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As dogs age, their needs change significantly, requiring adjustments in their care routine to ensure they remain healthy, comfortable, and happy in their golden years. Caring for a senior dog involves paying attention to their evolving physical and emotional needs, managing health issues proactively, and providing a supportive and nurturing environment. This article outlines the key aspects of caring for senior dogs, focusing on health and comfort.

Recognizing When Your Dog is a Senior

Dogs are generally considered seniors at around seven years old, although this can vary depending on breed and size. Larger breeds tend to age faster than smaller breeds. Signs of aging include graying fur, decreased energy levels, stiffness, and changes in behavior or appetite.

Health Care for Senior Dogs

Regular Veterinary Check-ups

Frequency: Increase the frequency of veterinary visits to at least twice a year. Regular check-ups can help detect and manage health issues early. Comprehensive Exams: Ensure the vet conducts comprehensive exams, including blood tests, dental check-ups, and screenings for common age related conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, kidney disease, and cancer.

Managing the care of a pregnant dog and supporting her through the whelping process requires careful attention, preparation, and understanding. Ensuring the health and safety of both the mother and her puppies is paramount. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to care for a dog during pregnancy and whelping, including nutritional needs, veterinary care, creating a whelping area, and post-birth care.

Understanding Canine Pregnancy

Gestation Period

• The gestation period for dogs is approximately 63 days, though it can range from 58 to 68 days.

Signs of Pregnancy

• Early signs include increased appetite, slight weight gain, and changes in behavior such as increased affection.

• Around the fourth week, the abdomen may start to swell, and by the sixth week, noticeable weight gain and enlarged nipples are common.

Proper grooming and hygiene are essential for maintaining the health and well-being of pet dogs. Regular grooming not only keeps your dog looking and smelling good but also helps prevent various health issues such as skin infections, parasites, and dental problems. This article explores the key aspects of grooming and hygiene for pet dogs, including brushing, bathing, nail care, ear and eye care, dental hygiene, and general tips for maintaining a clean and healthy canine companion.

Brushing Benefits

• Reduces Shedding: Regular brushing helps remove loose hair, reducing shedding and keeping your home cleaner.

• Prevents Matting: For dogs with longer coats, brushing prevents mats and tangles, which can cause discomfort and lead to skin issues.

• Stimulates Skin: Brushing stimulates the skin and distributes natural oils, promoting a healthy coat.

Pets provide companionship, emotional support, and numerous health benefits to their owners. However, they can also be carriers of zoonotic diseases— diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Understanding these risks and implementing measures to reduce them is crucial for maintaining the health and safety of both pets and humans. This article explores common pet-associated zoonotic infections and offers strategies to minimize the risk of transmission.

Common Pet-Associated Zoonotic Infections

1. Rabies

• Cause: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus and is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.

• Symptoms in Humans: Initial symptoms include fever and headache, progressing to neurological symptoms such as confusion, hallucinations, and paralysis. Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

• Prevention: Vaccination of pets, avoiding contact with wild animals, and immediate medical attention after potential exposure.

Natural disasters like cyclone, earthquakes, flood etc. can happen suddenly and put everyone, including our pets, in danger. Taking care of your dog during such situation means being prepared, staying calm and knowing what to do. This article provides simple steps to help you care for your dog during a disaster.

Before a Disaster make an emergency plan

i. Find Safe Spots: Identify safe places in your home and community where you can go with your dog.

ii. Know evacuation routes: Plan different ways to leave your home in case one way is blocked and find pet-friendly shelters in your area.

iii. Emergency Contacts: Keep a list of important contacts, such as your vet, local animal control, and pet-friendly hotels.

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect dogs from potentially life-threatening diseases. It plays a crucial role in controlling infectious diseases and helps maintain both individual and herd immunity. Timely and appropriate vaccination of dogs not only safeguards their health but also prevents the spread of diseases to other animals and even humans in some cases. This article provides a detailed vaccination schedule for different diseases of dogs, including core and non-core vaccines, and highlights the importance of adhering to a proper vaccination regimen.

