eBook Chapters

Introduction

Industry 4.0 is essentially the digital revolution of artificial intelligence and subsequent production processes utilizing contemporary smart technology. Cyber-physical systems, or intelligent machines, are the cornerstone of this revolution (Scoop, 2018). The key features of Industry 4.0 include the integration of IoT, increasing automation technology, and enhanced communication and self-counseling techniques (Tay et al., 2018). According to Schwab (2017), new developments in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, the Internet of Things (IoT), decentralized systems, 3D printing, fifth-generation communication technologies, quantum computing, and autonomous cars will all be part of this revolution. Early in the 2010s, Germany saw the emergence of Industry 4.0 as a result of government initiatives to advance manufacturing computerization as part of its high-tech strategy project. The concept of Industry 4.0 has been implemented in a variety of contexts and rebranded by various industries or businesses as needed.

Water system is considered an Arti?cial usage of the water on the dirt utilizing various strategies like siphons, cylinders and showers. Typically, the requirement for water system shows up where the precipitation is unpredictable, in dry times, or where lack of hydration is customary. An excessive number of water system frameworks are accessible with various sorts as indicated by the Climate of the dirt. The water utilized in water system has numerous assets, like underground water, through wells or springs; the surface water, from lakes, streams; or other a few sources, for instance, the treated wastewater or desalinated seawater. In this way, farmers need to save and safeguard their Agriculture water sources by limiting the capability of diseases. Since with any groundwater extraction, clients of water system water should be mindful so as not to deplete groundwater out with a rate more prominent than it is being recovered. There are two strategies of current water system systems, the conventional water system procedures and the Smart water system philosophies. Water system is like surface water system, trickle water system and sprinkler water system. Later on, a few extreme and confounded issues will be met by inundated agriculture. An illustration of a signi?cant issue is the low efficiency of the water assets for water system. An important safe guess is that over 40% of the diverted water system water is spent before at the level of the ranch, either through profound permeation or at the surface spillover. Nonetheless, frequently these misfortunes address botched open doors for water, as they keep water from showing up at the downstream redirections. One of the most noticeable coming issues is the expansion of various water prerequisites assets, for example, manufactural and metropolitan requirements. These are utilized to give water assets a higher worth, so as a result, researchers favor concentrating entirely on rehearses with a high inefficient rate. s worldwide populace is expanding quickly, rural efficiency in drylands needs improvement to fulfill food security needs. Subsequently, taking on Precision water system approaches is a suitable choice to more readily use the accessible water assets and further develop water efficiency in drylands. Water shortage has become one of the basic issues and undermines the supportable improvement

Introduction

Bihar lies in the river plains of the basin of the river Ganga. It is endowed with fertile alluvial soil ground water resources. This makes the agriculture of Bihar rich and diverse. Bihar is one of the major producers of fruits in India with 6.7 percent of national production respectively. It ranks sixth among other States in the production of fruits respectively. Considering versatile climatic feature of Bihar, there is huge potential to grow almost all the fruits. The major fruit crops grown in Bihar are Litchi, Mango, Guava, Banana, etc. Minor crops like Makhana, Pineapple, strawberry are also grown.

Introduction

Recent advances in food technology have made our lives virtually easier and efficient. Changing lifestyle has led to the emergence of packaged food that provides convenience to the consumers. The authentic packaging of food implements consumers with the role of communication, containment, convenience, and protection. Any typical food package provides us with the information about the product and its nutritional fact, thus an efficient way of marketing/ branding. It protects the food product from the external environment and adulteration, thus keeps it safe. It allows the consumers to relish the food as per their convenience (reheating and direct consumption) and holds the product of any size, shape and restrains during handling and transportation (Robertson, 2006).

