eChapters

Abstract
Aquatic weeds, such as duckweed, present a dual challenge and opportunity within aquatic ecosystems and the poultry feed industry. These fast-growing plants, often deemed nuisances due to their potential to disrupt ecosystems, offer significant potential as alternative feed sources. Duckweed, a floating aquatic plant, is particularly noteworthy due to its high protein content, rapid growth rate, and nutrient recycling capabilities. In freshwater systems, excessive growth of aquatic weeds can lead to decreased ecosystem productivity, hypoxia, and anoxia, making effective management crucial. However, duckweed’s ability to thrive in nutrient-rich conditions and its high nutritional value, including substantial protein and essential vitamins, position it as a valuable feed ingredient for poultry. The Indian poultry sector, growing at an annual rate of 8-10%, faces challenges such as rising feed costs and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Integrating duckweed into poultry diets can provide a cost-effective, sustainable alternative that reduces reliance on traditional feed sources and supports ecosystem management. This approach not only addresses feed shortages but also contributes to environmental sustainability by recycling nutrients and mitigating pollution. Despite its potential, challenges such as lack of standardized regulations and market acceptance remain. Continued research, policy support, and market promotion are essential to harness the full benefits of aquatic weeds.
Keywords: Aquatic, Duckweed, Poultry, Sustainable and Feed Additives

Abstract
The aquaculture industry is increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly in regions like the UK, USA, and Nigeria. The study highlights the pressing need for innovative adaptation strategies, such as Nanosolar technology and integrated farming systems, to safeguard this vital industry against fluctuating temperatures, extreme weather events, and other environmental stressors. Through an in-depth analysis of vulnerability, the research underscores the importance of understanding the complex interplay between environmental, economic, and social factors in developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. Case studies from around the world illustrate both the impacts of climate change on aquaculture and the diverse strategies employed to enhance resilience. By examining the role
of technological innovations, adaptive infrastructure, and policy-oriented strategies, the study offers comprehensive insights into how aquaculture can be made more sustainable and resilient in the face of ongoing climate challenges.
Keywords: Climate, Aquaculture Sustainability, Risk Management, Sustainable Practices.

Abstract
Pesticides, which are extensively employed in agriculture and pest management, pose serious dangers to the environment and public health because they frequently enter aquatic ecosystems through runoff, leaching, and inappropriate disposal. Acute and chronic toxicity in aquatic creatures caused by pesticide poisoning in water bodies can disturb ecosystem services and biodiversity. As sentinel species, fish have immune-toxic consequences, such as impaired immune function and increased vulnerability to illness. Aquatic animals and human health are at risk due to the bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish tissues and their subsequent biomagnification in the food chain. In order to control pesticide exposure and guarantee safety, important parameters such as Maximum Residual Limits (MRLs) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) are essential. In order to control pesticide, use and lessen its negative effects, government regulations and international standards are essential. In order to protect aquatic ecosystems and human health, future research should give priority to environmentally suitable pesticide substitutes and strong regulatory frameworks.
Keywords: Pesticides, Toxicity, Aquatic Environment, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification.

Introduction
Ensuring environmental sustainability through wastewater treatment is a crucial part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The global shortage of clean water and the potential for future water scarcity, particularly in developing countries, represent a major crisis for humanity in this century and beyond. The UN reports that 1.2 billion people currently lack access to clean drinking water, and half of the global population does not have sufficient water purification. By 2025, it is expected that 1.8 billion people will live in regions facing severe water shortages (WHO, 2018). Currently, onethird
of the world’s population lives in water-stressed countries, and this figure is expected to increase to two-thirds by 2025. By 2050, between 2 and 7 billion people may face water shortages. The worsening water situation is largely due to inadequate water supplies and rising demand in developing countries driven by rapid population growth and industrialization. Contaminated water and poor sanitation contribute to nearly 60% of global illnesses. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 2.4 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities, and over 1 billion lack access to safe drinking water. Unclean water can lead to diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, guinea worm infections, typhoid, intestinal worms, and trachoma (WHO/UNICEF, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that four billion people suffer from diarrhea each year, leading to nearly 1.8 million deaths, with 90% of these deaths occurring in children under five years old. The quality of available water is declining because of rising pollution from industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. This issue is becoming a significant environmental problem.

Abstract
Microbial bioprocesses are essential for maintaining the vitality and functionality of aquatic ecosystems, playing a key role in important biogeochemical cycles including those of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Bioprocesses such as bioremediation, biofertilization, biofilms, biofloc technology, probiotics, bio-bleaching, bio-corrosion, and bio-fouling. these processes are applied in different domains including wastewater treatment, aquaculture, and environmental clean-up. In wastewater treatment, techniques like activated sludge and biofilms are utilized for the removal of nutrients and the breakdown of pollutants. In aquaculture, microbial management and probiotics help in sustaining water quality and improving the health of aquatic species. In bioremediation, microbes areemployed to tackle contaminants like heavy metals, oil spills, and pesticides, with advancements in microbial consortia enhancing the effectiveness of pollutant-specific degradation. the role of microorganisms as bioindicators and biosensors. Recent developments in microbial biotechnology feature progress in genetically engineered microbes, the use of synthetic biology, and the implementation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for generating bioenergy. Challenges and limitations, including environmental constraints, the potential risks of genetically modified organisms, and the feasibility of large-scale applications.
Keywords: Bioremediation, Biofertilization, Biofilms, Biofloc, Probiotics, Bio-Bleaching, Bio-Corrosion, Bio-Fouling

Abstract
Microplastics, or plastic fragments smaller than 5 millimeters, have become prevalent contaminants in aquatic systems, arising from the breakdown of larger plastics, personal care products, and synthetic fabrics. Their presence disrupts marine and freshwater ecosystems by being consumed by wildlife, disturbing food webs, and polluting habitats. Additionally, microplastics can transport harmful pollutants and release toxic chemicals, worsening their environmental impact. Identifying these particles involves sophisticated methods such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis, although differentiating them from other particulates remains challenging. Major sources include direct releases, the fragmentation of larger plastic waste, and atmospheric deposition, with pathways like stormwater runoff and wastewater treatment aiding their dispersal. Addressing microplastic pollution requires a combination of regulatory measures, including bans on microbeads, technological advancements such as enhanced filtration
systems, and increased public and industry engagement. Continued research is essential for developing effective solutions, understanding microplastic pathways in the environment, and assessing their long-term effects on health.
Keywords: Microplastic, Environmental impacts, Detection, Sources, Mitigation strategies