Vaccination is categorized into two main types: core vaccines and non-core vaccines. Core vaccines are considered essential for all dogs, regardless of their lifestyle or environment, while non-core vaccines are given based on individual risk factors like geography, lifestyle, and exposure to certain environments.

Proper nutrition is essential for the health and well-being of dogs at every stage of life. The nutritional needs of a dog change as it grows, so it’s important to tailor their diet according to their age, size, and health status. Below is a comprehensive guide on the nutritional needs of dogs, broken down into different age groups: puppies, adult dogs, and senior dogs.

1. Puppies (0-12 Months)

Puppies are in a rapid growth phase and require a high level of nutrients, including proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, to support the development of muscles, bones, organs, and the immune system.

Nutritional Needs

Protein: Puppies require high-quality animal-based protein to build muscle and tissue. Around 22-30% of their diet should be protein-rich. Chicken, tur key, fish, and eggs are excellent sources.

1. Alkalinity is expressed as equivalents of calcium carbonate.

2. Adult fish retained for spawning is called as brood stock.

3. The population, number or weight of a species that is present in that environment is called as carrying capacity.

4. The discharge from a rearing facility, treatment plant or industry is called as effluent.

5. The ability of water to neutralize soap is due to presence of cations (calcium and magnesium).

6. Very soft water – 0 to 20 ppm as CaCO3 .

7. Soft water – 21 to 50 ppm as CaCO3 .

8. Hard water – 51 to 500 ppm as CaCO3 .

9. Very hard water – above 500 ppm as CaCO3 .

10. Aquaculture is believed to be first practices as early as 2000 B.C. in China.

1. A production of 600 tones/ha/year of tilapia in cages has been recorded in Laguna Bay in Philippines.

2. Indian Major Carps (IMC) contributes 84% of India’s aquaculture production.

3. The seed production of the carps has been standardized, with commercial hatcheries producing over 19000 million fry per year.

4. A pit like structure located near the outlet of the pond is called as harvesting pit (measures about 50 - 100m2).

5. Size of the nursery pond = 12 x 6 x 1m.

6. Size of the Rearing pond = 25 x 12 x 1m.

7. Size of the production pond is 0.1 to 2 ha.

8. Size of the quarantine pond is less than 0.5 ha.

9. During construction to retard erosion and seepage, soil must contain a minimum of 25% of clay.

10. The depth of the pond must be 0.5 to 1m.

1. Ornamental fishes are also called as living jewels.

2. The ancient Romans were the first to keep ornamental fishes as pets at homes.

3. Aquarium fish can fetch 100 times more price than the food fish.

4. Marine ornamentals fetches 10 times more costly than freshwater ornamental fishes.

5. Ornamental fish farming is a boon to India for rapid development of national economy.

6. Values of international trade of ornamental fishes are about US $ 5 Billion.

7. Major traders of ornamental fishes are USA, Europe, Japan, Australia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines and Sri Lanka. (8 countries, code word: SIPS-JEUA)

1. 21723 living species of fishes existing in the world at present.