Food packages can be altered or modified according to one’s requirement with features like single-serving dishes and portability. However, traditional packaging is lacking adequacy to meet unending consumer demands and product intricacies. Therefore, a contemporary concept of packaging with higher proficiency is needed to meet various consumer requirements. For instance, a packaging that can - enhance product’s shelf-life with lesser or no preservatives, that maintains freshness, that meets permissible regulatory requisites and enables tracking throughout the product life-cycle. Emerging technologies like smart packaging have the expertise to invigilate a product and its milieu and pursue any modifications into these. Moreover, smart packaging helps in gaining global market recognition, and meets international food safety standards. In recent years, there has been rapid development in food packaging that includes active packaging, intelligent packaging, or smart packaging. These are the technologies that deal with the packaging of food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Moreover, these terminologies are apparently identical but, each has a different function to deal with and is as follows:

Plant breeding is a revered custom that proceeds with the most common way of creating further developed plant cultivars, which traces all the way back to the beginning of agriculture . People started to observe levels of greatness among the plants in their fields not long after the underlying regulations of cereal grains, from which they put away the seeds of the best to develop new harvests. Early plant-reproducing advancements were the trailblazers to such simple choice methodologies. Individuals from the whole way across the world investigated and developed almost 7000 assortments of food plants during Breeding 1.0, which started quite a while back. Breeding stage 2.0 began in the late nineteenth and mid 20th hundreds of years when an inbreeding discouragement was found. During this time, many advances in plant breeding were made in the study of reproducing itself, like duplicated field preliminaries, controlled intersections, factual examinations, formal exploratory plans, crossover breeding, family-based appraisals of reproducing values, and exact yield estimation at scale (e.g., with Muldrow joins). Breeding 3.0 came to around a long time back, when sub-atomic markers and genomic information started to enhance phenotypic information. Breeding 4.0 is quickly drawing nearer, with immense omics information and the fast advancement of informatics innovations. Starting from the start of the plant breeding cycle, beginning from crop training, new methodologies interceded by various mechanical upheavals are being advanced in the science consistently to build the speed, exactness, and Precision in plant reproducing. In the previous 10 years, this science has proactively brought the green upheaval by creating semi-predominate, supplement responsive, and crossover cultivars. In any case, taking into account the populace development, diminishing arable land, and Climate changes, these have requested more exact, high throughput moves toward that can intervene to foster harvest cultivars at a more prominent speed, with higher exactness, and accuracy. In such manner, the field of Artificial brainpower has as of late arisen, which has been recommended to have unprecedented potential to help with breeding Climate versatile Precisionyields. Climate strong harvests keep up with or increment crop yields

The fate of smoke from a wild land fire depends in large part on the airflow carrying it away from the fire which can involve a complex interaction of eddies that may occur near the ground or expand beyond the atmospheric mixed layer (Fig.11.1). The buoyancy of smoke and ambient atmospheric conditions determines how high and how quickly the smoke rises, and thus where it travels.
The smoke plume distribution is affected by number of factors as indicated below:
• Elevation: The smoke plumes at higher elevations disperse the smoke particles more vertically while plumes from lover elevations disperse more horizontally.
• Temperature: The large difference between the smoke and surrounding air affects the Plume dynamics. The buoyancy force increases the vertical velocity of the particles, while heat diffusion increases surrounding air temperature.
• Moisture: The presence of moisture can modify the distribution of smoke and chemistry of smoke particles.
• Topography: Topography can influence emissions that remain within the mixing zone.
• Atmospheric stability: Atmospheric stability can affect the distribution of smoke.

Smoking is an ancient method of food preservation, which is also known as smoke curing, produces products with very high salt content (>10%) and low water activity (~0.85). Smoking is a process of treating fish by exposing it to smoke from smouldering wood or plant materials to introduce flavour, taste, and preservative ingredients into the fish. This process is usually characterised by an integrated combination of salting, drying, heating and smoking steps in a smoking chamber. The drying effects during smoking, together with the antioxidant and bacteriostatic effects of the smoke, allow smoked products to have extended shelf-life. Smoked seafood includes different varieties like, smoked finfish and smoked bivalves. Many of the smoked products are in the form of ready-to-eat.

