eChapters

In Vedas the cow has been regarded as the mother of Rudras, the daughter of Vashu and the sister of Aditayas and also the use of cow ghee in religious ceremonies had been mentioned in Rig Veda and there is mention of the cow as “Kam Dhenu” in ancient writings. In Shiva temples are found the references of sculpture of “Nandi Bulls”. In Hindu mythology, the male buffalo thought to be the vehicle of the God of death “Yama” and also regarded as physical form of the demon Mahishasur, a symbol of inertia-”Tamas”.

The best environment for growing cells is similar to  the conditions what they experience in vivo. A number of various environmental factors affecting the tissues are :
 
    (1)    Temperature : In living matter, complicated chemical reactions are happened at comparatively low temperature.  In most of the mammalian and avian tissues the temperature  is 37^ºC to 38.5^ºC. If the temperature is enhanced to 45^ºC, cells are destroyed within  an hour but survive 12-24 hours at 42^ºC. It is applicable to most of the fibroblasts and epithelial  types of cells arising  from  mammalian tissues. Some of the mammalian cells ( human skin epithelial cells)  and amphibian cells  prefer lower temperature but fish tissue will not survive beyond 20^ºC.

The scale of human settlements is dynamic; it ranges from farmstead to village to town to city and to metropolis. There is thus, a broad hierarchy of settlements. These hierarchies can be grouped according to size and function. Size hierarchies are ranked from the highest to the smallest settlements only in terms of population while functional hierarchies are essentially based on the extent to which settlements have an economic impact on their surrounding areas. Functional hierarchies rank the settlement according to the number of shops, the number of specialised services available or the most dominant financial organisations. Such hierarchies mayor may not have similar sized market areas. Despite their having the same population, one town might surpass another in functional importance.

In this context, two theories have been propounded-the Central Place Theory by Walter Christaller and its modified version by August Losch. These theories are two of the most important examples of the scientific approach to the study of settlements. These theories suggest that there is a definite link between the functions of a settlement and its spatial locations with regularity in the distribution pattern within an urban system.

The cervical vertebrae are 7 in number.

The first and second cervical vertebrae are highly modified in conformity with the special function of support and movements of the head.

The third, fourth and fifth have the following characters:

The body is long. Ventral surface present a median ventral spine.

The dorsal surface has a flat central area which is narrow in the middle of the vertebrae, and wide at either end. On either side of this area there is a groove which lodges the longitudinal spinal vein.

The anterior extremity or head has an oval articular surface which faces forward and downward; it is strongly convex and wider above than below.

The posterior extremity is larger and has a nearly circular cotyloid cavity.

The arch is large and strong. It is perforated on either side by foramen which communicates with the foramen transverse hum. The vertebral notches are large.

The articular process are large. Their articular surface are extensive, oval in outline, and slightly concave.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The complete soil organic fraction is made up of live organisms, and their undecomposed, partly decomposed and completely transformed remains. Soil organic matter is the term used to refer more specifically to the non-living components which are a heterogeneous mixture composed largely of products resulting from microbial and chemical transformations of organic debris. These transformations, known collectively as the humification process, give rise to humus, a mixture of substances which have a degree of resistance to further microbial attack.

The scientific community has long relied on the expertise of trained researchers and professionals to advance our understanding of the world. However, with the increasing complexity of global challenges, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, and public health concerns, it has become clear that a new approach is needed. The traditional model of scientific research, where experts work in isolation to collect and analyze data, is no longer sufficient to address the scale and urgency of these challenges. Citizen Science, which involves the active participation of the public in scientific research, has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing these challenges. By leveraging the collective efforts of citizens, researchers can tap into a vast pool of knowledge, skills, and perspectives, ultimately leading to more inclusive, equitable, and effective scientific inquiry. From monitoring water quality and tracking climate patterns to identifying species and analyzing satellite imagery, citizens are making meaningful contributions to scientific research (Fig. 3.1).
The benefits of Citizen Science are numerous. It provides opportunities for citizens to engage with scientific research, promoting a deeper understanding of the scientific process and its applications. It also enables researchers to collect data on a larger scale and in more diverse locations, leading to more comprehensive and accurate findings. Furthermore, Citizen Science has the potential to increase public trust in science, promote community engagement, and foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among citizens for environmental and societal issues.

