eChapters

During recent years ultrasonography has become an indispensable diagnostic modality in human and veterinary medicine because of its non-invasive nature, providing visualization of internal organs, and quick results. Birth of ultrasound took place in 1794 when an Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani discovered that bats used sound waves for navigation. Since then continuous developments and advancements in the technology have made the sonography a dependable and an easily accessible diagnostic modality.

Ultrasonography is being routinely practiced in canine and feline medicine for the diagnosis of diseases of the organs and also to confirm pregnancy. Its routine use in ruminant medicine is mainly restricted to pregnancy diagnosis. Recently the potential of ultrasonography is also being explored in zoo and wild animals as well as in exotic pets. Information available in companion and other domestic animals cannot be applied blindly to zoo and wild animals.

Q. 1 Hygrophilic soils are those
(A) Which attract water       (B) Which do not attract water
(C) Which transmit water    (D) Which produce water

Soil organic matter is any material produced originally by living organisms (plant or animal) that is returned to the soil and goes through the decomposition process. At any given time, it consists of a range of materials from the intact original tissues of plants and animals to the substantially decomposed mixture of materials known as humus. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the organic component of soil, consisting of three primary parts including plant residues and living soil organisms, decomposing (active) organic matter, and stable organic matter (humus). Most soil organic matter originates from plant tissue.

Water required for irrigation of cropped land is being degraded in terms of quantity and quality due to fast increasing demand for its use. Furthermore, the soil quality and crop productivity is linked to the quality of the water available for irrigation. In general, evaluation of irrigation water quality should focus on salt content, sodium concentration, the occurrence of nutrients and trace elements, alkalinity, acidity, and hardness of the water.

Q.1 We can apply the change of origin or change of scale or change of origin and scale both to the original data in case of applying ANOVA technique to make the analysis easy and speedy.

Q.2 The conclusions drawn from ANOVA based on transformed data or original data are different.

In modern times, soil tillage has emerged as an integral part of a crop system. Soil tillage or soil surface management has been found important in alleviating soil related constraints encountered in crop production. An important effect of soil tillage on crop productivity is through its influence on soil processes, soil Soil Tillage 39 properties and crop growth. At the same time, soil tillage has its impact on the environment e.g. soil degradation, water quality, emission of green house gases from soil related processes etc.

The term pesticide includes fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, rodenticides, soil fumigants and herbicides. They cover a wide range of formulations: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, metallic salts, acetic acid derivatives, thiocarbamates etc. They all have deleterious effects on humans, domestic animals, wildlife and plants.

11.1 Introduction

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. The name Pandas is derived from the word Panel Data - an Econometrics from Multidimensional data.

In 2008, developer Wes McKinney started developing pandas when in need of high performance, flexible tool for analysis of data.

Prior to Pandas, Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data - load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.

Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Appendix 1 : Syllabus (For the Degree of Bachelor Of Veterinary Science And Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc. & A.H.)

The food productivity increased manifolds due to high-input modern agriculture with the adoption of new technologies like high yielding varieties, farm mechanisation, increased use of fertiliser and pesticide, specialised farming practices, water resource development and improved irrigation practices, etc. The Green Revolution started in the early 1960s has led to the attainment of self-sufficiency in food grain production.

Low external input agriculture developed as a concept in the 1980s, gaining ground with the establishment of the Information Centre for Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture in 1984 (Kessler and Moolhuijzen, 1994). Low external input agriculture developed as a response to the criticisms surrounding Green Revolution technology being neither sustainable nor feasible for many small-scale farmers around the world.

Soil is a biologically active porous medium that has developed in the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust which serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants. It is one of the principal substrata of life on earth, serving as a reservoir of water and nutrients, and as a participant in the cycling of carbon and other elements through the global ecosystem.

Conservation agriculture is an approach to managing agroecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations defines conservation agriculture as a farming system that promotes maintenance of a permanent soil cover, minimum soil disturbance (i.e. no tillage), and diversification of plant species.

When any beam is loaded, stresses are induced and so to calculate those stresses, shear force and bending moment acting at load or support location must be required to calculate.

Indicators are the natural or synthetic chemical compounds that are used to detect the equivalence point in a volumetric analysis where unknown compound in a solution form is quantitatively estimated with the help of a known standard solution. The equivalence point, also known as the stoichiometric end point, is the point or stage of a titration reaction where the equivalent amount of the reacting substances are mixed together, and this point is identified by monitoring the rate of change in pH, conductivity, flow of current, adsorption, fluorescence, changing of solution colour, occurrence or disappearance of turbidity, flocculation or deflocculation, etc.

Centrifugation is a technique that promotes accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture by the application of centrifugal force. The device that accelerates the separation with the help of centrifugal force is known as ‘Centrifuge’. The centrifuge consists of a fixed base or frame and a rotating part in which the mixture is placed and is then spun at high speed.