Developments of modern food preservation technology, such as pasteurization, cooling/refrigeration, deep-freezing, and vacuum packaging, have eclipsed the preserving functions of many traditional methods including smoking. Nowadays, the main purpose of smoking has been shifted for sensory quality rather than for its preservative effect.

Depending upon how the smoke is delivered into the food and smoking temperature, four basic types of smoking can be defined: hot smoking, cold smoking, liquid smoking, and electrostatic smoking. Hot smoking is the traditional smoking method using both heat and smoke, which usually occurs at temperatures above 70 °C. For smoked fish and fishery products, a minimum thermal process of 30 min at or above 145 °F (62.8 °C) is required by FDA (2001). Therefore, after hot smoking, products are fully cooked and ready for consumption.

ABSTRACT

Hyperspectral data are generally noisier compared to broadband multispectral data. Therefore, it is desirable to smoothen the reflectance spectra. Smoothing needs to preserve an absorption feature while simultaneously removing noise. It is very essential to optimize the smoothing filter to minimize disturbances to the statistical properties of the original data. This study was carried out to see the effect of Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) based smoothing technique on the statistical properties of vegetation spectral response and to see the effect of the filter size. The data used for the present study is the reflectance spectra data obtained from space borne EO-1 onboard Hyperion sensor. Filter sizes were varied between 3 and 15 with the increment of 2, i.e. 3, 5, 7..........15. Paired t-test was carried out between the original and the smoothed data (for the selective bands) for all the filter sizes in order to see the extent of distortion with changing filter sizes. Our study revealed that the distortion in the spectra increases with the increase in the filter size. Beyond filter size 11, the number of locations within the spectra where the smooth spectra were statistically different from its original counterpart increased to 14 and reaches 21 at the filter size 15.

Botany:Snake gourd belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae native to Southeastern Asia and Australia but cultivated throughout the world for its curved and oddly shaped fruits that appear like snakes hanging on the supports or ground. This subtropical plant grows very fast in warm climates and produces lots of fruits for a long time. It is suitable for growing for home garden and fresh market.

Climate and soil: Snake gourd is adapted to wide variety of soil and climatic conditions. It requires a minimum temperature of 18^oC during early growth, but optimal temperatures are in the range of 24–27^oC. Snake gourd tolerates a wide range of soil but prefers a well drained sandy loam soil that is rich in organic matter. The optimum soil pH is 6.0–6.7, but plants tolerate alkaline soils up to pH

Varieties: CO1,CO2, PKM 1, PLR 1 and PLR 2.

On the morning of 13 Oct 2023 morning (9:30 am - 12:00 pm), ITAF participants visited snake-skin gourami local farms in Samut scorn province. Snake-skin gourami is one of the best delicacies in Thailand which has large demand in local and international markets. Snake-skin gourami can breed after reaching 100-200 gms ( 2 months). The culture period of snake- skin gourami is 9-10 months. In snake- skin gourami males have a large body and long dorsal fin than females.

Farm 1

Snake-skin gourami culture is done in 30 rai ( 1 rai= 1600 m2) area of the farm. The depth of the pond is 1.5m. A single crop is taken in one year. 50,000 no. of fry are stocked in 30 rai area. Feeding areas are constructed by the net embankment where feed is given to fish harvesting is done after 8-9 months. The cost of production for one crop is 2 million/year in that they produce 30-40 tonnes /30 rai, which is almost 3 million / year.

I. FILL UPS

1. The viability of pollen grains in snakegourd is for _____.
2. Stigma receptivity is for _____hours after opening.
3. The isolation distance for snakegourd foundation seed production is _____.
4. The wild species of snakegourd is _____.

