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The Digital India campaign of the Government with special emphasis being laid on digital financial transactions and cloud technologies will go a long way in the evolution of better services and amenities for women, especially in agricultural domains.

Empowering women in agriculture through digital technologies can significantly enhance their productivity, economic opportunities, and overall well-being. Here are key strategies and areas to focus on:

1. Access to Information and Resources

Digital Platforms: Utilize mobile apps and websites to provide women farmers with information on weather forecasts, crop management, pest control, and market prices.

E-learning: Offer online training and tutorials on sustainable farming practices, financial management, and new agricultural technologies.

2. Financial Inclusion

Mobile Banking: Promote mobile banking services to help women access credit, savings, and insurance products. Digital financial services can make it easier for women to manage their finances and invest in their farms.

Entrepreneur - Derived from French verb enterprendre meaning “to undertake”.

The entrepreneur as a person brings in overall change through, innovation- for the maximum social good. Human values remain sacred and inspire him to serve society. He has firm belief in social betterment and he carries out this responsibility with conviction. In this process, he accelerates personal, economic as well as human- development.

The entrepreneur is a visionary and an integrated man with outstanding leadership qualities. With a desire to excel, he gives top priority to Research and Development. He always works for the well being of the society. More importantly entrepreneurial activities encompass all fields / sectors and foster a spirit of enterprise for the welfare of mankind. Urges of an Entrepreneur

An urge to exercise powers over things and objects persists among all human beings. The urge may vary in degree from person to person. This urge is an intrinsic quality of an entrepreneur. Sociologists consider him as a sensitive energizer in the modernization of societies.

The entrepreneur is a critical factor in the socio-economic change. He is the key person who envisages new opportunities, new techniques, new lines of production, new products and coordinates all other activities. The true entrepreneur is one who is endowed with more than average capacities in the task of organizing and coordinating the various other factors of production. He should be a pioneer, a captain of industry. The supply of such entrepreneurship is however quite limited and enterprise in general consists of several grades of organizational skill and capability. The more efficient entrepreneurs receive a surplus reward over and above the managerial wages and this sum constitutes true profit ascribable to superior talent.

• A project is a specific plan or design presented for consideration.

• It is a location specific activity with specific objectives, time and cost limitations and of non-repetitive nature.

• In banking, projects refers to an activity in which financial resources are expended to create capital assets that produce benefits over an extended period of time and which logically lends itself to planning, financing and implementing as a unit. Whereas, UNIDO defines a project as a proposal for an investment to create and or develop certain facilities in order to increase the production of goods/services in a community over a certain period of time.

• Projects are common term used by many to denote specific action plans.

• Project can be long term or short term, limited or comprehensive, single sector concentrated or multi sector concentrated.

A Eco/green job, also called a green-collar job is, according to the United Nations Environment Program “work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development (R&D), administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution.

• Livestock play a vital role in rural economy. The combination of livestock and crop farming enables complementarity through productive utilisation of farm by-products and conservation of soil fertility, thus increasing rural farm income. Apart from providing food products like milk, egg and meat, livestock sector generates productive employment and valuable supplementary income to the vast majority of rural households, majority of whom are small and marginal farmers and landless labourers. Growing human population, increasing urbanisation, rising domestic incomes and changing lifestyles in the country have led to increasing demand for livestock products. Livestock like cattle (bulls and cows), buffaloes, sheep and goat are an integral part of India’s socio economic life. Animal husbandry is a part of agricultural economy. It directly supports about five per cent (20 million) of our population. India has two per cent of the geographical area and accounts for 15 per cent of livestock population (400 million). Cows and buffaloes comprise 56.5 per cent of world population.India ranks first, second, third and f ifth in buffalo, cattle and goat, sheep and poultry population in the world, respectively. (Economic Survey, 2008-09). The total livestock population of Tamil Nadu stood at 249.42 lakhs which comprises 4.94, 1.69, 9.10, 6.58 and17.7 per cent of the cattle, buffalos, sheep, goat and poultry population of the country (17th livestock census All India Summary Report, 2004).