Electrophoresis is an important separation technique for the charged molecules. Biologically important molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins nucleotides, nucleic acids which carry electrical charge as they possess certain ionizable functional groups may be separated and identified from a mixture with the help of this technique. Some compounds that are non-polar in nature and do not possess any charge may be transformed to charge carrying derivatives. Thus, phosphate derivatives of carbohydrates may be separated and characterized utilizing electrophoretic techniques.

The millets are a group of highly variable small seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for both human food and fodder. These are important crops in semi-arid and tropical regions of the world (in particular in Afro-Asian countries) due to their resistance to pests and diseases, short growing season and productivity under heat and drought conditions. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is a small seeded annual cereal which belongs to the grass family, Poaceae. 

Millets like finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet, sorghum millet and other small millets are the ancient super grains and nutrition reservoirs for better health. In semi-arid regions, these are the important food and fodder crops, and primarily acquiring more importance in the world. 

Designing is a creative activity. Think of fashion designers or interior decorators, who design clothes or decorate homes. Think of the people who design sports cars or bikes, or the interiors of fancy hotels or corporate offices. They take simple things like fabric, or steel, or plastic and using colors create things that are attractive, useful and a pleasure to live with. Designing a project is equally creative - selecting inputs and managing them in a certain way to achieve objectives.

Project appraisal technique gives details of cost and return of the proposed business. It involves investment of huge amount of capital. There are different project appraisal technique but the most common one is investment analysis or capital budgeting. With this, we can evaluate economic feasibility of different projects.

AGRICULTURAL WASTE: The characteristics of the agricultural waste materials make them important in respect of their use and economic value. Agricultural wastes can he put to use because (1) Farm development (improvement of soil health, soil fertility, soil physical conditions and plant protection), it is the source of energy and power, (3) it acts as animal feed and fodder, (4) it is the human food

The history of cakes traces back to ancient times where Egyptians first practiced advanced baking skills. However, the modern-day cakes are said to have evolved in Europe around mid of 17th century. Today cake products and its derivatives are widely found all around the world. Cakes are sweet baked products rich in sugar, fat and egg with a tender bite and a pleasant flavour. They are basically protein foams, stabilized by gelatinized starch. Quality of cake depends on number of factors like selection of ingredients, balancing of recipe, optimum mixing and baking procedures. Good quality cakes are characterized by large volume, uniform crumb with fine cells and pore size.

Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

According to the theory of production, the entrepreneur seeks to maximise his earnings. The goal of a proft-maximizing businessperson is to maximise production for a given amount of investment, or, to put it another way, to reduce expense.

Meaning of Production

Producing items and services with a market value is referred to as production in economics. It refers to the development of utilities. These services fall under the categories of form, time, and place utilities. The establishment of such utilities boosts the economy’s total production and redistribution of commodities and services. A commodity’s utility could rise for a variety of reasons.

Form Utility

If the physical form of a commodity is changed, its utility may increase. For instance, the utility of cotton increases, if it is converted into clothes. The other examples are processing of paddy into rice, wheat into four and butter into ghee.

The history of evolution reveals that life on Earth has gradually gone enriching itself by adding more and more varieties to it. A variety of organisms as of today exhilaratingly blossoms in the biosphere. The organisms are divided into three broad categories based on their distinctive characteristics, viz. plants, animals, and microorganisms. The other broad categories all the organisms on Earth are placed in are the five kingdoms, viz. Protista, Monera, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. These kingdoms encompass living organisms based on their cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), cell number (unicellular or multicellular), genetic recombination type (binary fission, asexual or sexual type), or feeding behavior or mode of nourishment (autotrophic or heterotrophic).

Industrial waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous in type and is generated by industrial activities throughout a manufacturing process. Depending on its nature, it can be hazardous or non-hazardous. It is important to note that hazardous wastes can be ignitable, toxic, reactive, corrosive, or radioactive and can pose a threat to the environment. Industrial waste includes, among other things, paints, concrete, paper goods, sandpaper, metals and chemical solvents. Most industries face a significant problem associated with the disposal of waste. Due to the significant expenses involved, it is not feasible to collect and treat all of the waste due to the sizeable volume of waste produced by numerous businesses. As a result, especially in developing nations, the majority of industrial wastes are illegally deposited on wastelands like deserted fields

Important Points to be Remember

• Lysosome was discovered by – Duve (1955)
• The term chromosome was first named by – Waldayer
• Power house of the cell – Mitochondria
• Two lines different for a single locus is called – Isogenic line
• Ploidy level in seeds – Embryo – 2n, Endosperm – 3n

Important Points to Remember

ROSE

• Botanical name: Rosa spp.
• Family: Rosaceae
• 2n = 14
• Origin: North Hemisphere (Himalyas)
• Flower colour: Red (commonly)

Abstract

This chapter covers the main theories and academic perspectives used to study the role of different organizations in which they explain their vision, mission, object functioning, etc.

