eBook Chapters

Date:

Objective: To practice public speaking.

Description: Public speaking refers to communication with a large number of audience in a face-to-face situation. Public speaking differs from most other types of communication as the roles of sender and receiver are distinct and different. Also, in case of public speaking, the onus of taking the interaction forward primarily lies with the speaker. Consequently, many people find it daunting and stressful and try to avoid public speaking situations.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (chart).

Description: Audio visual aids are media that can make communication more effective through use of sound and visuals. They are of two types – projected and non-projected aids. Non projected aids are visual materials that are used as it is by the instructor and do not need any device or equipment. Examples include charts, posters, leaflets, flash cards, etc. They are easy to prepare, carry and use. They can be prepared as and when needed and multiplied at low cost.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (folder).

Description: Folder is a single thick sheet of paper, which is usually folded once or twice. Folder contains essential information about a place, event, etc. which is printed on a good quality paper. A folder is prepared as and when needed and is distributed free of cost.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio visual aid (poster).

Description: Poster is a placard displayed in a public place to raise awareness. A well-made poster must attract attention of passers-by and motivate them to take action. Here are a few tips for making effective posters:

a) A good poster should rely on pictures rather than words. While there is no strict rule regarding the number of words, try to use no more than 10- 12 words.

b) The font size should be big enough to read from a distance as posters are displayed at public places. If there is a variation in font size, increase the size as you move from top to bottom. In addition, while choosing colours, keep the background against which the poster will be displayed in mind.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a projected audio-visual aid (power point presentation).

Description: Audio-visual aids that are magnified and projected on to a screen are called as projected audio-visual aids. There are three methods of projection:

a) Direct projection: In this case, light rays from the source of illumination pass through condenser lens, then hit the object and go through objective lens and fall on the screen. Slide projector is an example of direct projection.

Learning outcomes

1. To make student aware about proper procedure of conducting oral and poster presentation and to develop their skill in delivering effective presentation.

What is presentation?

• Presentation is the process of demonstrating and conveying a topic’s information to an audience or learner.
• Presentation may be customised for speaking to a group, addressing a meeting, or briefing a team.

Making oral presentations is nothing new for anyone, but there is still a lot of room for growth. An oral presentation is more than simply delivering the relevant technical information and using the perfect language. Public speaking is an address delivered at an anniversary or inauguration to encourage, congratulate, or amuse the audience.

Requirements: Clipboard, Pencils, Hand lens, Pocket knife, insect catching nets, attractants, spread sheet Collection bags and vials, Camera etc.

Sampling techniques are used to draw valid inferences about the population parameters using the sample statistics

Components of an insect sampling program 

Knowledge of pest and beneficial insects

Identification

 Life cycle and biology

Injury caused

Sample: Sample is a subgroup of the population. It is defined as a collection of individual observations from the population about which inferences are to be made, and is obtained by a specific method.

Materials Required

Cut flowers, 1000 ml conical flasks, scissor, tape, distilled water, chemicals, weighing balance, volumetric flasks, labels, thermometer (max. & min. type) and hygrometer. 

Procedure

    1.    Collect fresh spikes of flowers
    2.    Cut at the base keeping about 25-60 cm of the cut flowers stick (uniformly for each flower).
    3.    Prepare Pulsing/ Vase solutions.
    4.    Put the prepared flower spikes in labeled conical flasks containing different Pulsing/ Vase solutions (for a known period of time).
    5.    Record the weight of the spikes and other observations daily.
    6.    Record the temperature and relative humidity of the storage chamber daily.
    7.    Analyse the recorded data and draw conclusion about the best vase solutions for the selected cut flower.

Materials Required

Fruits/ vegetables, weighing balance, plastic crates, CFB boxes or other packaging material fruit pressure tester, hand refractometer, markers etc.

Procedure

    1.    Harvest the fruits
    2.    Subject them to various pre-treatments (as discussed in previous exercise).
    3.    Record their initial parameters i.e. weight, firmness, surface colour, TSS, rotting etc. 
    4.    Place properly packed commodity in storage alongwith a check under ambient conditions
    5.    Record the observations regarding changes in quality during storage
 

Learning outcome

The purpose is to enable the student to develop deeper knowledge, understanding, capabilities, and attitudes in the context of micro teaching skills.

icroteaching helps teachers worldwide improve easy teaching tasks. Microteaching promotes real-time learning experiences for novices and seniors. Presentation and reinforcement skills help inexperienced teachers acquire the art of teaching easily and thoroughly. 