Abstract
Climate change is a significant threat to global fisheries, affecting the livelihoods of approximately 39 million people engaged in fishing. This chapter discusses the challenges fishermen face due to climate change, ranging from environmental to social and economic issues. Rising sea levels, warmer ocean temperatures, and unpredictable weather patterns disrupt fish populations and traditional fishing methods, resulting in severe socio-economic difficulties for coastal communities. Trends concerning marine heatwaves have doubled since 1982, while ocean acidification is on the rise; these trends form a complex set of problems for fishers. Besides changing fish distribution, it causes damage to essential habitats and, thereby, further endangers marine biodiversity. Economic impacts include reduced catches and increased operational costs, combined with market fluctuations that can threaten their financial stability. Socially, the effect of climate change increases health and safety risks and creates mental health problems due to economic instability. Traditional fishing knowledge is becoming less relevant because fishermen must adapt to new circumstances. The chapter strongly emphasizes the need to develop adaptive strategies involving community-led and government-supported programs that strengthen the ability of fishing communities to build resilience. Fishermen can benefit by changing the marine resource landscape through a greater focus on more resilient species and modifications in practice. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing for a holistic approach to address these interconnected challenges to ensure the
sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods of those who depend on them in the face of ongoing climate change impacts.
Keywords: Extreme Weather, Economic Damage, Habitat Degradation, Environmental Challenges

The words “Economy” and “Ecology” have the same root. Both these words derived from Greek ‘Oikos’ mean house or house holds and both imply thrifty economical way of dealing with valuable resources. However, for some reason we seem to find these two words coming opposite each-other in many situations.
The destruction and degradation of the environment has become the greatest problem of our century. Our survival will depend on how well we are able to redefine our technologies and our relationship with nature. We therefore need a new sustainable eco-agri revolution and a country like India is in an ideal situation to give a model for that. In the new economy, good ecology will be fundamental to good business.
BEYOND GREEN REVOLUTION
We have often emphasized that perhaps the two greatest successes in India since independence have been maintaining a stable democracy and success in bringing the green revolution, which changed us from a food-begging country to a food self-sufficient nation. We should rightfully feel happy and proud about these achievements, but at the same time remember that the global problems, environmental issues, priorities and the technological scenario have vastly changed in the last two decades. Another feature of Indian agriculture is the vast varieties of agricultural and horticulture practices as shown in Fig. 1.

The words “Economy” and “Ecology” have the same root. Both these words are derived from Greek ‘Oikos’ means house or house holds and both imply thrifty economical way of dealing with valuable resources. However, for some reason we seem to find these two words coming opposite each-other in many situations.

The destruction and degradation of the environment has become the greatest problem of our century. Our survival will depend on how well we are able to redefine our technologies and our relationship with nature. We therefore need a new sustainable eco-agri revolution and a country like India is in an ideal situation to give a model for that. In the new economy, good ecology will be fundamental to good business.

4.1 Introduction

The present chapter starts with a brief description about the history of commodity futures market and emergence of commodity futures market in India. There after it highlights various functions of commodity futures market and their impact on farmers and various other stake holders in the supply chain. Finally, it tries to evaluate the utility of futures from the platform of commodity exchanges especially from MCX and NCDEX of India.