INTRODUCTION

In many cultures, fresh cut flowers are deeply symbolic, conveying the message of nature to man. In recent times revolutionary changes have been seen in Indian floriculture sector which is due to the introduction of various annuals from abroad. Snapdragon too is the one of the relatively recent introduction in the field of cut flowers. Now-a-days, snapdragons are usually grown as annuals, though traditionally they are cultivated as perennials. Due to its curious shape of flowers, which resemble a dog, rabbit or dragon, it is popularly called as snapdragon, dog flower, bunny rabbit or bunny mouth. Snapdragons are one of the most popular and widely grown garden annuals. It is ideally suited for beds, pot, edging, window boxes, herbaceous border and rock gardens. Tall cultivars can be used among the shrubs, at the background of the annuals like hollyhock, larkspur, etc. in mixed borders or with herbaceous plants. The intermediate cultivars are very useful for bedding and potting purposes. Both these types are excellent for cut flower production. The dwarf cultivars are good for edging and bordering formal beds. The dwarf hybrids are suitable for covering the patches in rock garden. They are used in floral arrangements and in bouquets too. Their production for cut flower purpose began with the introduction of a winter flowering cultivar Chevoit Maid, followed by several F₁ hybrids with desirable cut flower qualities. The F₁ hybrids are grown all the year round. Flowers have good keeping quality, as they remain fresh for 6-7 days. Snapdragon has also been reported to have medicinal importance. It has diuretic and astringent properties and have been employed for the treatment of scurvy, liver tumor and ulcers.

Abstract: Snapdragon, a decorative ornamental, is used as model plant for genetic and biochemical study. These are popular flowering potted plants, bedding plants and cut flowers around the world due to their flowering floriferousness, wide range in flower colour, size, and shape with numerous phenotypes (Tall Giant/ Grandiflora, Super Giant, Dwarf, Semi-dwarf, Miniature, etc.) series (Butterfly, Rocket Hybrid, Sweet Heart, Pixie, etc.) and cultivars available in market. Hybrid seed production transformed the crop; continued domestication by flower breeders produced a wide range of flower colours and flower patterns. The increasing knowledge of the inheritance of traits and molecular genetics techniques are valuable tools aiding modern snapdragon breeders. Snapdragons are of the few floriculture crops which have genetic evolutionary race history, precise elucidation of taxonomic relationships between taxa, genomic maps, and advanced molecular genetics. In particular elucidation of the genes involved in control of floral development and in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway has enabled precision in the creation of new flower colours or modification of floral symmetry and expression.

Keywords: Antirrhinum, taxonomy, flower shape, structural genes, molecular biology.

Snapmelon [Cucumis melo L. var. momordica (Roxb.) Duthie * Fuller] originated  in India. It was intensively cultivated in the 19th century in Northern India (Duthie 1905) where it is commonly called as ‘Phut’ which means to split or crack. Immature fruits are cooked or pickled and the low sugared mature fruits are eaten raw. The mature fruits crack or burst. Fruit cracking is  either longitudinal or random starting in middle of fruit (Fig.1).

The North Eastern Region of India possesses unique potential for fishery activities. The region represents all agro-climatic zones ranging from warm water drainage system to cold water conditions facilitating freshwater fishing and is identified as the hot spot of freshwater biodiversity. So far about 267 fish species have been reported to be present in the region, which is approximately 33.13% of the total Indian fresh water fishes (Munilkumar and Nandeesha, 2007). The total land coverage of the region is 2.55 lakh sq. km. which is about 7.76% of the country, out of which 70% is hilly terrain (Mahanta and Tyagi, 2003). The main fishery resources of the region comprises of rivers (18,968 km), reservoirs (8,019 ha), beels/lakes (1,48,491 ha) and tanks and ponds (42,782 ha) (Ghosh and Ponniah, 2008).

The North Eastern Region of India with its large fish eating population, needs planned sustainable development of its existing as well as potential fishery resources. A challenging environment for fisheries development prevails in the region by way of very high demand and price of fish. Given the socio-economic conditions and vast fishery resources of the region, there is a strong chance for diversion of work force to productive sectors like fisheries thus transforming the economy of the region and further socio-economic development.