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
Mildew resistance packaging material.

Introduction

Studying the mildew resistance of paper involves evaluating how well the paper can resist fungal growth under specific conditions. Mildew, a type of mold, can degrade paper quality, causing discoloration, weakening, and unpleasant odors. Here’s a detailed procedure to assess the mildew resistance of paper:

Materials Needed

Paper samples (different types, if comparison is required), Sterile petri dishes, Sterile distilled water

Fungal spore suspension (commonly Aspergillus niger or similar mildew spores), Nutrient medium (e.g., potato dextrose agar or a similar agar that promotes fungal growth), Incubator, Sterile tweezers and scissors, Forceps, Micropipette or dropper, Humidity chamber (can be a sealed container with a saturated salt solution to maintain high humidity), Control samples (untreated paper).

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
Moisture content of packaging material.

Introduction

The moisture content of paper is a critical parameter that significantly affects its other properties, such as printing quality and absorbency. Maintaining an optimal moisture level is essential for ensuring the functionality and durability of the paper. For instance, double-faced corrugated boards tend to break or crack during bending operations if they are too dry.

Procedure

• Weigh the conditioned specimen and place it in a drying oven, maintained at a temperature of 103°C ± 2°C, to expel moisture. Continue heating until a constant weight is achieved.

• If the moisture content of the paper is to be determined "as received," the sample should not be conditioned.

Learning Objectives

1. To evaluation of actual functioning of the District Rural Development Agency (DRDAs)
2. Guidelines for implementation of the various Rural Development Programmes.

Theory/Principle/Background of the topic

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) is the district-level entity that oversees Ministry of Rural Development anti-poverty programmes. This organisation was initially founded to execute the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).

DRDAs were later given state and central government programmes. DRDA’s job is to identify rural needs and implement relevant programmes has a technical, administrative, and financial role in scheme implementation. DRDA disburses cash for programmes and offers management and technical assistance.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of tools and techniques used with households to gather and analyse information on community resources, problems, potential and needs.

Why is PRA used?

Look at how a village or community is now and what it could be.

Look at problems and what’s causing them.

Help families find ways to deal with problems and take advantage of opportunities.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
pH value of packaging material.

Introduction

As mentioned earlier, these tests are performed to assess the suitability of the board for printing, corrosion protection, food packaging etc. The presence of acid in paper or paper possessing an acidic reaction is a property of specific importance. Not only may the presence of acid effect the aging properties of paper, but it also may act upon materials that come into contact with the paper. In addition, the sizing of paper, wet strength treatment, and dye and fillers retention, usually depend upon the addition of alum or other acidic materials to the beater furnish. Hence many appers are acidic to various degrees at the time of manufacture. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion present which depends both upon the amount of acidic material and upon its degree of ionization. Hence, pH does not measure the amount of acid present. Since it is the 'activity or ‘intensity’ of acid that is usually of most interest, the pH value is the more common test.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
Physical tests of packaging material.
I. Determination of Machine Direction 
Introduction
Machine-made paper has two directions and two sides:

Directions

a) Machine Direction: The direction in which the paper or board aligns with the flow of material on the paper machine.

b) Cross Direction: The direction perpendicular to the machine direction

Learning outcome

The purpose is to enable the student to develop deeper knowledge understanding capabilities and attitudes in the context of preparation of extension literature.

Extension materials are straightforward messages that encourage, educate, and improve farmers’ understanding of an innovative, proven technology. Therefore, extension materials must encourage awareness and highlight the benefits and effective application of innovative technologies. Orally or through bulletins/brochures, fact sheets, posters, radio dramas, and videos, extension materials can suggest innovative technologies. Literature is the foundation of any instructional programme. Extension materials must persuade individuals to alter their behaviour.

Learning outcome

• To learn writing for print media such as newspaper, magazine, books.
• To have in knowledge about script writing in electronic medium such as using mobile apps- LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube and Podcast

What is Print Media?