Introduction

The production of seaweeds in 2018 is about 36 million tonnes were produced from the dominated by the species Japanese kelp, Laminaria japonica followed by Eucheuma spp mostly originated by mariculture (SOFIA, 2022). In India seaweed are widely present in the Gulf of Mannar in the Tamilnadu and Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat coastal region. Parallelly the work on the seaweeds is also unrestricted in India, being top in the area of research especially in their bioactive compounds(Fig.,1). Since the age of ancient Egyptians to our current generation, peoples towards the beauty conscious unrestricted. Currently the exposure of e-commerce platform to the all-aged groups makes them the urge to buy more beauty enhancing products. From the film stars, whom it’s their main line of work to the people it doesn’t costs any financial income the role of cosmetics is unavoidable. Though it’s not providing any physical health, the emotional sanity enduring self-confidence is one of the principal reasons. And so the beauty industry is considered as the a dynamic segment that is ripe for disruption and the well-known actors are their key for its premiumization. Nowadays peoples are concern about their health along with beauty which leads to many companies investing in green and ecofriendly cosmetic product development. Seaweed is one among them. Seaweeds are marine macro algal species includes Chlorophyceae (green algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) and Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) grown along the seashore which get differentiated based on the presence of carotenoids like chlorophyll, phycobiliproteins, fucoxanthins, beta carotene and so on. The presence of versatile bioactive compounds like diterpenes, proteins, antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols and especially polysaccharides (sulfated and non-sulfated) associated with seaweed makes them a good alternative to the synthetic cosmeceutical industry by producing novel beauty products (Couteau & Coiffard, 2016).

The affections of abdominal cavity incidence wise are on the top followed by thoracic cavity. Both these affections lead to high morbidity and heavy mortality losses. Most thoracic affections produce almost similar clinical signs but abdominal affections can show different clinical signs. Radiography and ultrasonography play an important role in differentiation and confirmation of various affections.

Radiography is an important diagnostic tool for both thoracic and abdominal diseases in small animals but for large animals it is more useful for thoracic affections as compared to abdominal affections. In large animals, the use of radiography is limited up to the ventral aspect of the abdomen only i.e. for diagnosis of diseases of reticulum, diaphragm and sternebrae. In thoracic cavity, there are numerous diseases that need to be differentiated. Pneumonia, lung cyst, lung abscesses, pleuritis and pleural effusions are some important diseases apart from presence of foreign bodies. In such a situation, radiography can play an important role as an aid in the diagnosis of various affections.

Similarly ultrasonography has also played a major role in the diagnosis of abdominal diseases in small animals such as dogs and newborn calves especially in the field of G I tract and urinary system. The ultrasonography is advantageous over radiography in the sense that internal anatomy of the soft organs can be better known and studied by ultrasonography as compared to radiography. It is also considered to be extremely safe for both the patient and the operator.

General Instructions

The monitor of ultrasound machine should be placed at the eye-level. The daylight should not be too bright. The setting of the machine should be done to obtain best picture on the screen. There are various knobs on the machine to set contrast and brightness. There are three other knobs that are used to set near gain, far gain and overall gain. There is also a brightness bar (help-bar) on the screen with different brightness areas. These knobs should be turned clockwise or anti-clockwise, so that all the areas on the help bar (brightness bar) are visible.

Transrectal Procedure

In cattle, trans-rectal ultrasonography is done in a way, similar to rectal examination done for palpation of genital organs. Following steps are suggested for proper procedure

1. Properly restrain the animal.

2. Evacuate the feces from the rectum.

3. Select a transducer of proper frequency (the linear array transducer of 5.0 MHz frequency is useful for general purpose in bovines, however for detailed examination of early conceptus and small follicles, a transducer of 7.5 MHz can also be used. Some transducers have range of these frequencies in single-equipment. Such transducers of switch-able frequency are found more useful.

Diagnostic techniques are routinely used for diagnosing different surgical conditions. The most frequently used imaging techniques in veterinary practice are radiography and ultrasonography. Radiography and ultrasonography are not suitable for each organ in large animals. In small animals most organs are suited to ultrasound images except bones and gascontaining structures such as lungs etc. Bone and gas reflect ultrasound and do not allow the sound waves to form image therefore radiography gives better diagnostic images for these organs. The liver, spleen, kidneys, prostate, gravid uterus and fluid containing organs like urinary bladder, gall bladder and major blood vessels can be better imaged with ultrasound. In buffaloes in surgical section important clinical conditions relate to urinary and digestive systems, mammary gland and perineal area.