11.1. Definition

Jones: Variations or modifications of any aspect of social process, social patterns, social interaction or social organization.

Gillin and Gillin: Variations from the accepted modes of life; whether due to alteration in geographical conditions, in cultural equipment, composition on the population or ideologies and whether brought about by diffusion or inventions within the group.

Davis and Mac Iver: Change in the relationships.

ABSTRACT

Social primates appear to be knowledgeable about one another’s behaviour to different extents. But do they know as much about one another’s beliefs and intentions? Are they adept at recognizing the similarities and differences between their own and others’ states of mind?

Introduction
An animal’s asymmetry in aggression towards another species is commonly used to characterise its dominance. In other contexts, dominance describes people who emerge victorious from brief dyadic competitions. Most animal groups are arranged in a hierarchical fashion, whereby members at higher ranks have more access to resources and opportunity for procreation than members at lower ranks. Signals of Dominance: Acts or structures known as signals are employed by signalers to convey information to recipients in a way that elicits a response from them. This response usually has positive fitness consequences for both the signaler and the recipient. These signs don’t always have to be easy to see.
Communities vary in the hierarchical pattern of dominance. The most common kind of rank relationships are those in which there is a “alpha” who is better than all other members of the group, a “beta” who is better than all members except the “alpha,” and so on down the hierarchy to the lowest ranker who is under all others. Therefore, if powerful males may be arranged in a single sequence, the system is known as a simple and linear dominance hierarchy.
Concepts of Dominance Hierarchies
1. Establishing dominance
2. Maintaining dominance
Dominance Hierarchy Types
1. Statistical hierarchy
2. Confidence hierarchy
3. Assessment hierarchy

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commend of the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who live in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive and mutually contributive to the system performance. Research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

The term “research setting” describes the specifics of the location where the study was carried out. The study area is typically a specific geographic area, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area, chosen based on the investigator’s convenience and with suffice. The term research setting implies the specific details of the location where the study was carried out are referred to as the research context. Typically, the study area consists of a specific geographic area, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat, chosen based on the investigator’s convenience. The investigator should have sufficient knowledge of the area’s location, communication infrastructure, etc. to enable them to easily collect data from every corner of the area. Each setting” describes the specifics of the location where the study was carried out. The study area is typically a specific geographic area, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area, chosen based on the investigator’s convenience and with sufficient knowledge of the area’s location, communication infrastructure, etc. to enable the investigator to easily approach every part of the area for data collection. The knowledge of the area’s location, communication infrastructure, etc. to enable the investigator to easily approach every part of the area for data collection.” describes the specifics of the location where the study was carried out. The study area is typically a specific geographic area, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area, chosen based on the investigator’s convenience and with sufficient knowledge of the area’s location, communication infrastructure, etc. to enable the investigator to easily approach every part of the area for data collection. Because of the COVID-19 epidemic, the majority of the data collection for this study was conducted over the phone in accordance with the interview schedule. In order to easily comprehend the people’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, investigators also need to have a fundamental awareness of their sociodemographic background. A research setting is an environment where research components and inputs are interwoven, contextualized, and mutually enhance system performance. The research setting has a crucial role in describing and affecting the interactions between various components and elements. The idea behind this kind of presentation is to absorb the study environment in terms of wider

4.1 Research Setting

In any social science research, it is hardly possible to conceptualize and perceive the data and interpret the data more accurately until and unless a clear understanding of the characteristics in the area and attitude or the behavior of people is at commending by the interpreter who intends to unveil an understanding of the implication and behavioral complexes of the individual who lives in the area under reference and form a representative part of the larger community. The socio-demographic background of the local people in a rural setting has been critically administered in this section. A research setting is a surrounding in which input and elements of research are contextually imbibed, interactive, and mutually contributive to the system performance. The research setting is immensely important in the sense because it is characterizing and influencing the interplays of different factors and components.