It’s a sort of mass media that publishes news and information. Print media is the oldest way to reach a large audience. It exclusively distributes information in physical copy

Books, magazines, and newspapers are popular print media. These may consist of chapters or themes, pictures, advertising, printed journals, pamphlets and so on. Print media cannot do live reporting, discussions, or shows.

Requirements: Agriculturally important insects of each order

 Orthoptera

 Examples: Grasshopper, cricket, etc.

Metamorphosis: Paurometabolous

Mouthparts: Chewing

 Significance: Variable or Pest

 Characteristics

 •            They are medium to large-sized insects.

 •            Antenna is filiform.

 •            Mouthparts are mandibulate.

 •            Prothorax is large. The pronotum is curved, ventrally covering the pleural region.

•             Hindlegs are saltatorial

 •            Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as tegmina.

 •            They are capable of bending without breaking.

 •            Hindwings are membranous with large anal area.

 •            They are folded by longitudinal pleats between veins and kept beneath the tegmina.

The typical thoracic leg consists of six parts, basal coxa that articulates with the thorax in the pleural region, small trochanter, femur, tibia, segmented tarsus, and pre-tarsus. The coxa is often divided into two parts, the posterior and the anterior (usually the larger part) being called the meron. The trochanter articulates with the coxa but usually forms an immovable attachment with the femur. The femur and tibia are typically the longest leg segments. The tarsus, which is derived from a single segment, - is usually subdivided into individual tarsomeres. The pretarsus may consist of a single claw, but it is usually composed of a pair of moveable claws and one or more pads or bristles. Legs are usually looked upon as the principal organs of terrestrial locomotion.

Mouthparts of insects vary among insects of different groups depending upon their feeding habits. They are mainly of two types viz., Mandibulate (feeding mainly on solid food) and haustellate (feeding mainly on liquid food). Insect mouthparts have become modified in various groups to perform the ingestion of different types of food and by different methods. Indeed the modifications in the mouthparts to ingest almost all kinds of the food material, are one of the factors for the success of the group.

1. Biting and chewing type: e.g. Cockroach & grasshopper.

The best learning situation requires one specimen and set of tools per two students for studies. Students working in pairs have ample opportunity to fully participate in the dissection and to carefully examine the specimen. They are also able to share and discuss their observations during and after the dissection.

Requirements: Dissecting pan with wax pad, dissecting pins, forceps, hand lenses and scissors

Procedure

Place the specimen in the dissecting pan ventral side up. Use scissors to cut through the exoskeleton‘s ventral side from the head to the posterior end of the abdomen.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
The effect of can close temperature on the resultant vacuum produced.
Principle

The unfilled volume of the hermetic (air-tight) food container usually referred to as the headspace, is a most important part of the container –contents system. In the majority of canned foods, the headspace consists of air and water vapor. Whereas a canned food would keep for a long time i.e. minimum two years of shelf life, stable, only if a certain degree of vacuum is created inside the can. The degree to which air has been extracted from a hermetic food container is measured by the pressure inside, which is referred to as vacuum. A vacuum of -101 kPa would mean that all of the gas has been expelled from the container; a vacuum of zero would mean that the pressure in the headspace is equal to atmospheric pressure. The difference between the pressure within the container and the air pressure is measured by a vacuum gauge.

Materials Required

Fruits/vegetables, thermometer, refractometers, NaOH, Phenolphthalein, glassware, weighing balance, plastic crates for storage of commodity, water cooling facility.

Procedure

    1.    Harvest the fruit / vegetable
    2.    Count No. of unmarketable fruits in every 100 fruits harvested
    3.    Record the internal fruit temperature in about 5-10 randomly selected fruits with the help of a thermometer
    4.    Pre-cool the commodity in cold water (<5ºC), air or refrigerator till the temperature reaches near its optimum storage temperature
    5.    Record the internal fruit temperature
    6.    Record the time required to pre-cool the commodity
    7.    Keep the product for storage at ambient conditions alongwith control
    8.    Record the difference in the shelf life and quality during storage

Introduction

The most important factor that influences the activity of bacterial enzymes is temperature. Most ofthe organisms grow under mesophilic conditions (at25⁰C). If the optimum temperature is increased, the rate of growth of organism is affected due to changes in protein structure which results denaturation of critical cell protein and ultimately inhibitsthe growth. If temperature is below critical temperature, then there is complete stoppage of growth as less activation energy is available for critical process to occur. However, there are certain organisms which can tolerate extreme temperatures viz.