1. Urinary System: In bovine, the cases of obstructive urolithiasis are commonly observed. These types of cases are more common in bullocks and in buffalo calves. In these cases radiography is not so useful. Sonography can be tried to take the image of ruptured urethra in bullock and can be compared with radiography. Due to ruptured urethra there will be accumulation of urine in the s/c tissue of prepuce. Due to fluid density the image will be radioopaque and will appear white and no detail of the organ can be seen. The ultrasonogram (USG) will show images of glans penis and its coverings. Different diameters of urethra and a point of rupture just behind to glans penis can be make out. Due to obstruction, The B.calves either will pass drop wise urine or there will be complete stoppage of the urine. These cases can also be easily diagnosed by ultrasonography.

Ultrasonographic images of stomach are required to diagnose ingestion of any abanormal materials by dog. When content of stomach are dry or there is gas in stomach then, it is difficult to get proper image of stomach. Offering water to animal or oral administration of water with the help of syring is also helpful in getting the images of content of stomach. Some time, while doing ultrasonography, movement of contents of stomach can be visualized. Stomach can be images between liver and spleen. The size depends upon contents or intake of food by dog. For proper image of gastrointestinal tract including stomach, there should not be gas in GIT. One should remember that ultrasound beam does not travel in gas. The best medium of ultrasound beam is liquid.

Scanning Technique

If possible, fasting for 12 hours is good to diminish the amount of gastrointestinal gas. However, non-fasted dogs, when offered water may show adequate image quality. The water may be administered in quantity of 15 ml per kg of bodyweight. Removing the stomach gas using an orogastric tube has been recommended tto enhance the visualization of lesions of the stomach, however, this is not in practice in India.

Ultrasonography in bull is helpful in diagnosis of problems of testis and accessory glands. This can also be used in assessment of development of these organs. Such developmental assessment, when combined with endocrine data, is useful to know age of puberty, sexual development and dimension of these organs. The ultrasonographic images and data are available for testis, bulbourethral gland, prostate and seminal vesicles in the bull. Ultrasonography of testis of bull can be useful to assess developmental changes, testicular dimensions and pathological conditions of the testis viz. tumors, lesions, abscess etc. Epididymis can also be examined for change in lumen, inflammation, granuloma etc. The accessory sex glands can be better viewed in ultrasonographic scanning to assess their dimensions, normal developmental changes and alterations in their morphology. Before, ultrasonography is undertaken, one should thoroughly revise the knowledge of sectional anatomy and location of these organs.

Testis

Location: The testis, in the bull, is located in the scrotum. In abnormal conditions, the testis might be retained in the inguinal canal or abdomen. Before, ultrasonography, location of the testis should be assured. For this, the testis should be palpated to assess their pliability and rule out adhesions with the scrotal wall. In normal condition, the testis should be freely movable in the scrotum, soft of palpation and both the testis should touch the bottom end of scrotum.

Mammary glands are important part of body which synthesize and store the milk in between milkings or suckling by the calf. Therefore it attains prime importance in any dairy animal. However, it has received little attention in buffaloes till now. Buffalo presents several unique characteristics in terms of milk production, length and shape of teats and arrangement of duct system in the mammary glands. Development of udder may be related to milk production and the knowledge of changes in its structure in relation to different physiological stages may also have practical implication.

Transducer Selection and Preparation of Scanning

Preparation of the site to be imaged will enhance the quality of the image. Therefore, any loose hair and dirt must be clean off. Ultrasound gel is applied to the area of interest. The gel acts as a coupling agent to prevent air from trapping between the transducer and skin. A 7.5 MHz transducer is ideal for imaging the teats. A 5.0 MHz transducer provides an adequate image. The mammary gland should be scanned with a 5.0-7.5 MHz transducer to give adequate penetration. All structures should be scanned in cross section and longitudinal planes.