Research setting refers to the detail information of an area where the study has been conducted. The study area, generally comprises of a particular geographical area viz. a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area selected according to the convenience of the investigator who possesses adequate knowledge regarding the location, communication facility etc. of the locality so that he/she can easily approach each and every corner of the area for data collection. Here. in this study the data collection was done mostly over telephone based on the interview schedule due to Covid-19 pandemic situation. Besides the investigators must also have the basic knowledge about the socio demographic background of the people so as to have an easy understanding of their knowledge, attitude and behavior. 

The research setting provides specific details about the location where a study is conducted. This study area typically encompasses a particular geographical region, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat, chosen according to the research requirements. The researcher must have a thorough understanding of the locality, including its communication methods, in order to effectively access all parts of the region for data collection.

In social science research, a clear comprehension of the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviours of the individuals within the study area is essential. Without this understanding, accurately conceptualizing, perceiving, and interpreting data becomes challenging. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implications and behavioural intricacies of the local people representing a broader community in the referenced study area, researchers must have a solid grasp of these factors. Therefore, this chapter critically analyses the socio-demographic background of the residents in a rural setting.

The term “research setting” denotes the context in which research inputs and elements are absorbed, interacted with, and mutually contribute to the system’s overall performance.

The research setting is crucial because it shapes and influences the interactions of various factors and components. Therefore, conducting a study on how farmers perceive persuasive issues and other topics requires a local context that takes into account the unique natural environment, demographics, crop ecology, institutional framework, and socio-cultural factors. For example, when writing a paper about the social behaviour of chimpanzees, it is important to include details about the research setting. This may include information such as where the chimpanzees were studied (in the wild or in captivity), the number of chimpanzees that were observed, whether they were part of the same social group, the geographic location, the time of the study, the season/weather conditions, the availability of resources such as food, water, and shelter, and any environmental factors that were present. There are two types of research settings: macro and micro. The macro research setting encompasses the entire state, while the micro research setting focuses on specific districts, blocks, or village peripheries. The aim of this approach is to understand the study environment from broader perspectives using the state as a reference frame and the district and block profiles as units of in-depth analysis.

The research setting provides specific details about the location where a study is conducted. This study area typically encompasses a particular geographical region, such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat, chosen according to the research requirements. The researcher must have a thorough understanding of the locality, including its communication methods, in order to effectively access all parts of the region for data collection.

In social science research, a clear comprehension of the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviours of the individuals within the study area is essential. Without this understanding, accurately conceptualizing, perceiving, and interpreting data becomes challenging. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implications and behavioural intricacies of the local people representing a broader community in the referenced study area, researchers must have a solid grasp of these factors. Therefore, this chapter critically analyses the socio-demographic background of the residents in a rural setting.

The term “research setting” denotes the context in which research inputs and elements are absorbed, interacted with, and mutually contribute to the system’s overall performance.

The research setting is crucial because it shapes and influences the interactions of various factors and components. Therefore, conducting a study on how farmers perceive persuasive issues and other topics requires a local context that takes into account the unique natural environment, demographics, crop ecology, institutional framework, and socio-cultural factors. For example, when writing a paper about the social behaviour of chimpanzees, it is important to include details about the research setting. This may include information such as where the chimpanzees were studied (in the wild or in captivity), the number of chimpanzees that were observed, whether they were part of the same social group, the geographic location, the time of the study, the season/weather conditions, the availability of resources such as food, water, and shelter, and any environmental factors that were present.

4.1 Introduction

The research setting pertains to the comprehensive details of a specific area’s social environment where the study is carried out. The study area typically encompasses a distinct geographic region such as a state, district, block, or gram panchayat area, chosen based on the convenience of the researcher who possesses sufficient knowledge about the locality, including its communication infrastructure. This ensures easy access to every part of the area for collecting data.