Abstract
Toxicants, whether naturally occurring or synthetic, present significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, leading to severe ecological damage and health hazards. These pollutants—such as pesticides, heavy metals, microplastics, and pharmaceuticals—contaminate water bodies through various routes, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and insufficient wastewater treatment. They interfere with biological processes, causing problems like neurological damage, reproductive issues, and changes in water chemistry. Understanding the processes of bioaccumulation, biomagnification, bioconcentration, bioavailability and detoxification is essential for grasping how these contaminants impact aquatic organisms and human health. The rise of emerging pollutants, like microplastics and pharmaceuticals, adds further complexity, posing new challenges to ecosystem stability. Addressing these issues requires effective management and mitigation strategies, including reducing pollutant sources, improving waste treatment, and utilizing advanced detection techniques. Through research on these toxicants and their interactions, it is possible to better evaluate their effects, craft effective environmental policies, and implement measures to safeguard both aquatic ecosystems and public health.
Keywords: Toxicants, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Bioconcentration, Bioavailability, Detoxification

Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a class of newly discovered contaminants that have been identified as major water pollutants that have negative impacts on human health in recent years. These micropollutants are said to bioaccumulate in people, other aquatic food web creatures, and macro invertebrates. Conventional treatment methods are unable to eliminatethem. Only advancements in analytical  instrumentation made it possible to identify these pollutants, even at minuscule amounts. As new compounds are discovered over time, concerns are raised about their origins, fate, transportation, transformations, and effects on aquatic habitats. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the contaminants that are categorized as “emerging,” together with information on their sources, entry points into the environment, and associated threats to environment and possible treatments to somehow eliminate them.
Keywords: Emerging contaminants, Micropollutants and Aquatic System.

Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are seriously threatened by heavy metal pollution from urban, agricultural, and industrial processes. Aquatic animals can accumulate toxic metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium, which can have detrimental physiological, ecological, and toxicological impacts. Oxidative stress, organ damage, poor reproduction, and disruption of ecosystem functioning, including loss of biodiversity and changes in food web dynamics, can all result from exposure to these contaminants. Human health is also at risk from heavy metals moving via aquatic food networks. The effects of heavy metal pollution on aquatic life are examined in this chapter, along with mitigation strategies.
Keywords: Heavy metals, pollution, toxicity, aquatic ecosystems and mitigation strategies

Abstract
Coastal and marine ecosystems are important for climate change mitigations. The coastal ecosystems of mangroves, seagrass meadows and tidal marshes mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and oceans at significantly higher rates, per unit area, than terrestrial forests. Phytoplankton are vital autotrophic organisms in marine and freshwater ecosystems, playing a central role in carbon sequestration through the biological carbon pump. By converting atmospheric CO2 into organic carbon via photosynthesis, phytoplankton sustain aquatic food webs and facilitate carbon transport through the food web to the ocean floor as particulate organic carbon. This process, influenced by microbial activity and the sulfur cycle, results in the long-term storage of carbon in deep-sea
sediments, reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Notably, phytoplankton exhibit high carbon fixation rates and lipid productivity, particularly among the chlorophyceae group, enhancing their effectiveness as a natural carbon sink. Biological carbon fixation is an attractive strategy for climate mitigation, offering a net-zero carbon emission approach to CO2 capture and storage. Assessing the efficiency of phytoplankton in carbon sequestration, through  factors like biomass, growth rates, and oceanic conditions, is essential for understanding and potentially amplifying the ocean’s role as a carbon sink, which is critical in addressing global climate change.
Keywords: Phytoplankton, Carbon sequestration, Climate change and Coastal waters.

Abstract
Environmental pollution, resulting from both human activities and naturalm factors, is escalating as a consequence of population growth, industrial expansion, and urban development. Bioremediation is a method used to clean up polluted soil and water by using natural helpers like microorganisms, fungi, and plants. Bioremediation is a biological technology which offers cost-effective and low-pollution methods that can be applied directly at contaminated sites for addressing specific types of contamination. This technique uses microbes to break down pollutants and plants to absorb or stabilize harmful substances, especially heavy metals. As pollution becomes a bigger issue, bioremediation offers a promising way to tackle it and help restore damaged ecosystems. Bioremediation can be a more cost-effective solution compared to other technologies for cleaning contaminants, while also minimizing potential risks to human health and the environment. This chapter provides an overview of the current status of bioremediation and highlights its potential areas of application.
Keywords: Bioremediation, Contamination, Ecosystem, Pollutant

Abstract
Climate change and the rapid progress of urbanization lead to abiotic stresses of frequent flooding events and pollution seriously threatening the sustainable development of modern cities. The construction of Sponge City can effectively alleviate these problems and improve a city’s resilience to environmental changes and coping with floods making them more sustainable. China was the first country to build Sponge Cities for urban flood control, rainwater harvest, ecological restoration of urban land, and water quality improvement. Many Indian cities also face the risk of flooding during monsoon and this risk is going to increase year after year in the whole nation. India is getting bruised both ways- lack of water & excess flood. So, India too needs a mission that mitigates flood risk and provides a pathway to water security. The most promising solution across the world at this time is the idea to adopt Sponge City construction. Incorporating the Sponge City idea under the area of smart city project would save countless lives and lead to the implementation of sustainable cities. The expense of making this a reality may cost some money, but these projects will provide enormous benefits. Sponge City design thus would act as a defence mechanism during rainstorms, supporting greater absorption and water retention. Thus, it leads as a pathway for sustainable Indian cities.
Keywords: Flood control, sponge city, resilience, urban flooding, climate change.

Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems comprising freshwater, coastal, and marine environmentsarem vital for biodiversity, food security, and economic well-being, particularly in developing countries. Nevertheless, human activities increasingly threaten these ecosystems, including overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction and climate change. This chapter examines the conservation of these ecosystems through an ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach, which is crucial for enhancing ecosystem resilience and preserving biodiversity. EBM provides a holistic framework incorporating ecological, social, and economic dimensions, moving beyond traditional management strategies focusing on individual policies or species. By considering the entire socialecological system, EBM fosters sustainable fisheries and aquaculture while
ensuring the long-term availability of ecosystem services. The chapter underscores the significance of policy integration, stakeholder involvement, and innovative solutions to safeguard and sustain aquatic ecosystems amid persistent environmental challenges.
Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems, EBM, Biodiversity, Sustainability, Climate
change

Introduction
Plants have been used for ages as animal and human health cures. Ethnoveterinary medicines, a phrase that primarily refers to folk skills, beliefs, knowledge, practices, and procedures related to animal health and the treatment of various disorders in rural regions, have acknowledged the ability of plants to combat a variety of diseases. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines traditional medicine, also referred to as herbal medicine, as “When it comes to maintaining health and preventing, diagnosing, improving, or treating physical and mental illnesses, the entirety of the knowledge, abilities, and practices derived from indigenous theories, beliefs, and experiences whether or not they can be explained as illness”. Approximately 25% of contemporary medications are derived from plants that were once used in traditional medicine. The use of traditional medicine and its confirmation could result in the creation and discovery of more novel medications.

Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a disease the related to metabolism of the body and malfunctioning of pancreas. Pancreas having alpha and beta cells where alpha cells produce enzymes needed for the digestion and beta cells mainly produce insulin. One important component that regulates blood glucose (sugar) levels and how it is delivered to the body’s cells is Insulin. The body’s cells run out of their primary energy source when insulin levels are low. Insulin voices the body’s cells to engross glucose from the bloodstream. Without an satisfactory amount of insulin glucose cannot invade the cells and so it accrues in the blood, triggering hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). In retort to this ostensible starvation, the body starts flouting down supplies of protein & fat for energy, producing weight loss contempt a ravening appetite. The body efforts to remove the extra glucose by micturating. To avoid thirst, the dog drinks more and more water. Type I increased diabetes mellitus outcomes from completeobliterat ion of the insulin-creating beta cells. In dogs, this is the most prevalent kind of diabetes. As the name implies, insulin injections are necessary to balance blood sugar in dogs with this kind of diabetes.

Tumour in Domestic Animals
Tumours in domestic animals, much like in humans, can occur in various tissues and organs. These can range from benign growths (non-cancerous) to malignant tumors or cancerous. Their causes, types, diagnosis, and treatments depend on the animal species, breed, age, and environmental factors. Common tumours in dogs are mammary tumours, skin tumours, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma. In cats lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, mammary tumors and fibrosarcomas are reported. In cattle, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphosarcoma and papilloma are common. In horses, sarcoids, melanomas and squamous cell carcinoma are common. In small ruminants (sheep and goats) lymphoma and skin tumours are reported. In pigs, lymphoma and melanomas are commonly reported. Diagnosis of cancers are done by physical examination, cytology, biopsy, imaging: X-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI and blood Tests.

Introduction
Arthritis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, is prevalent among livestock species, particularly in older animals or those subjected to intensive farming conditions. It results in pain, reduced mobility, and diminished productivity. Herbal plants with anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities are being investigated as a result of the increased interest in natural therapies, even if treatments like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids have been utilized to manage arthritis in livestock. This chapter addresses the use of herbal plants to treat arthritis in cattle, including
a summary of the best plant-based remedies, their modes of action, and the scientific data that backs them up.
Pathophysiology of Arthritis in Livestock
Arthritis in livestock is primarily caused by joint degeneration, trauma, infection, or autoimmune disorders. The inflammation of the synovial membrane leads to the discharge of cytokines that cause inflammation, which degrade cartilage and cause pain. The condition significantly impacts the animal’s ability to move, affecting their overall well-being and productivity. In farmed animals, arthritis can lead to decreased milk production, reduced growth rates, and compromised meat quality, thus representing a significant economic loss.

The therapeutic potential of plants and its parts has been explored since ancient times and has been used for the well being of humans as well as animals. In the era of emergence of multi drug resistant bacteria modern research aims to find out alternative therapeutic approaches preferably from herbal source to combat the infection. Medicinal plants owing to their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti inflammatory capabilities have been used against many bacterial infections in livestock and companion animals. Ethnoveterinary practices have been documented against bacterial diseases in animals like mastitis, colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, pyoderma, otitis externa, gastrointestinal infection, pneumonia and many others, some of which are enlisted below.
Bovine mastitis, predominantly a bacterial disease continues to threaten the dairy sector as it inflicts great economic losses to the dairy farmers. The disease caused by more than 200 species of bacteria is characterized by inflammation of the mammary gland with physical and chemical changes in the milk and pathological changes in the glandular tissue. There is a significant reduction in the milk yield and many times it’s accompanied with abnormalities in the udder, milk and the cow. In addition to this, milk from affected animals may harbor the organisms which are potentially pathogenic to humans. Use of antibiotics is a common practice to cure mastitis.

Viral Diseases in Domestic Animals
Viral diseases significantly impact the health and productivity of domestic animals, including livestock and companion animals, leading to substantial economic and emotional costs. In livestock, diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) cause severe production losses in terms of milk, meat, and wool. Similarly, in poultry, Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza outbreaks result in high mortality and disruptions to egg production. Among companion animals, viruses such as Canine Distemper and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) lead to serious morbidity and reduced quality of life. Current control measures rely heavily on vaccination and biosecurity practices, but the lack of effective antiviral treatments, coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, underscores the need
for novel therapeutic approaches. Medicinal plants with antiviral properties have garnered significant interest as sustainable and holistic solutions. Plantderived bioactive compounds offer a dual advantage of modulating immune responses and directly targeting viral pathogens, making them a promising area of research for the management of viral diseases in both livestock and pet animals.

Introduction
The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases is a practice that spans centuries. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using herbal remedies for treating fungal infections in livestock and animals. Fungal infections, caused by pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida, Dermatophytes, and Mucor, can lead to significant health issues in animals, affecting both domestic and wild species. These infections often manifest as skin diseases, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal problems, and systemic infections, and can even lead to death if left untreated. While antifungal drugs are commonly used to manage these infections, concerns about drug resistance, toxicity, and sustainability have encouraged the exploration of alternative therapeutic options, particularly herbal medicine.
This chapter explores the potential of medicinal plants used as antifungal agents in livestock and animals, highlighting their efficacy, safety, and practical applications.