Veterinary ultrasonographer has to write report of ultrasonography in different animals. The proper ultrasound report writing is the moral duty of the vet ultrasonographer. The accuracy of diagnosis must be ensured. The poor resolution/quality of machine may lead to erroneous diagnosis. Therefore, veterinarian must ensure good quality of machine and proper diagnosis. The report might be different in different animals e.g. report writing about uterus will be different in bitch, cows, buffaloes, camel, horse, goat and sheep. However following might be guidelines in writing ultrasound report of uterus. fetus, endometrium

Uterus: Position of uterus, contents in the uterus, shape and size in initial pregnancy and infections, appearance of myometrium, thickening of uterine layers, presence or absence of fluied/pus/masses, left and right horns and their contents. Observations on the images of uterine fluid and its echoicity, membrane appearance in pregnant animals. Special attentions should be paid to endometrium.

Endometrium: Appearance and thickness; any growth on the surface of endometrium. Images of retained portion of placenta can be ascribed in the cases of retained placenta.

Ovary: Ovaries are scanned to assess cyclic structures, size, shape, its Position/ location and internal echo pattern of follicles. This echo pattern will indicate whether follicle is normal, cystic or with any other abnormalities of follclular f luid. Ultrasound reports also include shape and size of corpus luteum. In cows and buffaloes, presence of cavity, looseness/compactness of luteal cells are also mentioned.

Introduction

Azoles, a class of organic compounds containing a five-membered nitrogen containing ring, have garnered significant attention in various fields, including agriculture, medicine, and industry. These compounds are renowned for their diverse applications, particularly as anti fungal agents in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as in agriculture for crop protection. Whatever it may be, alongside their efficacy, concerns have arisen regarding their potential toxicity and environmental impact.

The Role of Azoles

Azoles play a crucial role in combating fungal infections in humans and animals. They inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting fungal growth and proliferation. Additionally, azoles are used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases, contributing to higher yields and improved food security.

Toxicological Concerns

While azoles have proven effective in controlling fungal infections, their use raises concerns due to potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. The toxicity of azoles stems from several factors, including their mode of action, chemical properties, and metabolic pathways.

Introduction

Phenothiazines are a class of drugs primarily used to treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety. While they can be effective in managing these conditions, they also come with potential risks and toxic effects when not used properly. Understanding the toxicity of phenothiazines is essential for healthcare providers and patients alike to ensure safe usage and minimize adverse effects.

Mechanism of Action

Phenothiazines exert their therapeutic effects by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, thereby altering neurotransmitter activity and reducing symptoms of psychosis. Additionally, they also block other receptors such as histamine and alpha-adrenergic receptors, contributing to their sedative and antiemetic properties.

Types of Phenothiazines

There arevarious phenothiazine derivatives available, including chlorpro mazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine, and promethazine, among others. Each may have slightly different pharmacological properties and side effect profiles, but they share common characteristics regarding toxicity.

Toxic Effects

Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

One of the most well-known toxic effects of phenothiazines is the development of extrapyramidal symptoms, which include akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. These symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe motor disturbances and can be particularly problematic with long-term use.

Understanding the Toxicity of Macrolide Endectocides

Introduction

Macrolide endectocides are a class of compounds widely used in veterinary medicine to combat internal and external parasites in livestock and companion animals. While these medications have proven to be effective in controlling parasites, there are concerns regarding their potential toxicity and adverse effects on animals and the environment.

Whar are Macrolide Endectocides

Macrolide endectocides belong to a group of compounds derived from naturally occurring macrolide antibiotics, such as avermectins and milbemycins. These compounds have broad-spectrum activity against various parasites, including nematodes, arthropods, and ectoparasites like ticks and mites. Some commonly used macrolide endectocides include ivermectin, doramectin, moxidectin, and eprinomectin.

Toxicity Concerns

While macrolide endectocides are generally safe and effective when used according to label instructions, there are instances where toxicity can occur. Factors influencing toxicity include:

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be observed in various forms in the environment, including soil, water, and air. While arsenic has some industrial applications, it is also notorious for its toxicity to humans. Exposure to arsenic can happen through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, with ingestion being the most common route of exposure in cases of poisoning. Here, authors provide information regarding the source of arsenic intoxication, its toxicology kinetics and dynamics, clinical signs and symptoms, lesions, diagnosis, and treatment.

Introduction

In this article, authors provide information regarding source of intoxication also.

Source of Intoxication

Arsenic poisoning can lead to various sources, including:

Contaminated Water

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a significant concern in many parts of the world, specifically in regions where natural geological formations consists of high levels of arsenic.