Migration is a complex phenomenon that has significant implications for individuals, communities, and countries worldwide. It involves the movement of people from one geographical location to another, either within a country or across international borders. The research setting of migration refers to the specific context in which migration patterns and processes are studied. Understanding the research setting is crucial for comprehending the underlying factors, dynamics, and consequences of migration.

4.2 Profile of the State

4.2.1 General Information of the State

West Bengal is a state located in the eastern part of India, situated along the Bay of Bengal. It has a population of over 91 million people and covers an area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 square miles). West Bengal ranks as the fourth most populous and thirteenth-largest state in India in terms of area, and it is the eighth-most populous country subdivision in the world. The Bengal region, which is a part of the Indian subcontinent, shares borders with Bangladesh to the east, Nepal to the north, and Bhutan to the northwest. It also shares boundaries with the Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, which is the third-largest metropolitan city and the seventh-largest city in India by population.

The word ‘social forestry’ was coined by J. C. Westoby and used in the ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference at New Delhi in 1968. In India the term was first used by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India in 1976, to denote tree raising programmes to supply firewood, small timber and minor forest products to rural population. Prasad (1985) defined social forestry as forestry outside the conventional forests which primarily aims at providing continuous flow of goods and services for the benefit of people. This implies that the production of forest goods for fulfilling the needs of the local people is social forestry. Thus, conceptually it deals with the people to produce goods such as fuel, fodder, small timber, etc. to meet the needs of local community particularly the underprivileged section (Shah, 1988).

The word 'social forestry' was coined by Westoby and used in the ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference at New Delhi in 1968. In India the term was first used by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India in 1976, to denote tree raising programmes to supply firewood, small timber and minor forest products to rural population. Prasad (1985) defined social forestry as forestry outside the conventional forests which primarily aims at providing continuous flow of goods and services for the benefit of people. This implies that the production of forest goods for fulfilling the needs of the local people is social forestry. Thus, conceptually it deals with the people to produce goods such as fuel, fodder, small timber, etc. to meet the needs of local community particularly the underprivileged section (Shah, 1988).

The word ‘social forestry’ was coined by Westoby and used in the ninth Commonwealth Forestry Conference at New Delhi in 1968. In India the term was first used by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India in 1976, to denote tree raising programmes to supply firewood, small timber and minor forest products to rural population. Prasad (1985) defined social forestry as forestry outside the conventional forests which primarily aims at providing continuous flow of goods and services for the benefit of people. This implies that the production of forest goods for fulfilling the needs of the local people is social forestry. Thus, conceptually it deals with the people to produce goods such as fuel, fodder, small timber, etc. to meet the needs of local community particularly the underprivileged section (Shah, 1988).

The idea of social forestry is not new in India. It may be found in Lord Buddha’s teachings from around 2500 years ago. According to Buddha’s teachings, a devout Buddhist should plant one tree and nurture it for five years so that it matures into a complete tree. By doing this, a person should plant around f ive trees over his lifetime. It is also believed that the Great Emperor Ashoka planted fruit trees and shade trees by the roadsides for the benefit of passing travellers.

The rural economy in India has been largely supported by forests. In the past, the local people kept an ecological balance while managing their woods to provide food, fuel, fibre, fodder, timber and herbal remedies. However, India’s forests have rapidly disappeared due to biotic pressure from expanding human and animal populations, a lack of technical skills, insufficient investments, and ownership changes. In addition to biotic pressure, other factors that led to the depletion of forest resources includes inadequate scientific and technical inputs; staff lacking the necessary skills and training to assume their expected new roles; poor investment in forest development; and damage from mining, irrigation projects, industries, roads; and shifting cultivation. As a result, in the early 1970s, new ideas in forestry development were introduced. Therefore, a variety of activities were incorporated in social forestry initiatives, including planting trees on agricultural bunds and roadsides, creating woodlots on shared lands, and integrating local people in the gathering, processing, and management of forest products.

Sustainable Development A social cause is a problem that influences a considerable number of individuals within a society. There are many environmental issues the India like pollution, waste management sustainable development, rain water harvesting etc.