Introduction
Helminths are a group of internal parasites of animals and human beings that usually infest gastrointestinal tract that feed from the host which provides protection to the parasite. The infestation cause loss of blood and nutrients from the host, making it weak, and vulnerable to other infections. There can be injury to other organs due to the migration of different stages of the parasite, formation of cysts or secretion of toxins that can cause damage.
The heminths belong to two phyla including nemathelminthes which are round worms and Platyhelminthes that has flukes, and tapeworms. Nematodes are round worms who have a resistant cuticle and most of them have separate sexes with direct or indirect life cycle. The major nematodes include Ascarids, Strongyles, strongyloides, Trichostrongyles, Filarids, Trichuris etc. Tape worms have a flat body with a head or scolex, neck and strobili having proglottids. They are hermaphrodites and the proglottids contain reproductive organs. They require more than one host for completion of life cycle. The flukes are ususally leaf like , unsegmented and have suckers that help them to attach to the internal organs of the host. They also have a life cycle in more than one host.

The control of external parasites and the pertinent disease vectors using chemicals is riddled with various issues and hence there is a huge demand for alternative approaches. Natural products, being a prominent resource for poor farmers, can majorly serve as a cheaper, environment friendly and sustainable alternative. Further, ethno-veterinary and traditional knowledge has provided a diverse array of plants, which need to be validated for their repellent, insecticidal and acaricidal activities to claim their effect against external parasites. Besides, phytochemical study of these therapeutic plants has progressively revealed the existence of a variety of bioactive components in these plant derived extracts, catering to their efficacy against external parasites.
External Parasites in Domestic Animals
External parasites, also known as ectoparasites are organisms that live on the surface of domestic animals, feeding on their blood or skin. Fleas, ticks, mites, lice and flies are among the most common external parasites. These parasites can cause significant health issues in animals including discomfort, skin irritation and even severe diseases. Infestations can lead to conditions such as dermatitis, anemia and secondary infections. Moreover, many external parasites are vectors for serious diseases that can affect both animals and humans. Hence, effective management of these parasites is essential to ensure
the health and well-being of domestic animals.

Our digestive structure is not only just a food handle centre. It’s a foundation of fitness, moving everything from our immunity to mental well-being. A fit gut aids in the digesting and assimilation of nutrients supports a healthy and strong immunity, and helps in the effective elimination of waste. Asserting good gut fitness is critical because it can influence our whole body’s health, prevent chronic afflictions, and develop value of growth. Plants have been second-hand for curative purposes for thousands of years, and many up-todate cures are still coming from plant compounds. In this chapter, we will
study some commonly used medicinal plants used to treat common digestive system diseases, along with associated ethnomedicinal details.
1. Diarrohea
About the condition/Definition- Loose, watery and possibly more-frequent passage of stool is called diarrohea. Feeling of urgent need of frequent bowel movement in a day.
Etiology- A few causes include infections, diseases, and food intolerances. Rotavirus, norovirus, viral gastroenteritis; salmonella, E. coli; giardiasis, amoebiasis and food intolerance are few important causes of diarrohea.
Symptoms- The symptoms include a strong desire to have bowel movement and frequent loose, watery feces. Occasionally linked to cramps, bloating, thirst, nausea, and abdominal pain

Cardiovascular System Disorders in Domestic Animals
Cardiovascular system disorders in domestic animals include a range ofM conditions that affect the heart (pericardium, myocardium, endocardium), veins, arteries and lymphatic vessels. Infectious disorders like Heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis, vegetative endocarditis in pigs, equine viral arteritis). Patency of the foramen ovale, interventricular foramena, patent ductus arteriosus, persistence of the right aortic arch, coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the aorta, congenital aneurysm, pulmonic stenosis, subaortic stenosis, ectopia cardis, acardia, and diplocardia are examples of congenital and developmental disorders that can result in these conditions. Traumatic disorders like Traumatic reticulopericarditis and cardiac failure. Degenerative diseases like fatty and hyaline degeneration. Inflammatory disorders like pericarditis,
myocarditis, endocarditis and phlebitis may also lead to cardiovascular system disorders. Some tumours associated with the cardiovascular system like rhabdomyosarcoma, fibroma and myxofibroma also cause cardiovascular system disorders.

Respiratory tract disorders in domestic animals
The respiratory system is vital for efficient oxygen exchange, metabolic function, and overall health. Respiratory tract disorders in livestock speciesare among the most significant health challenges, leading to  economic losses in terms of reduced productivity, treatment costs, and mortality. Thesedisorders can affect the upper respiratory tract (URT), lower respiratory tract  (LRT), or both. Overview of common respiratory diseases in livestock, their aetiology, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies are summarized as follows: -
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC)
? Species affected: Cattle
? Etiology: Multifactorial; involves viruses (Bovine herpesvirus-1, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza-3, Bovine viral diarrhea virus), bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis), and environmental stressors

The kidney plays a role in controlling the volume of different bodily fluids, fluid osmolality, acid-base balance, toxin elimination, and different electrolyte concentrations. The glomerulus filters one-fifth of the volume of blood that enters the kidneys. Among the compounds that are reabsorbed include amino acids, salt, bicarbonate, glucose, and solute-free water. Among the chemicals that are released are ammonium, potassium, hydrogen, and uric acid. The kidneys maintain homeostasis, eliminate metabolic waste products like uric acid, urea, creatinine and ammonia, regulate extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure (via the rennin-angiotensin system) and controlling systemic pH (via regulation of H+ and HCO3- concentration).
Among various kidney diseases, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a slow loss of kidney function in which, kidney dysfunction is present for more than three months. There are six progressive stages of CKD i.e. stages 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4 and 5. The stages are based on the results of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test (1). In stage 1 there is mild kidney damage, while in stage 5 kidneys lost their working capacity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health issue that is becoming more prevalent in both developed and developing nations. It typically affects adults. .

Nervous system Disorders in Domestic Animals
Nervous system disorders in domestic animals encompass a range of conditions that affect the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord. These disorders can result in a variety of clinical signs, depending on the area of the nervous system involved. Infectious disorders like rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, listeriosis. Congenital and developmental disorders like hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia and chiari-like malformation can cause these disorders. Traumatic and degenerative disorders like Intervertebral Disc Disease. Degenerative myelopathy, metabolic and toxic disorders like hepatic encephalopathy, hypocalcemia, lead poisoning, organophosphate toxicity, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders like meningitis and meningoencephalitis may also lead to nervous system disorders. Some tumours associated with nervous system like meningiomas and peripheral nerve sheathtumours also cause nervous system disorders.  