A simple definition of a commodity is a physical substance that can be extracted directly from the environment, processed and sold commercially. Natural resource is another term often used to describe commodities which occur naturally in or on the ground. Commodities fall into three main categories such as energy, metals and agriculture. As commodities can be sold, they have a price which is governed by supply and demand. Compared to many manufactured items, for example flat screen TVs, the question of supply and demand is paramount to how commodities are priced. The commodities that have always been a part of our day-to-day existence are also one of the finest investment avenues available. The wheat in our bread, the cotton in our clothes, our gold jewels, the oil that runs our vehicles etc are all traded across the world in major exchanges. Commodities can be traded on either spot markets, or in the form of futures. Spot markets are those in which the commodity is traded immediately in exchange for cash or some other good. In the form of futures (or options), what is traded is not the goods itself, but a contract to buy or sell the commodity for a certain price by a stated date in the future. Over the ages, commodities have been the basis for trade and industry. They have prompted commerce, encouraged exploration and altered the histories of nations. Today, they play a very important role in the world economy with billions of dollars of these commodities traded each day on exchanges across the world. Commodities today have become an attractive investment vehicle. In the current investment scenario, it is increasingly getting difficult for individuals and institutions to create a well-balanced investment portfolio. With uncertainty in interest ratio, it is tough for the investor to beat the ever-rising inflation. Averse to being over exposed to equity markets, the investors are left with limited choices… well no more!

Dr. Chauhan, a dedicated veterinary scientist, has built a remarkable reputation for his tireless efforts in animal welfare. His journey into veterinary medicine was not just a career choice but a calling, deeply rooted in his compassion for animals and a firm belief in their right to a healthy, dignified life. Over the years, he has not only saved countless animals but also played a crucial role in shaping community attitudes towards animal welfare. His engagements span various domains, including free medical camps, rescue missions, awareness campaigns, collaboration with NGOs, and advocacy for animal rights.
Free Veterinary Camps in Rural and Urban Areas One of Dr. Chauhan’s most impactful contributions has been his organization of free veterinary camps. These camps, held in both rural and urban areas, provide essential medical aid to animals that might otherwise go untreated. Many pet owners and farmers struggle with the financial burden of veterinary care, and Dr. Chauhan’s initiative ensures that their animals receive timely vaccinations, deworming, and treatment for common illnesses.
In rural areas, where livestock plays a critical role in the livelihoods of farmers, these camps have been particularly beneficial. By treating cattle, goats, and poultry, Dr. Chauhan has helped improve the overall health of farm animals, leading to better productivity and economic stability for local communities. In urban areas, his focus extends to street animals, offering free treatments for injured or ailing stray dogs and cats.

4.1 Introduction

With the birth of the new millennium and the advent of Information and Communication Technology, the outlook of academia towards research has completely metamorphosed into a more productive and vibrant activity. Digitalization of data, the convergence of new and challenging insights in one’s own research fields at the world-wide-web and technology generation are being made faster and more reliable. With the arrival of Laptops and Smartphones simultaneously with the facility Wi-Fi, the demand for information of any kind has become unquantifiable! The academic world is no exception, indeed! Such a pang of hunger for information led to considerable investments in infrastructure development. The virtual, electronic, automated world became inseparable from academic and research institutions. Small wonder that with these, the pressures on the institutional and specialized and dedicated libraries are on the increase.

Disease
Disease is one of those terms that are very difficult to define. It is realized that disease (literally dis-ease) implies lack of ‘comfort’and therefore, involves deviation from normal functioning. From time to time several definitions which have been proposed, in fact descriptive but not simultaneously exclusive. The definitions for the term disease are:
• Disease is a malfunctioning process that is caused by continuous irritation, which results in some suffering producing symptoms.
• Disease is an alteration in one or more of the ordered sequential series of physiological processes culminating in a loss of coordination of energy utilization in a plant as a result of the continuous irritation from    the presence or absence of some factor or agent.
• Disease is any morphological or physiological abnormality in a plant or any of its parts caused by continuous irritation and results in economic losses to human beings.
• Any deviation from normal growth or structure of plants that is sufficiently pronounced and permanent to produce visible symptoms or to impair quality and economic value.
• A plant is said to be diseased when there is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process .