Climate and Agriculture

Soil, climate and water are three basic requirements of a crop to be grown in a particular region. Climate affects the temperature trends, seasons, length of the growing season, amount of sunlight and the seasonality of sunlight etc. A change in climate may cause recurrent droughts, floods and weather extremities that would affect the agricultural production, human livelihoods, health and biodiversity. The relationship between agriculture and climate is complex as it is dependent on climate and also plays a contributing role in emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs) etc. , which play a significant role in climate change.

India is an agrarian country and the agriculture and allied sector is the largest employer of workforce as it accounted for a sizeable 18.8 per cent in 2021-22 in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country (Economic Survey 2021-22).Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population and only the food processing industry employs about 1.77 million people (Indian Agriculture and Allied Industries Industry Report, November 2021). In the year 2019-20, gross value added by agriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion). But still farming community has to face lot of hardships. The farmers are still applying chemical fertilizers on the basis of their own experiences as they don’t possess the soil heath cards. Although central government has initiated Soil Health Management (SHM) scheme to assist State Governments to set up new static Soil Testing Laboratories (STLs) and Mini Soil testing Labs (MSTLs). But it is time consuming and cumbersome process. There is great opportunity for Agri-business entrepreneurs with a commercially viable solution to farmers by development of simplified, sensor based and quick soil testing methods to test the nutrients and micronutrients.

Pomology: Pomology is a branch of horticulture that deals with the cultivation of fruit crops. When given a liberal and flexible translation, the word “pomology” means the science of fruit. The term is derived from the Latin word pomum, which means “Fruit” and the Greek term logy, which means “Science.

Fruit

“A true botanical fruit is defined as a mature or ripened ovary with or without accessory organs.” Classifcation refers to the grouping of individuals with similar identities, related in genetic make up, evolution or climatic requirements. The major units of classification are order, family, genus, sub family, species, variety/cultivars and clone or strain. All fruit crops bear flower and seed (spermatophyte) and belongs to class Angiosperm except in (Pinus gerardiana) of gymnosperm.

Most of the fruits are covered under the dicotyledonous families of Angiosperm except banana, pineapple, date and coconut which belong to monocotyledonous families e.g. Musaceae, Bromeliaceae and Arecaceae (Palmae) respectively. The families of economically important fruits include Rosaceae (all pome, stone fruits and strawberry), Rutaceae (citrus fruits, bael and woodapple), Musaceae (banana and plantain), Vitaceae (grapes and Anacardiaceae (Mango, cashew and pistachio nut, hog plum) etc.

Abstract

Non-structural carbohydrates are the primary product of photosynthesis in plants. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and so on are examples of Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). These are free carbohydrates having a low molecular weight that are involved in the creation of structures. Plants’ principal photosynthetic product, the NSC, is involved in metabolic processes and plays a critical role in plant functional characteristics. In a recent laboratory inter-comparison, NSC concentration measurements had very minor uncertainty due to different extraction and quantification techniques. Different techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Near Infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS), anion exchange chromatography, chemical approaches such as the Anthorn assay approach, and certain kits are used to detect NSC in plants. This review will cover the methods for measuring NSC in plant tissues and attempting to infer its dynamics, as well as how to apply these tools to go beyond simply monitoring plant carbon connections such as “how much NSC is there and where it is located” to “under what conditions and to what extent is NSC used” to support plant function.

This chapter has focused on providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of business communication strategies and techniques in the Indian agricultural context. The chapter has highlighted the importance of communication in business, the challenges faced by the agricultural sector in India, and the need for effective communication strategies to overcome these challenges. The chapter has also provided an overview of relevant communication theories and techniques and their application in the Indian agricultural context. Understanding business communication is critical to developing effective marketing, supply chain, and other business-related strategies in the Indian agricultural context, and this chapter has laid a strong foundation for the same.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted agribusiness communications, creating unprecedented challenges and opportunities for the sector. With restrictions on transportation, shortage of labor, and changes in consumer behavior, agribusinesses have had to adapt their communication strategies to remain operational and retain consumer trust. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agribusiness communication and suggest effective communication strategies to overcome the challenges posed by this and similar crisis which might arise in the future.

Food security is achieved when adequate food is available and accessible and satisfactorily used and utilized by all individuals to live a healthy and active life. But food and nutrition security is achieved when people have physical, economic and social access to food of sufficient quantity in terms of variety, diversity, nutrient content and safety to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life coupled with sanitary environment, adequate health and education care. In order to achieve food and nutrition security there is a need for transitioning toward nutrition sensitive food system.