The way a chemical moves, persists, and behaves in its surroundings is known as its behaviour. A chemical’s behaviour will dictate both its residual properties and field efficacy. The behaviour of insecticides is determined by their chemical and physical characteristics as well as the interaction of environmental elements. Our capacity to comprehend and forecast how insecticides will behave in the environment will determine our ability to keep utilizing insecticides.

Important features of systemic insecticides

1. They are not susceptible to wash off by rain

2. By virtue of their movement inside plants, they can afford to protection to regions where they have not been sprayed

3. They are often been transported towards region of growth

4. Since they have very weak contact action, safe to beneficial organism.

Synergists are chemicals that significantly increase the toxicity of an insecticide while being nearly non-toxic on their own. Thus, non-toxic chemicals that contribute to the increased toxicity of insecticides are referred to as synergists. Many chemical substances have the potential to synergize with poisons. Some enzyme inhibitors work well synergistically by inhibiting enzymes that metabolize pesticides, particularly in insecticide-resistant strains. When mixed with other insecticides, some insecticides increase the toxicity of the latter at non-toxic dosages. When a mixture is more harmful than expected based on the sum of its separate efficacies when administered alone, the interaction between substances is known as synergy. Antagonistic interactions among components reduce a mixture’s efficacy.

Synergism can also develop between two or more poisons. Several statistical methods have been proposed to quantify the synergy of both non-toxic and hazardous substances. Toxin interactions are assessed using bioassays, which involve mixing toxicants (two or more) in a specific ratio. The combination is then used to prepare serial dilutions. Alternatively, the poisons can be supplied sequentially in the same amounts as in the mixture. Bioassays are also used to determine the dose-mortality response of each toxin on the same insect strain. The data are subjected to probit analysis, and the toxin interactions can be evaluated using the statistical methods listed below.

The Cerebellum, a critical structure in the brain essential for coordination, balance and motor control. Can be influenced by many factors along with drugs. Adiadiochokinesia refers ro the impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements namely rapidly pronation and supination the hands or tapping the feet. Dysfunction in Cerebellum can result in a range of motor impairment along with tremors, ataxia (lack of coordination) and dysmetria (inaccurate movements). A very few common classes of drugs associated with cerebellar dysfunction include alcohol, anti epileptic drugs, sedatives asxwell as benzodiazepines and opioid. Regarding treatment, physical therapy and rehabilitation techniques aimed at improving coordination and motor skills can be beneficial for individuals with cerebellar impairment. Finally it is concluded that drugs can exert profound effects on cerebellar function, leading to abnormalities such as adiadiochokinesia.

Introduction

The cerebellum, a critical structure in the brain essential for coordination, balance and motor control, can be influenced by various factors including drugs. One notable manifestation of cerebellar dysfunction is adiadochokinesia, a condition manifested by the inability to perform rapid alternating movements. Understanding how drugs impact cerebellar function and contribute to abnormalities like adiadochokinesia is essential for both medical professionals and the general public.

An accumulation of cerebro Spinal fluid (CSF) within the brains ventricles, leading to the enhancement of intra cranial pressure (ICP). This condition can happen at any age and may result from many underlying causes. Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired. Symptoms of Hydrocephalus include headache, nausea, vomiting, Gait disturbances, enlargement of the head in infants. Diagnosis is based on medical history, review, physical examination, Diagnostic tests and imaging studies namely MRI or CT scans. Differential Diagnosis include normal pressure Hydrocephalus, intea cranial hemorrhage and idiopathic intra cranial hypertension. Treatment is dependent upon ventricular shunt and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Finally it is concluded that Hydrocephalus is a complex neurological condition along with diverse causes as well as presentations.

Introduction

Hydrocephalus, often referred to as “water on the brain,” is a condition manifested by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain’s ventricles, resulting in the enhancement of intracranial pressure (ICP). This condition can happen at any age and may result from various underlying causes. Understanding its history, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment is critical for effective management.