Summary
 
ISFM has been defined in a number of ways – but here an emphasis is placed on finding a way to explain ISFM that makes sense to the intended audience. When combined with general good agronomic practices the combination of improved planting material, chemical fertilizer along with the addition of organic mater, increases productivity.  There are, however, constraints at the smallholder level – in terms of access to farm inputs e.g. seed, credit &labour.This section looks at short and long-term approaches to the application of basic nutrients. The issues of recycling nutrients and the impact of erosion on the nutrients in the soil. There is a review of the pros and cons of ISFM – it does increase yield (4 -6 times more production).  There is a brief outline of the role of cover crops, mulching and conservation tillage as forms of agriculture that can help reduce soil erosion.The section locates the idea of ISFM along side integrated pest management and explores the impact of biological control agents in Ghana and the role of micro-organisms.

The circumstances concerning the diffusion of  main cultivated citrus from their places of origin in Asia are studied here, showing that the citron (Citrus medica L.) was the only one known in Ancient times in Europe, while the lemon (C. limon [L.] Osbeck), lime (C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle), pomelo (C. maxima [Burm.] Merr.) and sour orange (C. × aurantium L.) were introduced to Europe by the Muslims via the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, and that the grapefruit (C. × aurantium L. [C. paradisi Macfad.]), mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) and sweet orange (C. × aurantium L.) arrived to the West between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries as a result of the trade with the British and Portuguese colonies.

Context

Value Services Incis (VSI) incorporated and headquartered in New York, USA and with presence in 14 countries across the globe. With a total of 14000 employees globally, about 23% of their workforce is based in India in their offices across Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. Their India headquarters is in Mumbai.

The company's business is primarily in research services. They pride themselves in providing high quality and in-depth research output across all domains, industries and geographies. They serve 40% of the fortune 500 companies as their clients and by 2020, they aim to cover 70% of the list

"Unseasonal thundershowers," remarked Mr. Ritesh Prasad, as he peered out of the windows at the overcast sky and the storm raging outside - the landscape outside was no different than the one raging inside AXYZ ltd, a family-owned, logistics firm. Mr. Ritesh Prasad, or RP as he was popularly known, had been the CHRO at AXYZ for a decade now. He was a personal favourite of Mr. Pulkit Sahni, the founder-owner of AXYZ, and was quite popular with all levels of hierarchy, because of his genial disposition and general sense of empathy towards the firm's workforce.

Fisheries are capture fisheries, which involve catching wild fish from natural bodies of water, and culture fisheries, also known as aquaculture, include raising fish in controlled environments. Aquaculture offers a promising avenue for meeting the growing demand for seafood. Besides, capturing fisheries has been a traditional seafood source for centuries. Some of the aquaculture's advantages are increased food production (i.e., producing over half of all seafood consumed globally) and improved food security, particularly in developing nations where protein deficiency and malnutrition pose significant challenges. While fisheries face overfishing, habitat destruction, and by-catch, aquaculture contends with environmental impacts, disease management, and feed sustainability. Nevertheless, both sectors present promising solutions: fisheries through sustainable management, technological advancements, marine protected areas, aquaculture through increased food production, reduced environmental impact, economic benefits, and sustainable feed sources. By addressing these challenges and embracing these opportunities, fisheries and aquaculture can contribute to a more sustainable and food-secure future. Therefore, the future of seafood production will likely involve a combination of aquaculture and capture fisheries, each playing a complementary role by addressing their respective challenges and embracing opportunities for improvement. Aquaculture and capture fisheries can work together to ensure a sustainable seafood supply for a growing global population.