Introduction
Serving as the primary biological barrier, the skin aids in immunological responses and provides protection against environmental pollutants and microorganisms, dehydration, and mechanical harm. The skin’s epidermis is made up of stratified and multilayered epithelial cells that, via a strictly controlled balance between terminal differentiation and cell proliferation, undergo lifelong self-renewal. One of the main causes of a wide range of skin conditions is the upset of this equilibrium.
Mycoses in humans and animals are prevalent worldwide. These diseases can arise as a result of a number of physiological and environmental factors, such as the effectiveness of the immune system of the recipient and the amount of fungi in the environment. Companion animal dermatoses rank among the most common reasons for clinic visits in day-to-day veterinary practice.

Introduction:The phenomenon of reproduction is an important aspect, which needs special attention in livestock farming to achieve optimum productivity and increase the economic status of the farmers. Variousgynaecological problems like anestrus, repeat breeding, endometritis,  retention of placenta, etc reduce thereproductive performance in farm animals. Besides indirect reducing the milk yield, it also creates financial burden on the farmers due to high cost of therapeutic drugs prescribed for their treatment. The use of various hormonal preparations and antibiotics has been critical in treating these disorders inthe farm animals. However, herbal treatments render a holistic approach to manage the reproductive problems with minimalcost and no side effects.
1. Name of the condition: Anestrous
About the condition/definition: Anestrus is a reproductive cycle dysfunction in which an animal does not display the obvious symptoms of estrus. It is one of the major limiting factor in achieving better reproductive
performance in farm animals.
Etiology and pathogenesis: Expression of estrus is controlled by secretion of reproductive hormones. Any disturbance in their secretion due to the effect of either ofSeason, stress, uterine diseases, poor management techniques, inadequate nourishment, etc., delays the process.The animals with smooth non-functional ovary are said to true anestrous, whereas absence of estrus due to retained CL on ovary due to uterine pathology are false anestrous.

Herbal galactagogues are medicinal plants used to stimulate, sustain, and boost milk production. Several plants known for their galactagogue activity are being used traditionally in many cultures to stimulate milk production in animals. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the safety and efficacy of these medicinal plants. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the herbal constituents present in these plants is not yet elucidated. Although, many herbal galactagogues have been reported as safe in domestic animals and can be used as food supplements in the dairy industry. Nowadays, the use of plantderived supplements has increased in the dairy sector promoting a new trend of organic dairy farming. Traditional remedies being used for increasing milk production in animals often incorporate herbal treatments, mainly comprising
of the following important herbs [1-8]:

Feed additives like antibiotics, hormones are successfully employed in chicken production along with basic minerals, vitamins, and nutrients. Because of worries about antibiotic residues in animal tissues and the resulting development of bacterial resistance, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in cattle was outlawed in 2005. Given the rising concerns about antibiotic use and its involvement in antibiotic resistance, the use of plant-based chemicals in animal feed has become essential. Phytogenic feed additives, which are made from plants and their secondary metabolites, are becoming more and more popular as a result of the search for sustainable farming methods.
These natural growth promoters are seen as alternatives to synthetic chemicals, which are often associated with adverse environmental and health impacts. The usage of plant additions, also known as phytobiotics, have existed since the beginning of time, when people and farm animals were treated and prevented with herbs. The unique qualities of herbs and plant additions were effectively utilised by the ancient Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Chinese civilisations. Phytogenic feed additives offer multiple benefits for livestock, including enhancing growth, improving immunity, supporting digestion, and promoting
overall animal health. Water or alcohol extracts derived from plant additions, whether fresh or dried, fermented, or freeze-dried, can be used in poultry practices.

Wound in Domestic Animals
A wound is defined as a break in the continuity of the skin, mucous membrane, or tissue surface that can result from physical, chemical, or biological agents. India has a diverse variety of livestock breeds, extensive countryside with vast grazing lands, and widespread use of livestock. The significant population of stray animals, including dogs, cats, and cattle, as well as the increase in pet ownership, make wounds in animals a commonly encountered condition. Wounds in animals can be a frustrating issue for both pets and productive animals, and this can also be a challenge for their owners. For instance, bleeding at the wound site from sudden cuts and bites can cause panic and distress among animal owners. Wounds can become complicated, as animals may lick, scratch, or otherwise irritate them, leading to infections, especially when they are soiled. Additionally, fly infestation and maggots, common in various temperate regions of India, further complicate the wound healing process. An unattended wound can quickly escalate to a severe microbial infection, which may lead to septicemia, maggot infestation, and can even become fatal for the animal. The cost of treating wounds in production animals, including expenses for antibiotics, can impose an economic burden on farmers. Common causes of wounds in domestic animals include penetrating injuries from horns, stamping injuries caused by mothers or other adult animals in tightly packed barns, tightened nose ropes, barbed wire injuries at the brisket region (in horses and cattle), and wet sores on the inner surfaces of the shoulder and groin in cattle due to friction and lack of air and sunlight exposure.

Medicinal Plants for Arsenic Toxicity
Name of the Condition- Nephrotoxicity
About the condition/Definition- Intoxication of arsenic (arsenite or arsenate) result in renal impairment which is marked by a significant increase in the levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid and decline in levels of plasma protein profile especially albumin level in body.
Etiology- Nephrotoxicity results from arsenic damages mitochondria, which results in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a decline in ATP, and a suppression of respiratory activities along with dramatic alterations in the incidence of cellular growth. There is acute inflammation and the development of tubular necrosis, which lowers the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Symptoms- Phosphaturia (Fanconi syndrome), aminoaciduria, proteinuria and glycosuria along with progressive drop of renal function.
Pathogenesis- Arsenic produces renal damage by reducing mitochondrial complex function and elevating cellular ROS levels which directly damages renal cells. Membrane lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation by ROS, which results in complete loss of membrane potential and mitochondrial swelling.
General treatment- Acute arsenic intoxication can be counter by using chelating agents like DMSA, DMPS and BAL, fluid therapy, forced dieresis & dialysis.