2. Jhingran and Gopalakrishnan 1974 listed 314 species of teleost utilized for aquaculture throughout the world.

3. Gynogenetic offsprings are always females.

4. Bisexual fishes – Gonochorism fishes.

5. Protoandrous hermaphrodites – Lates calcarifer, Sparus auratus, Sargus sargus and Palleus mormyrus.

6. Protogynous hermaphrodites – groupers.

7. Dwarf males were observed in Angler fish and Salmonids.

8. Sand spawners / Psammophils – Gobio gobio.

9. Rock and gravel spawners – Rohu, salmonids.

10. Terrestrial spawners / aerophils – Bryconpetrosus.

1. P. monodon (green tiger prawn) is the most candidate species for cul ture.

2. Testis have 6 lobe all lobes are connected on the inner margin leading to vasdeferens.

3. Spermatozoa are stored in the terminal of ampulae.

4. Inhibitory hormone are secreted in the early maturity stage.

5. Matured ovary has dark color due to the accumulation of the carotenoid pigment.

6. The first abdomen segment assumed that have diamond shape called as saddle.

7. Male have petasma on the first pair of pleopod.

8. Female have thelycum on the 4 & 5th pair of walking leg.

9. Male has Gonophore on the fifth pair of the walking leg.

10. Female has Gonophore on the third pair of walking leg.

1. Catla prefers zooplankton.

2. Silver carp prefers phytoplankton.

3. The blooming of diatoms causes golden brown colour in the aquaculture system.

4. Light or bright green colour of pond is due Chlorella (Green algae).

5. Dark green or blackish green colour is due to BG algae (Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Microcoleus).

6. Dark brown colour or sauce like colour is due to eutrophication.

7. Yellowish colour of pond water is due to growth in Chrysophyta.

8. Foggy white colour of pond is denoted by the mixture of zooplankton, clay particles and detrirus.

9. Japan is the biggest producer of marine finfish fry of 200 million fry per year (Pagrus major, Paralichthys olivaceus makes up 70% of total production).

10. Europe is a second biggest producer of marine fish fry for about 100 million fry per year.

1. Feed costs 40-60% of the operational cost of the aquaculture systems.

2. Nutrition consists of diet (what you take in) and metabolism (what happens to it after it enters your body).

3. Types of nutrients: 6 (water, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamin and minerals).

4. Organic nutrients - Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins and Vitamins.

5. Inorganic nutrients - Minerals.

6. Energy yielding nutrients Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates.

7. Non-Energy yielding nutrients - Vitamin and Mineral.

8. Lower protein requirement - Herbivores and omnivores.

9. Higher protein requirement - Carnivores.

10. Average calorific values for protein-5.65 Kcal/g.

1. Taxon names. group of organisms in a classification and given biological

2. Category the level or rank at which the taxon is placed.

3. Systematics is a biological science that discovers names, determines relationships, classifies and studies evolution of living organisms.