Cadmium, a roxic heavy metal, poses risk in a significant manner especially to human health and the environment. It's wide spread industrial use and presence in various products make exposure a concern particularly for both environmental and occupational settings. Understanding the source, toxico dynamics, toxico kinetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis as well as treatment of cadmium poisoning is critical in mitigating it's adverse effects especially on human health. Cadmium gains an entry into the environment through natural processes namely volcanic activity as well as weathering of rocks. Whatever it may be, human activities along with mining, smelting, refining of metals and manufacturing of batteries, plastics as well as pigments, are major contributors to cadmium release especially into the environment. Additionally, cadmium is seen in tobacco smoke, resulting in exposure among smokers as well as passive smokers. Once released into the environment, cadmium gains entry into the human body through many routes such as inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact An inhalation of cadmium containing dust or fumes is a prominent route of exposure in an occupational settings especially in industries namely mining, smelting as well as welding. The consumption of contaminated water and food is another general route of exposure especially for the general population. After consumption, cadmium in essential manner accumulates especially in the kidneys as well as liver with a half life of approximately 10 - 30 years in the organs. It also accumulates particularly in bones, where it consists of half life of several decades.

INTRODUCTION

Libraries have become Library and Information Centers (LIC) and Knowledge Resource Centers (KRC). Many LICs and KRCs have stepped forward towards establishing Digital Libraries and Digital Repositories. These wings require the professionals with adequate qualifications and should have good command over the latest technologies. The trained candidates prior to their recruitment may immediately take up a project with a challenge. The professionals who are in service may enhance their skills through sponsorships to long term / short term programs.

In the present era, LIS is treated as multi-disciplinary subject and has integration with all newly emerging subjects. The other side, the LIS departments in the Universities have to respond properly (towards requirement) in incorporating suitable latest topics in their curricula and implement it very strictly. The research activity in LIS field in the country has to grow suitably along with the developed countries. In Andhra Pradesh, similar response is needed from the Government in providing and releasing funds to the state universities to start LIS departments. The preference has to be given by the State Government to LIS research in public libraries in proportionate with Science, Humanities and Social Science libraries. In future, it is expected that the LIS research should lead.

Introduction

In the annals of history, the term “Renaissance” evokes images of a time marked by profound cultural, artistic, and scientific rebirth. The Renaissance of the 14th to the 17th century was characterized by an extraordinary surge in creativity and intellectual achievement, which laid the groundwork for the modern world. Today, we find ourselves at the cusp of a new Renaissance—a Digital Renaissance—propelled by the rapid and relentless advancements in technology. This new era, like its historical counterpart, is marked by a transformative shift that is redefining every aspect of human life, from how we work and communicate to how we learn and govern.

This chapter delves into the essence of this transformative era, exploring the fundamental technological innovations reshaping our world and their far-reaching impacts on society. We will examine the pivotal technologies driving the Digital Renaissance, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies such as virtual and augmented reality and 5G networks. By understanding these technologies and their applications, we can appreciate how they collectively contribute to a digital transformation that is as revolutionary as the artistic and scientific achievements of the past.

The Disturbances of Growth

• The disturbances in growth cover a broader spectrum of changes from no growth (Aplasia) to uncontrolled growth (Neoplasia).

• While uncontrolled growth (neoplasm) is not dealt here, the other forms of growth disturbances are considered in this chapter.

Cellular Adaptation to Injury

• The cells respond to altered physiological or pathological stimuli by adapting themselves.

• These changes are reflected as atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia besides aplasia and hypoplasia.

The integument is composed of the cuticle and under lying epidermal cells that secrete the cuticle. The integument is a complex vulnerable organ system of diverse function. The insect outer body covering is called integument. The integument is a central subject intimately related to a variety of applied - Problems such as the mode of action, insecticides, ecology, cuticle and endocrine glands present in the body of insects. The insect integument consists of 3 parts and plays crucial role in locomotion, breathing and respiration, feeding, excretion, protection from desication behaviour of insect.