Abstract
Climate change significantly impacts the aquaculture industry, threatening productivity and food security. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, extreme weather events, and shifting habitats disrupt species’ growth, survival, and reproductive cycles. This chapter explores climate-smart aquaculture (CSA) as a response, which focuses on sustainable practices to enhance resilience and mitigate climate change effects. CSA strategies include the selective breeding climate-resilient species and using advanced technologies like integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) to reduce environmental stress. These methods help maintain aquaculture productivity while reducing climate-related vulnerabilities. Adopting spatial technologies, including satellite remote sensing and site-suitability models, allows identifying optimal aquaculture sites less susceptible to climate impacts. Furthermore, disaster relief programs and insurance provide financial protection against the effects of climate-related losses, offering support during extreme events such as storms and algal blooms. Implementing these climate-smart practices is crucial to ensuring aquaculture’s sustainability and long-term viability, helping to secure global food systems in the face of a changing climate.
Keywords: Climate change, salinity intrusion, sea-level rise, ocean acidification and salt-resistant

Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector globally, with finfish and crustaceans playing a significant role in meeting the growing demand for animal protein. However, aquaculture’s reliance on marine capture fisheries for essential feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and fish oil, presents significant sustainability challenges. The Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO) ratio, which estimates the quantity of wild-caught fish used to generate one unit of reared fish, has become a key metric in assessing the sustainability of aquaculture. A high FIFO ratio indicates greater dependence on wild fish stocks, contributing to overfishing and ecosystem degradation. This chapter explores the FIFO ratio, its role in promoting sustainable aquaculture, and innovations to reduce its environmental impact. Over the years, the global average FIFO ratio has improved, reflecting advances in feed efficiency and the incorporation of alternative ingredients such as plant-based proteins, insect meals, and by-products from fish processing. However, challenges remain in these alternatives’ availability, cost, and nutritional performance. Case studies, including salmon rearing in Scotland and shrimp farming in Thailand, demonstrate the potential of alternative feed ingredients in lowering FIFO ratios and enhancing sustainability. This chapter also addresses the limitations of the FIFO ratio as a singular sustainability metric, calling for a more holistic approach to evaluating aquaculture’s environmental and economic impacts. Ultimately, achieving sustainable FIFO ratios will require
continued innovation, improved feed formulations, and global collaboration to ensure aquaculture’s role in providing a sustainable source of protein for the growing global population.
Keywords: Sustainability, Fish In: Fish Out (FIFO), Plant-based feed and Insect based feed

Abstract
As global food security becomes increasingly urgent, high-density aquaculture systems present a viable solution to meet the rising protein demands of the world’s growing population, projected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. This chapter examines the integration of various innovative aquaculture techniques designed to improve the sustainability and efficiency of fish farming. High-density systems such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), biofloc technology (BFT), cage culture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), flow-through aquaculture systems (Raceways), hybrid systems, and vertical farming are explored for their potential to optimize production while minimizing resource consumption. The chapter highlights the critical role of stocking density in improving system performance, influencing factors such as growth rates, water quality, and overall resource use. IMTA, which combines fed species with extractive organisms like seaweeds and shellfish, facilitates nutrient recycling, promoting environmental sustainability and enhanced productivity. Hybrid systems, including Partitioned Aquaculture Systems (PAS) and Bio-RAS, integrate traditional and advanced technologies to overcome the limitations of conventional methods, enabling high-density production with reduced environmental impact. Additionally, vertical farming and aquaponics are examined as complementary strategies, integrating fish farming with plant cultivation to create sustainable, resource-efficient models suitable for urban settings. Through a comprehensive analysis of species selection, stocking densities, and system design, this chapter illustrates the potential of high-density aquaculture as a critical contributor to global food security, reducing pressure on wild fish stocks and promoting long-term environmental sustainability.
Keywords: High stocking density, maximize production, economic viability, environmental sustainability

Abstract
Single-cell proteins (SCPs) have gained huge attention in the aquafeed industry as a suitable alternative to traditional protein sources, including fish meal and soy protein. SCPs obtained from the algae, bacteria, fungi, and yeast often contain high protein content and superior amino acid profiles. The presence of essential fatty acids and additional bioactive compounds further support their role as adequate replacements for the current protein sources. Among those, mycoproteins are currently a major area of interest due to their favourable nutritional profile, higher growth rates and efficient production process. These have the ability to use a variety of agricultural and industrial by-products as their feedstocks. PEKILO® protein is such a commercial mycoprotein obtained from carbohydrates containing lignocellulosic wastes from forestry by-products. It was produced from the fungal species Paecilomyces variotii from the substrates such as spent sulphite liquor and molasses through a continuous fermentation process. Pekilo protein consists of 60 to 70% crude protein content, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, β-glucans and nucleotides. Its high digestibility and amino acid content make it a suitable protein source for the aquafeed industry. Recent research studies suggest that pekilo protein has a high potential as a non-conventional protein source in commercial salmon and shrimp feeds. Being a sustainable alternative to fishmeal, pekilo protein can help reduce the future challenges of fish meal supply and long-term sustainability.
Keywords: Pekilo protein, Mycoprotein, Non-conventional ingredient and Single-cell protein.

Abstract
The development of aquaculture from its prehistoric beginnings to a highly developed, international sector emphasizes the need for cutting-edge equipment to guarantee sustained production. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tagging is a cornerstone for selective breeding programs, enabling precise monitoring and managing aquatic species. PIT tags, tiny electronic microchips implanted into fish, offer a reliable and durable method for individual identification without affecting species growth or survival. Their versatility extends across various applications, from studying migration and behaviour to monitoring genetic traits critical for breeding. PIT tagging stands out due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with various aquatic environments. PIT tags offer a long-term solution with less interference than external tags, which are more likely to be lost or damaged. Technological advancements have refined PIT tagging, allowing its application even in small-bodied fish, thus broadening its utility in ecological and genetic studies. These tags also play a pivotal role in reducing inbreeding in hatcheries by maintaining precise genetic records. Despite the proven benefits, PIT tagging requires careful consideration of fish species, size, and environmental factors to optimize tag retention and ensure minimal stress. Advancements in tagging techniques, such as improved surgical techniques and new equipment for tag implantation further increase the dependability of this technology. Studies confirm that PIT tagging has negligible effects on fish physiology and behaviour, making it an indispensable tool in aquaculture research and management. The aquaculture sector can enhance broodstock quality, guarantee genetic diversity, and tackle climate change issues by incorporating PIT tagging into selective breeding strategies. This technology not only supports the production of high-quality seed stock but also aligns
with sustainable aquaculture practices, ensuring the long-term viability and growth of the industry.
Keywords: Tag retention, Biotelemetry, Tag implanter, Tag position and Broodstock