4. Alpha taxonomy description of new species.

5. Beta taxonomy relationships are worked outon the species level and on higher categories.

6. Gamma taxonomy studying the intraspecific variations and its evolutionary relationship.

7. Right eye flounders - Pleuronectidae & Soleidae.

8. Left eye flounders - Bothidae & Cyanoglossidae.

9. Cyanoglossidae - Tongue sole (only pelvic fin present and absence of pectoral fins)

10. Morphometric characters are measurable characters

1. The name taxonomy was first proposed by Candolle in 1813.

2. The shellfish includes two highly diversified (i.e. phylum Arthropoda and phylum Mollusca).

3. The commercial formalin used for preservation of shellfishes is about 40% concentration and diluted to 8-10%.

4. Ostracoda is also called as Seed or Mussel shrimps.

5. Cladocereans is also called as water flea.

6. Argulus is commonly called as carp lice.

7. Balanus species belongs to sub-class Cirripedia.

8. Pill bugs and wood lice are comes under the order of Isopoda.

9. Gammarus is commonly known as sand hoppers belong to order Amphipoda.

10. Squilla is called as Mantis shrimp belongs to order Stomatopoda.

1. Anatomy the word derived from Latin word.

2. Study of internal structure and organization of organisms known as anatomy.

3. The macroscopic study of organisms is known as gross anatomy.

4. The study of parental developmental anatomy is known as developmental anatomy.

5. The study of tissue is known as histology.

6. The study of organization of cell and sub cellular components known as cell biology.

7. The study of nervous system is known as Neuro anatomy.

8. Bottom feeder has sub terminal or inferior mouth.

9. Sturgeon bottom feeder.

10. Grouper and lion fish has superior mouth.

11. In half beaks the lower jaw projects.

1. Giant tube worms - Riftia sp.

2. Novel mussels Bathymodiolus sp.

3. The stock inside the marine protected areas is called as Bank account.

4. Cartilaginous fishes don't have swim bladder.

5. Non- endemic species - Grass carp.

6. Banned species - Tilapia.

7. Non-parasite fish - Echinoderms.

8. Non- Penacid fishery - Maharashtra.

9. Maximum shellfish and finfish exploiting state in India is Kerala.

10. Small reservoir more in Tamil Nadu.

1. The word physiology was first used by Greeks around 600BC to describe a philosophical enquiry into natural things.

2. The word "physis" meaning nature.

3. The discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey in 1628.

4. C.Bernad (181378) who is considered as one of the founder of physiology.

5. The process of transport of an oxygen from outside air into the cells within tissues are called as Respiration.

6. STPD is abbreviated as standard pressure dry.

7. The gill arch along with the filaments is called as gill.

8. Haemoglobin is abbreviated as Hb or Hgb.

9. Cephalopods use haemocyanin- a copper containing protein for oxygen transportation.

10. Protobranch - the gill structure tends to occur in primitive groups and appears as a small leaf like structure.

1. B / R = Biomass per recruit.

2. CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort.

3. E max = Exploitation level which maximizes Y/R.

4. F = Effort.

5. F = rate of fishing mortality.

6. F max = Fishing Mortality generating maximum yield per recruit.

7. F MSY = Fishing effort generating MSY.

8. H = natural mortality factor in Jone's length based cohort analysis.

9. K = parameter of VBGF.

10. Ln =log e , logarithm of base e; Neperian logarithm.

1. In GAS normal adaption done on 3 stages.

2. In GAS alarm reaction is an physical response.

3. Resistance stage adaptation achieved under homeostasis.

4. In exaust unable to achieved homeostasis.

5. Study of disease and their causative agent is called as pathology.

6. Aeromonas salmonicida is an obligate pathogen.

7. Aeromonas hydrophilia is an opportunistic pathogen.

8. Inflammation occur due to stress.

9. 5 signs in inflammation are calor, ruber, tumour, dolore, et function leaso.

10. Inflammation response will occur following the release of pharma-codynamic amine.

1. Meteorology is the branch of science that deals with the study of the atmosphere.

2. The scientific study of the interactions between living organisms and their atmospheric environment is called as Biometeorology.

3. 75% of the mass of atmosphere is in the troposphere.

4. The ozone layer present in stratosphere.

5. Exosphere gradually merges into interplanetary space.

6. The concentration of ozone occurs between 20 and 50 Km with the maximum around 25 km which is referred as ozonosphere.