1. Epidermis Layers
2. Basement Layers
3. Cuticle Membrane

Introduction 
The discovery of antibiotics—one of the greatest medical breakthroughs of the 20th century—began when Sir Alexander Fleming noticed that the fungus Penicillium notatum inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus spp. This finding sparked a search for similar properties in other fungi and bacteria. From 1940 to 1960, known as the ‘Golden Era of Antibiotic Discovery’, most modern antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, and nalidixic acid were identified through natural product screening (Clardy et al., 2006; Lewis, 2013). However, the declaration that “it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and declare the war against pestilence won” proved to be premature (Davies & Davies, 2010). It was not a final victory but a fragile truce. In the ongoing war between humans and microbes—nature’s own creations—our successes are brief, and the microbial battleground keeps shifting. Bacteria’s genetic adaptability, coupled with human complacency, led to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where microbes gradually evolved resistance to almost all known antibiotics (Ventola, 2015). Resistance appeared soon after antibiotics entered clinical use, but the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria marked major setbacks (Prestinaci et al., 2015; WHO, 2023). AMR gained global attention with the rise of pan-drug-resistant strains—resistant to all antibiotic classes—seen in Klebsiella (India), Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas (China, Italy, Greece), and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). The infamous case of

Introduction

Food being the foremost basic need gets the priority in expenditure of people, especially poor class. Access to food demands affordability, which depends upon the twin factors namely, income of the people and prices prevailing in the country. Slower growth in income than prices would undermine the purchasing power, resulting in inadequate access to food and calorie consumption. Foodgrains account for about four-fifth of the calorie intake of the poor and an increase in cereal prices could significantly reduce the calorie intake of the poor, as it is sensitive to cereal prices.

Several independent research traditions have examined the diffusion of innovations. Fields such as anthropology, geography, and sociology have long aimed to understand current behaviours by tracing the diffusion of techniques and ideas from their origins to their present distributions. Critics argue that this tradition often focuses on descriptive history inferred from patterns of similarity (diffusionism) while neglecting causal processes. Extreme diffusionists sometimes postulated implausible links between societies.

Rural sociologists pioneered the quantitative study of innovation diffusion, with classic studies examining the spread of hybrid corn and 2-4-D weed killer in the American Midwest. This field has produced numerous studies, including many focused on the diffusion of modern techniques to Third World peasants. Similarly, researchers in educational reform have studied the spread of kindergartens, driver training, and modern mathematics curricula. Currently, there may be studies on the diffusion of General Education requirements in U.S. universities. Medical sociologists have investigated how new drugs spread among communities of physicians. Additionally, communications and marketing experts study how propaganda and advertising persuade people to adopt new ideas and products.

Introduction

Preceding chapters discuss the essentials of probiotics, their role in maintaining gut health in combination with prebiotics and significance of systematic classification of probiotic isolates. Further, to draw an idea how probiotics function in the gut, it is essential to know the interaction of probiotics with other microorganisms in the gastrointestinal milieu - the site of their probiotic action. Knowledge in the ecology of probiotic microorganisms in host environment such as gut gives an ideal picture of their functioning manner and the factors (both host and microbial) responsible for it.

Study of microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract is very difficult since gut harbors highly diversified microflora that varies not only at species level but also at individual level. The diversity of gut microflora in two healthy individuals of same species may exhibit variations in their composition and it may be influenced by geodemographic factors also. In this regard, the present chapter deals with the study of ecology of Lactobacillus- most commonly used probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract which in turn helps in framing selection criteria for screening of potential probiotics.