Adipiso genital syndrome is otherwise known as Adiposo genital dystrophy or Frolichs syndrome. It occurs because if disorder of Hypothalamus. It is manifested by a union of obesity, under developed genitals and hormonal imbalances. It essentially influences hidden and adolescents, even though cases in adults have been reported. The causes of adipose genital syndrome include tumors, trauma and I infections The symptoms of adipose genital dystrophy are obesity, delayed or incomplete puberty, under developed or incomplete puberty. Under developed genitals and hormonal imbalances. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination , laboratory tests and imaging studies namely ( MRI ) of the brain. Treatment is dependent upon hormone replacement therapy, diet as well as life style modifications and monitoring as well as supportive care. Finally it is concluded that Adiposo genital syndrome is a rare disease manifested by obesity. Under developed genitals and hormonal imbalances, leading to the dysfunction of the Hypothalamus.

Introduction

The gut microbiota is the complex and dynamic community of microorganisms that includes various bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, proliferate and lead a symbiotic/mutual relationship with the host system. These microorganisms protect the host against pathogens by unique mechanisms, helps to maintain shape and strengthen the intestinal epithelium and boost immune response. Diverse bacterial metabolites can immigrate the host bloodstream and other parts of the body via various channels in humans and animals, such as gut-microbiota-brain, gut microbiota-skin, gut-vagina, gut liver, gut-bones etc. However, many aspects of modern lifestyle would alter the gut microbiota and lead to numerous diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Probiotics and other beneficial microbes exert many beneficial effects on their hosts by modulating the gut microbiota. While the term probiotic is reserved only for well-characterised strains with clinically proven health benefits, other beneficial microorganisms include, organisms responsible for the fermentation of foods viz. yogurt, kefir, kombucha, kimchi and many others that have been shown to have distinct health benefits. Interestingly, major group of these beneficial organisms belong to lactic acid bacteria.

Introduction

The preservation of animal specimens for museums is a critical practice in natural history, enabling education, research, and conservation awareness. Traditionally, specimens are often sourced from zoological facilities or specific conservation programs. However, the innovative use of fallen animals—animals that have died of natural causes or accidents—presents a sustainable and ethical method of specimen preparation. India has large livestock population. As per 20th livestock census in the country, livestock sector of India comprised of 303 million bovines (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak), 74.26 million sheep, 148.88 million goats, 9.06 million pigs and about 851.81 million poultry. Each year large number of livestock is lost due to natural disaster such as flood, cyclones, draughts avalanches, landslides, snowstorm and forest fire. Approximately 55% of its buffalo, 38% of its cattle, 41% of its goats and 47% of its pigs are vulnerable to floods which regularly destroy farmlands. On the other hand, 44% of country’s livestock are affected by draught. Cyclones also causes huge loss to the livestock as well as to the wildlife. According to Down to Earth magazine and Centre for Science and Environment approximately 92519 livestock were killed in India in 2023 due to extreme weather including cyclones.

Introduction

Diagnosis of cancer has always been challenging. There is no single diagnostic test to confirm the cancer. A detailed evaluation of the patient comprises of history, physical examination and various diagnostic tests.

Most common steps in the diagnosis involve physical examination, imaging tests, laboratory tests, biopsy etc. Other than these there are several other battery of tests that are followed in modern diagnostics. The main aim of the diagnosis is to determine what type of cancer and more importantly the stage and the grade. Early detection of cancer provides cure or better chances of survival in any patient. It improves the prognosis of cancer and potentiate the effect of targeted therapy. There are several moderndiagnostic techniques like 2D and 3D imaging using PET positron emission tomography, MRI, Computed Tomography (CT), X Rayimaging and ultrasound scanning. The diagnosis of tumor involves several steps.

Introduction

Milk, which is recognized for its significant nutritional and immunological value to humans as well as animals, is the primary source of vital nutrients and bioactive components that contribute to the newborn’s growth and development. In addition, it includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-bound vesicles that are discharged by cells into biofluids like milk. EVs play an important function in intercellular communication and have demonstrated potential in therapeutic applications. This is extremely important since EVs are abundant in milk and carry a wide range of cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, that supports to their classification as bioactive components of milk Milk-derived exosomes have intriguing properties as nanocarriers for theranostic care.

Antibiotics serve as a backbone of modern clinical management but are currently facing serious threats from nosocomial and community emerging antimicrobial-resistance (AMR). The misuse and overuse of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents in humans and animals have accelerated the development of resistant strains. Amongst the drug-resistant microbes, major threat is posed by the ESKAPEE group, an acronym for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli, comprising high to critical drug-resistant, World Health Organization Critical Priority I and II pathogens. The dry pipeline of effective and new antibiotics further exacerbates the situation with looming threat of heading to a ‘post-antibiotic era’. In such daring scenario of AMR, where AMR is expected to be the largest killer by 2050, it is imperative to understand the AMR development mechanism in bacteria as survival mechanism to find out way to mitigate AMR development and transfer.