7. Chromospheres - the layer which has the chemical activity predominant between 20 and 100 km.

8. Atmospheric composition varies above 80-100 km which is called as Heterosphere.

9. Heliosphere Molecular oxygen is seen been between 200 and 1000 km.

10. Ionosphere above 10000 km, hydrogen atoms are in an ionized state.

1. The term limnology is derived from Greek word.

2. Limne means lake.

3. The term limnology was coined by Francois-Alponse forel.

4. August Thienemann and EinarNaumann co-founded the international society of limnology.

5. Welch 1935 described about biological productivity.

6. Epheirology is defined as branch of science deals with terrestrial habitats.

7. Peter Erasmus Muller is credited with laying the foundation stone of limnological study.

8. Anton Fritsch could be considered as the Pioneer in Lacustrine limnology.

9. F.Simony (1850) is regarded sometimes as the founder of limnology for his discovery of thermal stratification.

10. Junge and Forbes who were the first to treat the native waters as microcosm.

1. F. produce inky taste.

2. Phenol produce bitter taste.

3. Anaebena produce strong grassy odour.

4. A protozoan dinobryon imparts fishy odour to the water.

5. Phosphorus compound produce wormy smell.

6. H,S produce rotten egg or putrid smell.

7. Humus produce earthy odour.

8. Sewage contain 99% of water & 1% solids.

9. Sewage contain 70% organic & 30% of inorganic in nature.

10. In sewage organic fraction contain 60% of protiens & 20% of carbo-hydrate &10% fat.

1. Carotenoid act as antioxidant

2. The energy source for ATP generation in the light muscle is glycogen

3. Dark muscle contain much more mitochondria than the light muscle

4. Phospholipid also called as structural lipid

5. Light muscle mostly generating energy by the anaerobic metabolism

6. The triglyceride are known as the depot fat

7. Cod contain less than 1% lipid

8. Lean fish contain 6% of the cholesterol of the total lipid

9. Squalene also known as diacetyl alkyl glycerol

10. Shark liver oil contain minimum 80% of the lipid as un saponifiable substances

11. In marine fish fatty acid constitute only around 2% of the lipid

1. Father of caning Nicholas apart

2. Tin canister invented by Peter Durand

3. Father of modern canning Bryon Dorkin

4. Pure food act - 1906

5. Invention of pressure retort-1874

6. Double seaming machine invented in - 1890

7. OTS can invented in 1904

8. The first Indian canning industry was constructed in 1911 at chaliyam, Kerala

9. PH above 5.3 food known as low acid food

10. PH 4.5-5.3-known as medium acid food

1. Food is an essential part in everyday life.

2. The major biomolecules of the food which perform these functions called nutrients.

3. The study of various nutrients in relation to their effect upon the human body is called as nutrition.

4. Major nutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins and water.

5. Insufficient food intake of necessary minimum amount of any nutrient leads tot state of malnutrition.

6. No food intake leads to starvation.

7. Water is not always included as nutrients, but it is essential that the diet provides sufficient water required for many functions of the body.

8. Lipids provide calories and essential fatty acids,

9. Lipids 98% of triglycerides + 2% phospholipids.

10. Lipids carry fat soluble vitamins.

1. Protein solubility depends up on the amino acids composition

2. Viscosity is influenced by protein solubility & swelling capacity

3. Thermodynamically unstable mixture of immiscible liquid are called as emulsion

4. Emulsion capacity based on the hydro pobisity charecters of myosin

5. Foam is the analogous to the emulsion

6. Protein solubility is the key requisite for foam formation

7. My of ibrilar are the largest water holding filament

8. Cross linking of protein polymer called Gelation

9. Important key characteristics for gel forming ability is freshness of the fish

10. Margarine produces the golden yellow colour

1. Fish flesh contains 15-20% protein.

2. Fish meal is a good source of Vitamin B.

3. Fish meal is also a good source of some trace elements which is referred as unknown growth factors.

4. Wet rendering & dry rendering are the methods of preparing fish meal.

5. Moisture level of the wet rendered fish is about 8 + (- 10)%

6. Stick water = 5.6% of fish solids + 94% of water +0.4% of oil.

7. Albumin is also present in stick water.

8. In direct driers = outlet temperature is maintained as 80 - 100 deg * C inlet temperature is maintained as high as 600 - 800 deg * C