Recent studies on interaction between human and gut microflora discussed that co-evolution between microorganisms and their host have contributed for the development of a very complex microbial diversity in the gut. Highly diversified microflora in the human gut is a consequence of natural selection at two levels, top-down and bottom-up selection pressure. Hierarchy theory expounds that higher levels compel lower levels for possible organizational solutions i. e. organisms at the higher levels govern the structure or population dynamics of an ecosystem while on contrary lower levels control the structure of ecology when bottom-up level is the selection pressure. In case of interaction between human and gut microflora, being host human is at higher level in the hierarchy for selection and as mentioned above, top down selection pressure is driven by higher levels; host selects the beneficial microorganisms for functional redundancy leading to the development of a microbial community with divergent microbial divisions. Chances for lateral gene transfer also thought to influence the selection process and there by structure of the microbial community. On the other hand, competition among the members of host selected microbiota exert bottom up selection pressure resulting in the development of highly specialized genomes with functionally prominent set of genes. Natural selection at host level obviously favors functionally constant microbial communities which benefits the host with functional redundancy encoded in their genomes. Mean while bottom-up cell-level selection pressure aspire to favor niche specialization to avoid competition between the members of microbial community. In order to be a part of specialized niche, to become more potent microorganisms adapt a particular set of abiotic and biotic factors within the habitat by acquiring new sets of genes essential for their survival and thus escape the competition from decrepit microbial species.

The economics of modern farming is a dynamic and complex field, reflecting the intricate interplay between technological advancements, market forces, policy frameworks, and environmental considerations. This article explores the multifaceted economic dimensions of contemporary agriculture, including production costs, market structures, supply chain dynamics, and the impact of government policies. It examines how modern farming practices, such as precision agriculture and biotechnology, influence productivity and profitability. The article also delves into the challenges and opportunities faced by farmers in today's globalized economy, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and resilience to climate change. By understanding the economic principles underlying modern farming, stakeholders can better navigate the evolving agricultural landscape and promote a more sustainable and profitable farming sector.

Introduction

Over the course of past decades India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world with a robust growth and transformations in its economy. In this journey subsidies played a crucial role in influencing market behaviour, support industries, address market failures, and achieve social and economic objectives of the country. Now what actually the economic subsidies are.

Subsidies are financial incentives provided by governments to individuals, businesses, or industries in the form of cash, grants, or tax breaks to influence economic behaviour and outcomes. They aim to correct market failures, promote specific industries, encourage production, and address economic challenges. Subsidies can be direct (cash payments) or indirect (tax breaks), benefiting recipients by reducing burdens or promoting certain actions. They are in the public interest, supporting social goods or economic policies.

The importance of subsidies lies in their ability to offset market failures and externalities, leading to greater economic efficiency. By providing financial aid, subsidies can stimulate production, increase supply, lower prices for consumers, and drive economic growth in targeted sectors. They play a crucial role in stabilizing economies, responding to economic shocks, and promoting long-term economic stability. Subsidies can also help governments address poverty, encourage investment in research and development, and support essential industries like agriculture, energy, and healthcare.

Abstract

The toxic materials like arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, etc. present in Electronic wastes, in short e-wastes are a great threat to mankind since these contaminate soil, water and air of the surroundings. These E- wastes are mainly defective or obsolete parts of computers, audio-visual systems and electronic & electrical machineries used in the houses, offices and factories. These carcinogenic or hazardous toxic materials are root cause of damage of different parts of human body, untimely death as well as health disaster. Every year the manufacturers and assemblers produce around 1200 tons of electronic scraps in India. Collection of computer wastes from developed countries by greedy Indian business people for sorting out in India aggravates the environmental pollution. ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle’ are three important principles to be followed by one and all (Manufacturers, Distributors, Sellers, Buyers to Users) for proper scientific management of electronic wastes. Reverse osmosis, Electrolysis, Condensation, Electrolytic recovery, Filtration, Centrifugation, etc. are some of the important e-waste management technologies used to reclaim different toxic materials. Buyback policy should be made compulsory since Manufacturers can afford to build up infrastructure for reusing and recycling electronic wastes.  More and more use of bio-based plastics, toners, glues, inks will reduce the environmental pollution considerably and save the mankind from extinction.