1. Psychrophiles: Tolerate and grow at > 20⁰C temperature
2. Mesophiles: Tolerate and grow at between 20⁰C and 45⁰C temperature
3. Thermophiles: Tolerate and grow at <45⁰C temperature.

The grasshoppers are widely distributed throughout the country and may be seen in abundance during monsoon season. For the generalized morphological description, this insect has been considered as the most suitable representative of class insects because its structural details are not much variable. Apart from this, being larger, it can be studied easily. The generalized insect body is divided into 3 distinct body regions: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. Grouping of body segments into distinct regions is known as Tagmosis and the body regions are called Tagmata.

The Head

Introduction

Most of the bacteria, excepting the photosynthetic bacteria, are damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV rays have lower energy content and are capable of producing lethal effect in cells exposed to wavelengths in the range of 200 nm to 300 nm. Nucleic acids absorb these radiations leading to formation of thymine dimers which distort the structure of DNA. Distortion in DNA brings the interferences in DNA replication and transcription. The germicidal effect of UV can be used to determine the minimum amount of exposure required to produce 100% mortality of micro-organisms.

Requirements

1. Nutrient agar medium
2. Card board
3. Incubator
4. Petri plates
5. Inoculating loop
6. Bacterial cultures

Learning outcome

In this exercise we will learn about handling of:

1. 18-135 mm lens
2. 70-200 mm zoom lens
3. 8.3.5 mm DSLR lens
4. Babylight
5. Computer
6. DSLR camera
7. Field recorder
8. Mic rod
9. Power adaptor
10. Projector
11. SD card 32 GB
12. Speaker
13. Tripod
14. Projector screen

Requirements: Insecticides of different types

Insecticide chemicals in their “raw” or unformulated state are not usually suitable for pest control. These concentrated chemicals and active ingredients may not mix well with water, may be chemically unstable, and may be difficult to handle and transport. For these reasons, manufacturers add inert substances, such as clays and solvents, to improve application effectiveness, safety, handling, and storage. Inert ingredients do not possess Insecticidal activity and are added to serve as a carrier for the active ingredient. Manufacturers will list the percentage of inert ingredients in the formulation or designate them as “other ingredients” on their labels.

Requirements: Dissecting pan with wax pad, dissecting pins, forceps, hand lenses and scissors

Procedure

Place the specimen in the dissecting pan ventral side up. Use scissors to cut through the exoskeleton‘s ventral side from the head to the posterior end of the abdomen.

Pull the cut sides apart and observe the internal organs. Pin the sides of the insect to the dissecting pan. The observation of the reproductive systems of males and females are as follows:

Female reproductive system

The main functions of the female reproductive system are egg production and storage of male spermatozoa until the eggs are ready to be fertilized. The basic components of the female system are paired ovaries, which empty their mature oocytes (eggs) via the calyces (Calyx) into the lateral oviduct which unite to form the common (median) oviduct.

Materials Required 

Fruits/vegetables, hand refractometers, fruit pressure tester, weighing balance, scale, chemicals and glassware required for analysis.

Procedure

    1.    Go to the orchard or vegetable field and collect samples of fruits and vegetables
    2.    Apply the specific maturity indices to the samples

Insect collection is a source of recreation for many people and maybe a hobby for those who are interested in studying insects. Methods of collection and preservation of insects are the pre-requisite to studying the insects and their various internal and external organs. After collection, it becomes imperative to keep and preserve the insect specimens intact and safe for a longer time to further study the characters or to develop the insect collection museum. Let‘s have a look and do the different types methods of collection, and devices used for the collection and preservation of insects including immature stages in this practical session.

Collection

 The purposes of insect collection are:

To know the occurrence of a particular insect in a particular locality.

Taxonomic study of insects.

Identification of insects.

To study the bionomics and rearing of insects for various entomological experiments.

To develop the insect repository etc.

Sprayers

Sprayer is a machine used to apply liquid chemicals on plants to control pest and diseases. It can also be used to apply herbicides to control weeds and to spray micro nutrients to enhance plant growth. The main functions of a sprayer are

•             Breaking the chemical solution in to fine droplets of effective size.