9. Dryers typically designed to dry the wet meal to around 9-10% of moisture content.

10. Plastics are chosen for packaging for its oxygen impermeability.

11. Fish protein concentrate is a stable fish protein prepared from whole

1. Bacteria intoxication - already formed bacteria not live bacteria

2. Bacterial infection consumption of live bacteria

3. Neuro toxin produced by C. botulinum

4. Listeria identified by the serotyping

5. Fishery product have type E, C. botulinum

6. S. aureus produced entiro toxin

7. S. aureus is heat resistant but not active in pasteurization

8. E. coli-0157:H7

9. Salmonella should be below 105/g

10. Septicemia can occur due to the salmonella

11. L. monocytogens should be 10/ g

1. Degree of excellence referred as quality

2. More acidic pH leads to chalkiness in seer fish

3. Low post mortem pH leads to gapping

4. In squid and herring anisakis parasite normally found

5. The most crustacean parasites are copepods

6. Greasy haddock is a fungal disease caused by icthyosporidium hoferi

7. Tetra toxin is caused by V.alginolyticus

8. NSP produced by brevetoxin

9. VSP- venerupin shellfish poisoning also called as oyster or asaripoisoning it is caused by Prorocentrum sp.

10. Erythematius shellfish poisoning affect the blood circulatory system

11. The maximum permitted limit of DDT is 5 mg/ kg

1. In India roughly curing preserves 20% of the fish caught.

2. Salt curing is an important and one of the most widely adopted method of fish preservation.

3. Higher salt content prevents the growth of normal spoilage micro flora in the fish.

4. Salted fish reduced to biscuit cure in drying kilns.

5. Sodium chloride diffuses through the fish flesh by a dialysis mechanism & water will diffuse to the outside due to the osmotic pressure between the brine and fish muscle solution.

6. Gaspe curing is practiced in aboard, originated in eastern Canada.

7. Dry salting ratio is 1:3 to 1:10 (salt: fish).

8. Yield of dry salting is about 35-40%

9. The shelf life of the dry salted fish is about 6-10 weeks.

10. The moisture content of the wet salted fish is about 50-55%.

1. Farm is complex structure comprising living and non-living things.

2. The engineering components and structures aqua farm. basic necessities of an

3. Ponds, Water transportation systems - primary structures of an aqua farm.

4. Machineries, builtin structures and other peripheral accessories secondary structuresof an aqua farm.

5. Secondary structures may vary from one pond to another pond based on the

a. Type of culture

b. Method followed

c. Economic status of the farmer.

6. Site selection - Pre-requisites of a successful aquaculture farm.

7. Soil bottom must be impervious to prevent excessive seepage.

8. Fine textured soils - a high clay content.

9. Embankment ponds are also called as Hill/ Water shed ponds.

10. Excavated ponds are principally used for the commercial fish and shrimp production.

1. The process of removing heat from a substances under controlled condition known as refrigeration.

2. A refrigerator is a revised heat engine.

3. Whenever a force acts on body and the body undergoes a displacement is known as work.

4. The rate of doing work-power.

5. Unit of work kgf, Nm, joule.

6. 1 HP-736 watts.

7. Energy defined as the capacity to do work.

8. 1 bar- 105N / (m ^ 2)

9. Absolute pressure gauge pressure + atmosphere pressure.

10. The degree of hotness or coolness is known as temperature.

11. The level of intensity of the body - heat.

1. The removal of moister from the timber is known as seasoning.

2. For boat building purpose timber should have moisture about 18-20%.

3. Mild steel contain 0.15-0.30% of carbon.

4. Low carbon steel contain less than 0.15% of carbon.

5. High carbon steel contain 0.8-1.5% of carbon.

6. The specific gravity of steel 7.84.

7. The aluminum boat was firstly built in France 1892.

8. Ferro cement boat was introduced in France 1847.

9. Specific gravity of aluminum-2.7.

10. Specific gravity of Ferro cement 2.4-2.6.

1. The process of directing or conducting the movement of vessel one place to another place is known as navigation.

2. Controlling the ship is known as seamanship.

3. VHF used up to 25 nautical miles.

4. Speed of sound wave 322m/sec.

5. Speed of radio wave 3x10 m/sec.

6. Navigation derived from latin word.

7. Earliest form of navigation is piloting.

8. Dead reckoning is rough method only.

9. Radio navigation also known as electronic piloting.

10. World chart produced by Gerardus Mercator.

1. Fiber are basic material for constructing the gear.

2. Fibers length will be 200 times greater than that width.

3. Cotton fibber have length about 20-50 mm.

4. Ramie, hemp, liner are also known as soft fiber.

5. Ramie fiber - china grass.

6. Sisal and manila fiber are hard fiber.

7. Poly amide also known as nylon.

8. Polystyrene also known as terylene.

9. Poly condensation water eliminating process eg PA, PES.

10. Poly vinyl chloride is the first synthetic fiber to be produced by on an industrial scale. And also first synthetic material for gear.