Herd management practices in the handling, nutrition, milking techniques, sanitation, and housing of dairy animals play key roles in predisposing the individual animal as well as herds to diseases. The key factor influencing the reduction of health issues are the decisions made by herd managers or animal owners.In order to maximize output and profitability through disease control, herd management approaches in conjunction with a veterinarian programme can be most beneficial.

Animals need to function efficiently during reproduction in order for a dairy production system to be sustainable. This is necessary to produce milk, the primary product of interest, as well as to supply replacement animals. From the perspective of reproduction, delayed puberty, lengthy calving intervals, limited productive lives, and high calf mortality are the key variables that cause economic losses. Reproductive management’s proportionate contribution to the effectiveness of dairy production systems varies greatly.

It is the common maintenance of bee colonies by humans in hives made of man-made materials. The majority of these bees are honeybees from the genus Apis, however there are others that make honey, like Melipona. There are also stingless bees kept. A beekeeper raises bees to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers or to collect honey and other goods that hives generate, such as beewax, propolis, flower pollen, and bee pollen, to fertilize crops. An apiary, often known as a bee yard, is a place where bees are kept.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench), otherwise known as Lady’s finger or Bhindi is an annual malvaceous plant and the sixth important vegetable crop cultivated throughout the country mostly in kharif and summer seasons. Though it is reported to be originated from tropical and sub-tropical Africa, but it has gained much importance in India as the secondary centre of origin. India ranked first in okra production in the World and major okra producing Indian states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Assam (Anonymous, 2011).

In countries like India, where majority of the population are vegetarians, leguminous vegetables serve as the major source of protein in the diet. In the developing third world countries, especially for the poor, the major protein source in the diet are vegetable legumes. Most leguminous vegetables are rich in phosphorus, calcium, iron and a number of essential vitamins. Crops like soybean, groundnut and Bamabara groundnut are also rich in fats which are needed by the body to absorb vitamin A.

It is a non-accelerated frictionless horizontal motion where pressure gradient balances coriolis acceleration as shown in Fig.4.1 in both the hemispheres.

Negotiation is a communication and problem-solving process built on a broad foundation of skills and knowledge. It is also one of the most popular and effective means of resolving conflicts and misunderstandings. Negotiation is back and forth communication designed to reach agreement while leaving the other side intact and positive.

Basic principle, without which negotiation is impossible

Successful negotiation requires compromise from both sides. Both parties must gain something, and both parties must lose something. You must be prepared to give something up to which you believe you are entitled. You cannot expect to defeat your opponent or “win” a negotiation by either the power of your negotiating skills or the compelling force of your logic. This is not to say that good negotiating ability is irrelevant. In most cases, a range of possible outcomes exists. A skilled negotiator often can achieve a settlement near the top of the range.

Introduction

Entrepreneurial and start-up firms share traits but also differ. It takes courage to start a new business, but not always with the latest technology. Founders of new companies, almost always based on new technology, take risks. Both types of firms must overcome limited resources and talent. Both entrepreneurs and start-ups seek to segment and expand markets. Starting a business involves risks, but start-ups face additional risks of innovation. (Rao, 2018).

The project is the very foundation of any business. As a result, the success or failure of a company is primarily determined by the project. In layman’s terms, a project is an idea or plan meant to be carried out. According to the dictionary, a project is a scheme, design, or proposal for something intended or devised to be accomplished. (MANAGE, 2013)

Beginners often wonder where to begin. Some options are obtaining power-water connections, pollution control clearance, approvals of weights and measures/drug control, and registration with sales and income tax departments. But, first, an entrepreneur must set priorities. (IGNOU, 2017).

Plant abiotic stresses are external and nonliving factors that have harmful effects on plants. A non-living factor must exert influence on the normal range of environmental variation to adversely and significantly affect the plant performance or the physiology of the organism. Abiotic stresses are the most harmful factors affecting the growth and productivity of crops worldwide, resulting in a yield reduction ranging from 10% to 100%. They are most harmful when occurring together with other abiotic stresses and their effect in yield will only worsen with the climatic changes experienced now and expected to be more severe in the future.

2.1 Introduction

Cabbage is consumed in the raw state as well as in cooked. The word cabbage has been derived from the French word Cobache, meaning head which is best described as single large terminal bud comprised of tightly overlapped numerous leaves attached to an unbranched short stem. It is known for its rich source of vitamin A and C. It is an effective curative against scurvy disease. Cabbage leaves are low in calories (24 %), fat (0.2 %) and carbohydrates (5.4 %). It is a good source of protein (1.3 %). Cabbage is an excellent source of minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus. It contains good amount of ascorbic acid. Cabbage is used mainly as a vegetable and nice pickle (sauerkraut) is prepared from it. It is also used as salads. Cabbage is well known for its medicinal properties.