 •            Distributing the droplets uniformly over the plants.

 •            Applying the chemicals with sufficient pressure for positive reaching the plants

 •            Regulating the amount of liquid applied on plants to avoid excessive application.

Learning outcomes

• You should know how to make an audio or video script.
• Describe the differences between the different kinds of programmes.
• Examine the different script development stages. Before we start, please complete the following activity.

Reflect on the programmes you watch on TV or any other programme using Over the top (OTT) platforms like amazon, prime video, Netflix etc. How many of it you classify as

1. Entertainment
2. Educational
3. Informational

The collected insect samples can be inspected in the laboratory after detaching the antenna and putting them under the microscope. They can also be studied through the permanent slides of different types of antennae with the help of microscope.

Antennae are mobile sensory segmented appendages of the head. They articulate with head in front or between the eyes and arise from antennal socket. The size and shape of antennae varies in different insects. They are used for sensory perception which includes motion and orientation, odor, sound, humidity, and a variety of chemical cues. The Sensilla on the antenna acts as tactile, olfaction, carbon dioxide, temperature, wind, humidity, and sound receptors.

Structure of Antenna: Antennae consist of three parts

Metamorphosis and immature stages

The change in growth and development (form) of an insect during its life cycle from birth to maturity is called metamorphosis. There are four basic types of metamorphosis in insects.

Ametabola: (No metamorphosis) e.g. Silver fish.

These insects have only 3 stages in their life cycle namely egg, young ones and adults. It is most primitive type metamorphosis. The hatching insects resemble the adult in all respects except for the size and called as juveniles. Moulting continues throughout the life.

Hemi-metabola: (Incomplete metamorphosis) e.g. Dragonfly, damselfly and may fly.

These insects also have 3 stages in their life namely egg, young ones and adults. The young ones are aquatic and are called naiads. They are different from adults in habits and habitat. They breathe by means of tracheal gills. In dragonfly naiad, the lower lip (labium) is called mask which is hinged and provided with hooks for capturing prey. After final moult, the insects have fully developed wings suited for aerial life

The complete system of veins of a wing is termed venation or neuration. Generally in all the insects, there is some similarity in wing venation and therefore, it is presumed that all types of wing venation have developed from the common base or the same ancestor. Using an extensive study of wing venation in different groups of insects, Comstock and Needham constructed a hypothetical type of wing venation from which all other types have presumably been derived. According to them the primitive wing venation has developed from two tracheae which are situated on the anterior and the posterior basal margins of wings and their branches are spread all over the wing.

Materials Required

Fruits/ vegetables, washing tanks/ containers, size grader, fruit waxes, packaging material, neem based fungicides etc. 

Procedure

    1.    Take available fruits or vegetables 
    2.    Wash them in plain water or chemical solution as told by the teacher
    3.    Shade dry the fruits / vegetables
    4.    Prepare suitable wax solution
    5.    Apply wax on to the fruits as told
    6.    Record the fruit weight before packing
    7.    Pack the fruits properly in the trays / boxes depending upon the type and purpose
    8.    Do curing if required 
    9.    Do pre-packaging, if desired
    10.    Label the package for desired information
    11.    Keep the fruits for storage
    12.    Record the observations pertaining to weight loss and rotting periodically depending upon the commodity and its shelf life.

The National Food Security Bill, 2011 designed to make access to food a legal right, is the last chance to convert Gandhiji’s vision of a hunger-free India into reality.

Mahatma Gandhi’s articulation of the role of food in a human being’s life in his speech at Noakhali, now in Bangladesh, in 1946 is the most powerful expression of the importance of making access to food a basic human right.  Gandhiji also wanted that the pathway to ending hunger should be opportunities for everyone to earn their daily bread, since the process of ending hunger should not lead to the erosion of human dignity.  Unfortunately, this message was forgotten after the country became independent in 1947, and government departments started referring to those being provided some form of social support as “beneficiaries”.  The designation “beneficiary” is also being applied to the women and men who toil for 8 hours in sun and rain under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGA).  Sixty-five years after Gandhiji’s Noakhali speech, we find that India is the home for the largest number of under- and malnourished children, women and men in the world.  There are more persons going to bed partially hungry now, than the entire population of India in 1947.