Abstract
The rapid growth of aquaculture as a critical food production sector brings significant challenges, particularly the management of organic waste, which can harm aquatic ecosystems and reduce farm productivity. Polychaetes, a diverse group of marine annelid worms, present a sustainable and efficient solution to these issues. This chapter investigates their potential in aquaculture waste management, focusing on their ability to bio-assimilate organic matter, mitigate pollution, and enhance nutrient recycling. Polychaetes efficiently process uneaten feed, faecal matter, and organic sludge, converting these into protein and lipid-rich biomass suitable for use as high-quality feed ingredients or bio-products. Their integration supports the circular economy’s principle and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), fostering a synergistic system that minimizes waste and optimizes resource utilization. Additionally, polychaete application enhances water quality, reduces reliance on chemical treatments, and promotes sustainable aquaculture development. Integrating polychaetes into aquaculture systems, emphasizing their potential to drive eco-friendly practices, offers a pathway
toward more sustainable, resilient, and economically viable aquaculture production.
Keywords: Polychaete, Bioremediation, Aquaculture, Waste management and IMTA

Abstract
The aquaculture industry has undergone significant transformations in recent decades, yet issues like feed waste, pollution, and economic inefficiencies remain unresolved. One possible remedy is precision feeding, which involves providing fish with precise nutrition tailored to their physiology. Precision feeding is an innovative and sustainable approach in aquaculture to optimize feed utilization and reduce waste. Traditional feeding practices often result in overfeeding, nutrient imbalances, and environmental degradation. By matching the feed supply to the dietary requirements of various fish species, precision feeding improves feed efficiency, growth, and health. Advanced technologies, including demand feeders, acoustic systems, sonar imaging, and intelligent feeding devices, enable real-time monitoring and control of feeding processes. These systems reduce environmental pollution while improving operational profitability. Precision feeding has potential, but adoption is hampered by factors like expensive costs, complicated technology, and the requirement for specialist knowledge. As aquaculture grows, precision feeding offers a promising pathway to sustainable practices by integrating automation, artificial intelligence, and real-time monitoring systems. This approach ensures ecological responsibility and aligns with industry goals for productivity and economic viability.
Keywords: Precision feeding, fish nutrition, feed waste, intelligent feeding systems and sustainability

Abstract
Aquaculture has emerged as a key solution for meeting the rising global demand for aquatic food products, contributing significantly to food security. However, its rapid growth faces significant challenges from climate change, including rising temperatures, ocean acidification, extreme weather events, and habitat degradation, which threaten production systems and the livelihoods dependent on them. This chapter explores the role of regulatory frameworks in mitigating climate impacts, promoting sustainability, and enhancing resilience in aquaculture. It emphasizes the importance of integrating aquaculture into national and global climate adaptation plans, adopting ecosystem-based approaches, and fostering innovative practices like integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and cultivating climate-resilient species. The chapter highlights the need for advanced tools, such as climate monitoring systems and genetic advancements, to mitigate risks while ensuring resource efficiency and productivity. Addressing barriers like complex governance structures and limited resource access is essential for effective policy implementation, particularly in vulnerable regions. By combining robust legal instruments, technological innovations, and community-based governance, aquaculture can transition toward a sustainable and climate-resilient future, ensuring long-term environmental health, economic stability, and social equity while continuing to play a vital role in global food systems.
Keywords: Rising temperature, Salinization, Ocean acidification, Resilient aquaculture and Climate adaptation

Abstract
The global biodiversity crisis emphasizes the necessity of effective conservation strategies, particularly in aquatic ecosystems that possess vast yet poorly understood biodiversity. This article explores the role of biosystematics, which combines taxonomy, evolutionary biology, and ecology, in protecting aquatic biodiversity. It emphasizes species identification, genetic diversity, and evolutionary relationships as key to targeted conservation efforts. Modern tools like DNA barcoding, eDNA, next-generation sequencing, and ecological niche modelling improve conservation precision. Despite challenges such as cryptic species and climate change, advancing technology, collaboration, and policy support are essential for protecting endangered aquatic species and maintaining ecological balance.
Keywords: Biosystematics, Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Insights, Aquatic Conservation, Evolutionary Relationships, Endangered Species

Abstract
Food webs are essential for understanding ecological interactions, and the discovery of trophic cascades marks a significant milestone in food-web ecology. Over the past four decades, debates on the prevalence and importance of trophic cascades have spurred extensive research and theoretical progress, yet the topic remains contentious. Trophic cascades, where alterations in one part of the ecosystem affect others, play a crucial role in shaping ecosystem structure and function. Rooted in foundational theories like the Green World Hypothesis, the concept has evolved to address more intricate ecological dynamics. Cascades often occur through top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, with top predators playing a key role in regulating ecosystems. This article explores their diverse impacts in aquatic environments, including changes in food web dynamics, biodiversity loss, water quality degradation, and disrupted nutrient cycling. Case studies, such as the otter–sea urchin–kelp system and Atlantic cod overfishing, highlight the profound consequences of these interactions. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining balanced trophic relationships to ensure ecosystem stability and resilience. Conservation efforts should focus on maintaining these dynamics to mitigate cascading effects and preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Keywords: Trophic cascade, Food web, Impacts and Case studies, Top-down, Bottom-up cascade, Ecosystem stability.

Abstract
Fish populations are essential for global food security, marine biodiversity, and the health of ocean ecosystems. However, threats such as climate change, overfishing, and habitat degradation jeopardize their sustainability. Understanding fish population dynamics is vital for effective fisheries management and conservation. Insights into environmental factors affecting fish distribution, migration, and spawning are derived from oceanographic data collected using advanced technologies such as satellites, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), and remote sensing. By integrating these data with fish population models, predictive capabilities are enhanced, enabling proactive management and conservation efforts. Despite technological advances, data gaps and the complexity of biological and environmental interactions pose challenges. Integrating big data and artificial intelligence offers promising opportunities to improve predictive accuracy, optimize real-time fishery management, and tackle sustainability challenges effectively. This article discusses the role of oceanographic data in predicting fish population dynamics, the technologies involved, and the challenges facing current models.
Keywords: Fish population dynamics, Oceanographic Data, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), Forecasting models.