4.1 Urban Issues

(i) Water Problem

The world’s population is increasingly found in the cities. Now a days, throughout the developing world, urbanization trends are gaining speed and are irreversible. From a technical standpoint, it is easier to provide water and sanitation services to people living closer together in urban settings than in dispersed rural communities. However, the costs of meeting the needs are much higher per capita, and are growing. The health risks posed by the lack of sanitation increase exponentially as densities increase and as people share drinking water and sanitation resources.

The urban environmental sanitation crisis in developing countries is taking a large health, economic, and environmental toll on all city residents. Willingness to pay for basic water and sanitation services is often high in peri- urban neighbourhoods, provided that services are appropriate, effective, and affordable. The use of a strategic sanitation approach should helps to build capacity within implementing agencies and enhances the ability of communities to make sustainable sanitation improvements.

(ii) Energy Problem

Energy is basic to development. Modern energy services are powerful engine of economic and social opportunity: no country has managed to develop much beyond a subsistence economy without ensuring at least minimum access to energy services for a broad section of its population. It is not surprising to find, therefore, that the billion who live in developing countries attach a high priority to energy services. On average, these people spend nearly 12% of their income on energy. At the same time, the provision of energy services especially through the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass can create adverse environmental effects. In rich countries, much attention is directed to the regional and global consequences of fuel combustion, because many of the local effects have been controlled at considerable expense over the past half- century. In developing countries, the local environmental problems associated with energy use remain matters of concern that are as, or even more, urgent than they were in industrialized countries 50 or 100 years ago. Further, it is the poor who suffer most severely from such problems, because it is they who are forced to rely upon the most inefficient and polluting sources of energy services for lack of access to better alternatives.

Introduction

Studies have indicated that four significant forces viz. IT, Mobile, Cloud and Social Media would create unique work environment in the coming years. Social media presents both opportunities and challenges. It has reached a stage where a single tweet can make or mar an organization. It has emerged as a force to reckon with.

Social media can be defined as any media dedicated to community based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Whatsapp, Google Plus, Hike Messenger, Pinterest, Reddit, Instagam, WeChat, Skype, YouTube are some of the social networking sites that have received tremendous response from billions of people all over the world.

Earlier, there were mass media like pamphlets, booklets, newspapers, radio, television, etc. to connect with the masses. These traditional mass medias were mostly based on one way conversation. Various researchers, scientists, policy makers, government and non-government organizations, research institutions utilized these traditional mass media to the fullest but mostly with a limitation of one way communication and farmers have to rely on the information mashed on them. In last decade, the social networking services (SNS) have emerged as a wonderful and powerful social media.

Social media are electronic communication platforms that allow users to interact, create, share, retrieve and exchange information and ideas in different forms.

Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.

There are many forms of social media including blogs, micro-blogs, wikis, social networking sites, photo-sharing sites, instant messaging, video-sharing sites, podcasts, widgets, virtual worlds, and more. Ex: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and Youtube etc.,

Role of social media in Transfer of Technology

According to the Indian economic survey of 2018, more than 50% of the Indian workforce is employed in the agricultural sector. Agriculture contributed to 17–18% to the country’s GDP. Agriculture’s share in India’s economy is less compared to the industrial and services sectors. The industrial and service sectors have higher growth rates. The significance of the agricultural sector in India’s economic and social growth goes well beyond. Nearly 60% of India’s families depend on rural incomes. In addition to this, the majority of India’s poor population (around 70 %) lives in rural areas. Also, as the population is growing at a fast rate, food security in India depends on producing cereal crops and in increasing the production of fruits, vegetables and milk to sustain the needs of a growing population. To achieve this we need a productive, diversified, competitive, and sustainable agricultural sector. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, spices and milk. It has the world’s largest cattle herd and the largest area under wheat, rice, and cotton. India is also the second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, farmed fish, sheep & goat meat, fruit, vegetables and tea.