1. Examples of grappling gears Clamps, Tongs and Raking devices.

2. Wounding gears with sharp projectiles Spears, Lances, Fish plummets, Fish comb, Arrows, Harpoons, Blow guns, Rifles.

3. Brail net-Large scoop net.

4. Jerk net a rectangular net kept under tension between two sticks which are pushed forward.

5. Collection of shells and corals for decoration and small fishes for aquarium is called as Aesthetic fishing.

6. Fish plummets are also called as plume lines or plumed lines.

7. The cross section of the two scam trawl during operation is elliptical.

8. Bridles-legs of trawl.

9. Sweep lines serve as false netting under water and vibrate in the water column.

10. The size of the trawl net is generally referred by the length of the head rope.

1. Chromatography Technique for the separation of one or more biological compounds from the mixture.

2. Chromatography - Mikhail Tswett (1906)

3. Distribution or partial coefficient is defined as the ratio of concentration of compounds in the mobile phase to that the concentration of compounds in the stationary phase.

4. Chromatography also used for the separation of the colorless compounds from a mixture.

5. Spectroscopy employs the interaction of light with matter.

6. Light is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that exhibit discrete packets of energy is called as photons.

7. Jablonski diagram gives the electronic and vibrational state of the molecule.

8. Molecular structures responsible for the interaction with EMR are called as Chromophores.

9. Beer's law is valid for low concentrations only.

10. Prism splits incoming light into its components by refraction.

11. Grating splits the wavelengths by diffraction.

1. I Kilo joule - 10 joule.

2. 1 Mega joule -10º joule.

3. 1 Kilowatt hour-3.6*10 joule.

4. The heat engine converts heat energy into mechanical energy.

5. The machine which converts one forms of energy to another form is called as engine or prime mover.

6. Fahrenheit scale is called as British thermal unit and denoted by B.Th.U.

7. Internal combustion engines using coal gas as fuel was made by Frenchman Etienne Lenoir (1860).

8. Silent gas engine was developed by Germans Nileolansotto & Eugen Langen.

9. Rudolph diesel made the first diesel engine in 1894.

10. TDC is also called as inner dead centre.

1. Luther Gullick denoted the functional elements of the administration POSDCORB.

2. CIFNET Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical Engineering and Training. It was started in 1963. The head quarters situated in cochin.

3. CIFNET have two units one Chennai, another one Visag.

4. IFP-integrated fishery project was started in 1952.

5. During 2008 the FPT was renamed as NIFPHTT. It has situated in cochin.

6. FSI-fishery survey of India. It has head quarter in Mumbai.

7. CICEF-Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery. It is situated in Bangalore.

8. CICEF was renamed in 1983 as PISFH-pre investment of fishing harbor

9. NFDB-national fisheries development board.established in 2006. It has head quarters in Hyderabad.

10. CAA-coastal aquaculture authority established in 2005. It has head quarter in Chennai.

11. Coastal zone regulation notification - 1991.

1. The most disaster affected populations in the world - China,

2. Heavy droughts usually occur in Afghanistan.

3. Heavy human causalities due to flood occur in Cambodia.

4. Ring of fire an arc of volcanoes and fault lines encircling the Pacific basin.

5. Occurrence of unusual cold wave Russia.

6. 22 Indian states are prone to disasters.

7. Pre-Disaster mitigation can help in ensuring faster recovery from impacts of disaster.

8. IOC-International Oceanographic Commission.

9. USGS-United States Geological Survey.

10. NOAA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations.

1. The word Extension was first used in U.S.A.

2. The word Extension is derived from Latin meaning out stretching.

3. Extension education = non formal education.

4. Extension work out of school system of education.

5. Learning active process on the part of the learner.

6. Motivation need satisfy goal-seeking behaviour.

7. Steps in extension teaching methods = AIDCAS.

8. Teaching is the process of providing situations in which learning takes place.

9. Learning is the process by which a person becomes changes in his behaviour through self-activity.

10. Lecture is the best method for presenting information to large number of persons in a short period of time.

1. A good market always serves to safeguard the interest of the trader and the consumer.

2. The core fish marketing system is classified the three types as market penetration, market development and products development.