The art of Indian traditional knowledge regarding herbal medicine has a long history and can be considered as a potential source of new medicine. India has great potential in the market for herbal medicine, which is evident by the fact that medicinal plants required to prepare 50% of the drugs mentioned in the British Pharmacopoeia are reported to be present in the Western Himalayan region alone and India has approximately 8% of the world’s biodiversity, including plant genetic diversity with medicinal properties (Singh, 2006). Traditional medicine is widely used in rural areas, where 70% of the country’s population resides. Almost 75% of the medicinal plants grow naturally in different states of India. These plants are known to cure many ailments in animals.

Ethno Veterinary Practices

Ethno Veterinary Practices, also known as Traditional Veterinary Medicinal Practices are regarded as information gained over a period of time passed on from generation to generation. It is a community based functional knowledge system which has been developed, preserved and refined by generations of people through continuous interaction, observation and experimentation with their surrounding environment. Rural farmers mostly rely on ancestral ethno veterinary practices to deal with the diseases of their livestock and poultry. Veterinarians also show considerable interest in the medicinal plants, employed in traditional systems. This emerging trend in favour of herbal medicine is also due to the issues related to the antimicrobial drug resistance and drug residues in foods (milk/meat/eggs) of animal origin.

Introduction

Pulmonary vascular tone regulation involves the balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation, primarily controlled by pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (Lyle et al., 2017). This regulation is influenced by various factors, including ion channels, which modulates the flow of ions like K+, Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- across cell membranes, affecting vascular contraction and relaxation. Diseases like pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) are attributed to dysregulation of vascular tone, which is essential for preserving ideal blood flow and pressure in the lungs (Christou and Khalil, 2022). Excessive vasoconstriction and impaired vasodilation increase pulmonary arterial pressure. This heightened resistance strains the right ventricle, leading to heart failure over time. Dysregulated ion channel movement in PASMCs is often a key factor in the development and progression of the disease. Ion channel receptors are promising candidates for medical therapy for the amelioration of pulmonary vascular disorders. Agents that regulate the functioning of ion channels may be employed to treat aberrant pulmonary blood vessel tone (Jouen-Tachoire et al., 2021).

Pathology of nutritional deficiency diseases are described in chapter etiology of this book. However, specific deficiency of nutrition that leads to development of clinical signs and lesions in poultry are summarized as under (Fig.2.1 & Fig.2.2):

Vitamin Deficiency

1. Hypovitaminosis A

• Vitamin A is considered infection resisting vitamin because it facilitates the proper development of bursa, immunity and epithelium on mucosal and skin surfaces.

• Deficiency of vitamin A leads to swollen glands in oesophagus i.e. nutritional roup.

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect dogs from potentially life-threatening diseases. It plays a crucial role in controlling infectious diseases and helps maintain both individual and herd immunity. Timely and appropriate vaccination of dogs not only safeguards their health but also prevents the spread of diseases to other animals and even humans in some cases. This article provides a detailed vaccination schedule for different diseases of dogs, including core and non-core vaccines, and highlights the importance of adhering to a proper vaccination regimen.

Vaccination is categorized into two main types: core vaccines and non-core vaccines. Core vaccines are considered essential for all dogs, regardless of their lifestyle or environment, while non-core vaccines are given based on individual risk factors like geography, lifestyle, and exposure to certain environments.

1. Taxon names. group of organisms in a classification and given biological

2. Category the level or rank at which the taxon is placed.

3. Systematics is a biological science that discovers names, determines relationships, classifies and studies evolution of living organisms.

4. Alpha taxonomy description of new species.

5. Beta taxonomy relationships are worked outon the species level and on higher categories.

6. Gamma taxonomy studying the intraspecific variations and its evolutionary relationship.

7. Right eye flounders - Pleuronectidae & Soleidae.

8. Left eye flounders - Bothidae & Cyanoglossidae.

9. Cyanoglossidae - Tongue sole (only pelvic fin present and absence of pectoral fins)

10. Morphometric characters are measurable characters