Date:

Objective: To understand basics of photography and practice taking good quality photographs.

Overview: Photograph refers to any image which is created when light falls on a photosensitive surface. With the advent of mobile phones and decreasing cost of technology, many people are taking up photography as a hobby or profession. Photographs are very useful in communication, extension and education, as they arouse interest, simplify complex ideas/ things, can be used to convey messages to illiterate people, and enhance credibility of the information. Apart from technical expertise, it is important to know the basics of composition to take good photographs.

Date:

Objective: To understand communication process and its elements.

Description: Communication is the process by which a person shares knowledge, feelings, ideas, and information, etc. with another person(s) in such a way that each gains a common understanding about the meaning and intent of the message. Major functions of communication include sharing information, issuing instructions, persuasion and motivation. There are several elements in communication process. Anyone who takes the initiative and starts the communication process is called the source or communicator. The intended recipient of the communication content is called as the receiver. Any sign or symbol which has the same meaning for the source and the receiver is called is the message. Receiver is the intended recipient of the message and what the communicator hopes to accomplish is the objective of communication process.

Date:

Objective: To understand gap in communication process.

Description: Communication is never 100 percent efficient. In other words, even an ideal situation does not lead to complete and full understanding between the sender and receiver. Often, the receiver may understand the message differently or receive only a part of the message. This happens as every individual has a different frame of reference. Frame of reference is the set of experiences, beliefs and values which influence a person’s behaviour and acts as a benchmark against which all new stimuli are interpreted. Based on the frame of reference, every individual develops a perception. Perception is the process of receiving and interpreting stimuli.

Date:

Objective: To understand shot sizes in a video production.

Overview: Shot, in video production refers to one continuous recording by the camera. It comprises of a series of frames (still images) and There are 24 frames in one second. A shot includes eeverything recorded between switching on and switching off the record button on the camera. It can contain movement of both camera and talent.

Date:

Objective: To understand the characteristics and limitations of language.

Description: Language is the structured system of symbols, which are called as words. Semantics refers to the study of the relationship between symbols and their meaning. All languages are arbitrary as the word symbol is not the thing it represents (i.e. if all of us agree, we can refer to a “cat” as “donkey”, without turning it into one!). Words can be both abstract (things that cannot be sensed directly) and concrete (things that can be experienced through sensory organs).

Date:

Objective:To understand the concept of perception and its role in communication.

Description: Human body receives stimuli through various sensory organs and the brain processes these stimuli and assigns meanings leading to a reaction. This process of organizing, identifying and interpreting of sensory stimuli leading to an understanding of the environment is called perception.

Date:

Objective: To understand the importance of paralanguage in verbal communication.

Description: Paralanguage is the variation in voice and includes vocal characteristics such as pitch, range, resonance, tempo, etc. Though it is an integral part of verbal communication, it is quite distinct from the actual signs and symbols that are used by the communicator.

Date:

Objective: To understand the significance of non-verbal communication.

Description: Non verbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. It can encompass a wide range of communication behaviour from body language to choice and use of architectural objects. It is used for repeating, substituting, complementing, regulating verbal messages and deceiving. Some of the common non verbal means of communication include: Gestures: Gestures are movement of body parts and kinesics refers to the study of body movement.

Date:

Objective: To visit a newspaper organization to understand its structure and functions.

Description: A newspaper is a periodic publication containing written information about current events and other information that is of interest to the readers. A newspaper organization usually consists of the following departments:

a) Editorial department: The editorial department collects, processes and finalizes all content and images that are published in the newspaper. News/ information collected by the journalist or contributed by various writers is made readable, presentable and attractive to the readers through editing and proof reading by the editorial team.

Date:

Objective: To visit a video production facility to understand the process and set up.

Overview: Video programs are often produced in a studio environment as it is convenient, easy to manage and there are very few disruptions. A typical video production facility comprises of two areas – control room and the studio floor. Director, assistant director, video and audio technicians sit in the control room. The control room has a series of monitors that display the final and camera outputs. It may also have “on air” and “preview” monitors which display images being broadcast and to check the image before recording, respectively. The control room also has a production console, which is used to select the video and audio output.