3. College of Mangalore developed technology for fish sausages.

4. CIFE Mumbai developed technology to manufacture fish wafers.

5. Mandala committee - Gujarat.

6. Aratdars is commonly called as Commission agent.

7. Selling is also done by contract method.

8. Concentric diversification the products have technological and marketing synergies with the existing fish commodity sale.

9. Horizontal diversification-adding new product to the present products.

10. Conglomerate diversification-it is a firm seeking add new commodities to new classes of customers because this will set some of the deficiencies of old products.

1. Project monitoring is an integral part of project management.

2. Concurrent evaluation is carried out during implementation of the project.

3. Terminal evaluation is undertaken at the time of completion of the project.

4. Ex-post evaluation is also called as impact evaluation.

5. Network techniques are used for minimising cost and time of the project.

6. PERT-Program Evaluation and Review Technique.

7. LOT-Latest Occurrence Time.

8. CPM-Critical Path Method.

9. Project presentation - 30 pages.

10. National level project goal of economic growth.

1. The word "Statistics" derived from the Latin word 'Status' meaning POLITICAL STATE.

2. Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

3. Statistics are not suitable to study the qualitative phenomenon.

4. Statistics laws are not exact.

5. A.L.Bowley "Statistics are numeral statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other".

6. Croxton and Cowden "Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis".

7. Alfred Marshall - "Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist has to make the bricks".

8. Function of statistics

a. Condensation

b. Comparison

c. Forecasting

d. Estimation

e. Tests of hypothesis

9. ANOVA-Analysis of Variance.

10. ANOVA-developed by Prof. R.A. Fisher.

1. Biotechnology arises from the field of Zymotechnology.

2. The word Biotechnology was coined by Karl ereky in 1919.

3. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1981).

4. National Biotechnology Board - 1982 by GOI.

5. ICGEB International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Bio-technology (1988).

6. Cohen & Boyer - Recombinant DNA technology (1973).

7. Restriction enzymes are called as Molecular scissors.

8. Frederick Sanger - DNA Sequencing techniques.

9. Modified red glow zebra fish came on to the market in 2004.

10. Tissue culture Osowski 1914.

11. The term molecular biology was used by Warren weaver.

1. Genetics is a branch of science which deals with study of heredity variation among related organism.

2. UK established the Institute of the Biotechnology.

3. ICGEB-international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology which has two center India and Italy.

4. When cross is made between two parents differing in two characters known as dihybrid cross.

5. Mendel's first law Law of segregation.

6. Mendel's second law law of independent assortment.

7. When F, cross with its parent it is known as back cross.

8. When F, cross with recessive parent is called as test cross.

9. Monohybrid test cross gives 1:1 phenotype.

10. Dihybrid test cross gives 1:1:1:1 phenotype ratio.

Introduction

The Poultry industry stands as one of the most advanced sectors globally. The impact of diseases on poultry can be profoundly detrimental, affecting productivity, trade of live birds, meat and related products. Vulnerabilities in biosecurity within production sites, as well as weaknesses in disease diagnosis, pave the way for emerging pathogens to establish as persistent threats. In numerous tropical and developing nations poultry infections like viscerotropic velogenic New castle disease have become endemic, leading to disastrous losses. Many developing countries contend with a prevalence of vertically transmitted diseases among village-level flocks, including ailments like pullorum disease and mycoplasmosis. The combination of hot, humid climates fosters mycotoxicosis, compounded by prevalent immunosuppressive diseases, which in turn hinder the effectiveness of vaccination efforts. In the absence of robust quarantine measures and government – mandated control programs, disease can persist within both commercial and local flocks. The introduction of new infections further compounds the vulnerability of susceptible poultry populations.