect pests.

Abiotic stresses are drought, salt, flood, heat, cold, etc.