Abstract
Balancing human development with the protection of fragile coastal ecosystems is crucial in Coastal Zone Management (CZM), especially in the context of climate change, rising sea levels, and environmental degradation. This paper offers a comparative analysis of global CZM policies, examining case studies from regions like Canada, the United States, the Netherlands, Morocco, and Bangladesh. Through these examples, the paper explores adaptive strategies, including nature-based solutions, community-driven governance, and innovative technologies such as GIS and remote sensing. It highlights the importance of ecosystem-based management and stakeholder involvement in building coastal resilience. By examining diverse regional approaches, this paper highlights the importance of flexible, integrated, and locally tailored CZM policies that foster sustainability and resilience in coastal communities worldwide.
Keywords: Coastal Zone Management (CZM), Coastal adaptation, Stakeholder Engagement, Ecosystem-Based Management, Coastal resilience.

Abstract
Marine sponges are a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflam-matory and antidiabetic effects. These organisms produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that help them survive in harsh marine environments and offer significant potential for drug development. The bioactive molecules derived from sponges, such as anticancer agents like Ara-C and novel antibiotics, are increasingly studied for their applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review highlights the importance of marine sponges as valuable sources of functional ingredients with promising health benefits and therapeutic applications.
Keywords: Marine Sponges, Aquatic Environment, Drug Development, Oceanic Bioactive Compound

Abstract
Kerala with its extensive coastline and rich marine resources, plays a pivotal role in India’s fisheries sector. This paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of marine fisheries in Kerala, highlighting its economic, environmental, and social significance. Kerala boasts an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) spanning 2.19 lakh sq km and a coastline spanning 590 km. Its marine waters, especially in the Arabian Sea, are highly productive. The paper explores the recent advancements and achievements in Kerala’s fisheries sector, driven by mechanization and motorization initiatives. In 2022, Kerala recorded its highest marine fish catch of the decade, totalling 6.87 lakh tonnes, marking a 24% increase from the previous year. Key species such as oil sardine and Indian mackerel demonstrated significant recoveries, underscoring the sector’s resilience and adaptive capacity.
Sector-wise analysis reveals that pelagic finfishes dominate the landings, with oil sardine and Indian mackerel leading the pack. Demersal and crustacean landings also contribute significantly to the state’s fishery output. The abstract discusses the distribution of catch among different districts, with Ernakulam emerging as a major contributor. Furthermore, the socio-economic impact of marine fisheries is examined, highlighting its role in livelihoods for approximately 8 lakh people across 222 fishing villages. The sector not only provides income but also supports cultural identities and community cohesion along Kerala’s coastal areas.
Keywords: Marine resources, Production, Kerala, Landing and Fisheries sector.

Abstract
The oceans, which make up more than 70% of Earth’s surface, are home to a vast variety of marine ecosystem services that sustain human civilization, health, and the economy. The 8.06% percent of the ocean covered by marine protected areas with an around of 18,200 marine protected areas with a total area about 29,202,667km2. A novel, pertinent, and science-driven framework for classifying regions and connecting their effects on people and the environment is the marine protected area system. Marine protected areas create high-quality metrics to augment the official World database on protected areas reporting by utilizing science-based frameworks to evaluate the degree of protection and stage of setup throughout the world. This article presents the most recent official coverage statistics for marine protected areas.
Keywords: Marine Protected areas, Ecosystem, Protection and International
Distribution of Marine Protected Areas
There are 8.06% marine protected areas (MPAs) in the world. The Global Ocean can be divided into areas within national jurisdiction (National Waters) and those in international waters (Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ)). Governments in national waters with established legislative frameworks find it easier to establish MPAs. MPA creation is more challenging in ABNJ because of the intricate legislative system that governs the state.
As a result, compared to ABNJ, a significantly larger number of MPAs have been established within national waters. 39% of the world’s ocean is made up of national waters, of which 18.43% are currently protected areas.

Abstract
The growing demand for fish products, recognized for their nutritional composition and contribution to a healthy diet, has led to a significant increase in seafood processing waste, including shells, bones, skins, and other by-products. This chapter explores the potential of utilizing these seafood by-products to develop edible films and coatings, aligning with circular bio economy principles of, resource efficiency, sustainability and waste reduction. Edible films and coatings derived from seafood waste, such as chitosan, proteins, gelatin etc. offer various advantages, which include extention of the shelf life of products, preserving sensory qualities (aroma, taste, and appearance), and reducing the need for synthetic packaging materials. These biodegradable films also demonstrate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and mould-inhibiting properties, which contribute to improving food quality and safety. However, despite the benefits, challenges remain in terms of the physical properties of these films, including water resistance, mechanical strength, and consumer acceptance. The commercial application of these biopolymer-based materials is still limited by these issues, as well as by the complexities involved in scaling up production processes. To optimise the qualities of edible films and coatings made from seafood waste, more research is essential, particularly through the development of composite materials and innovative gelling systems. With ongoing advancements in biopolymer technology and processing techniques, edible films from seafood waste hold great promise as a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastic packaging, contributing to the circular bio economy and reducing environmental pollution.
Keywords: Biodegradable, Edible coatings, Edible films, Seafood Processing waste

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, where unique phenomena allow for novel applications. Nanotechnology is the utilization of components smaller than 100 nanometers for manufacturing and bio-fabrication. This adaptable technique had a wide range of uses, from clothing manufacture to medical advancements such as cancer detection and treatment, among others. The name “nano” comes from Greek, which meaning incredibly small, and a nanometer (nm) is equal to 10 -9 m. Nanotechnology, also called as Molecular Manufacturing based Nanotechnology (MNT) as it involves experimentation and manipulating of nano particles, in order to design and build materials and devices with the basic structure in the nanometer scale. Nano material which can exist in the form of powder or liquid, exhibits significantly different physical and chemical properties at nanoscales compared to their micro size materials with similar chemical composition. Nano food refers to food in nanoparticles, nanotechnology techniques or tools are used during cultivation, production, processing, or packaging of the food.
The development of both organic and inorganic materials achieved through conversion and manipulation of the materials on an atomic and molecular scale [Grumezescu et al., 2018; Dera & Teseme, 2020]. By reducing the particle size below its outset to approximately 1–100 nm, the physical and chemical properties of the materials significantly differed when compared to the original materials despite they contain the same base materials. The unique
and incomparable properties of nanoscale materials are arise due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio compared to the microscale of the same materials [Grumezescu et al., 2018, Berekaa, 2015].