Abstract

The normal human microbial flora comprises of both aerobes and anaerobes at various sites. Anaerobes are recognised as pathogens causing simple abscesses to life threatening human infections like gas gangrene. They are also incriminated in a large number of mixed bacterial infections and their diagnosis and specific therapy is important for better patient outcomes. The emergence of Clostridioides difficile as an important pathogen causing antibiotic associated diarrhoeas and its emerging resistance to antimicrobial agents has brought anaerobic microbiology into the forefront. Unfortunately, anaerobic clinical microbiology is difficult to practice with long turnaround time, difficult to grow pathogens, new genera and species being discovered based on 16S rRNA sequencing methods and increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance being reported in anaerobes. This chapter delves into the important aspects required to improve utilization of anaerobic microbiology services and the variety of human infections we encounter in clinical practice due to anaerobic bacteria.

Building and honing up skills for managing any business is an important endeavor. Regardless of whether one is running a small business or a large company individual with good management skills are always essential. The role and structure of the farm business in modern agriculture is changing.

4.1 Defining erosivity and erodibility

Rainfall erosion is the interaction of two items - the rain and the soil. The amount of erosion which occurs in any given circumstances will be influenced by both, and our study of the processes of soil erosion is simplified by considering the two aspects separately.

We know from observation that one storm can cause more erosion than another on the same land, and we also know that the same storm will cause more erosion on one field than on another. The effect of the rain is called erosivity and the effect of the soil is called erodibility. The way they differ is best explained by examples.

Let us imagine an experiment station which has over its whole area exactly the same soil type and slope. Assume also that the whole of the station is covered by a completely uniform crop. If the amount of erosion taking place during each storm were measured, the amount would be influenced only by the nature of the rain. Comparing the effect of one storm with that of another storm would provide a relative measure of the power of each storm to cause erosion, and that is what is meant by erosivity. This will enable us to say that on this imaginary experiment station, storm A caused a soil loss of X kilograms per hectare and storm B caused a soil loss of Y kilograms per hectare. If Y is half of X, then the erosivity of storm B is half of the erosivity of storm A.

1.1 The 7 P’s Framework for Agro Industry

The marketing mix

Marketing mix refers to Set of airities that the organization was to promote (or) Market their component.

Updating the 4P’s

McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing. Mix tools of four brand kinds which he called the four P’s of marketing. [Product, Price, Place & Promotion]

The 4P components of marketing mix

Product: Refers to list of Products and Services that the organisation is involved in sol off eg-Brand name size , Service warranties etc.

Price: Price is determined by demand for the goods and the cost of the goods. Examples of various pricing strategies: introductory prices, sale prices, odd pricing etc.

To most of us Prof. Swaminathan was a great Scientist, humanist and true global leader. I am blessed to have been associated with Prof. Swaminathan. From a brilliant scholar to a visionary global leader, he had continuously moved to higher and higher level of achievements. The nine decades of his life can be divided in 4 phases – Brilliant & dreamy student, devoted scientist and Science Manager, a visionary and missionary solving the hunger problem and a global citizen and humanist. The vision and drive had taken him to extraordinary heights – Like Maharshi Patanjali has said in Yoga Sutra– “When you are inspired by some great purpose, some extraordinary vision, all your thoughts break their bond. Your mind transcends limitations, your consciousness expands in every direction and you find yourself in a new, great wonderful world.” Among many things, I also recollect his inspiration when I was planning GSFC Science Foundation and later the activities of Gujarat Agricultural University.

Introduction

It is said that Rome was not built in a day. Similarly, Extension was not master minded by one individual; rather it evolved through hard work of extension professionals around the world over more than a country.

The necessity of a human being is food, for which he must rely on agriculture. The agriculture to achieve its expected growth must depend on several factors which include technology, research and obviously extension. The basic function of agricultural extension is to train, teach and guide farmers. Agricultural extension’s primary role is to mentor, instruct, and train farmers.

Introduction

Agriculture has always been linked with prosperity, man power and the ability to feed and raise human population. In earlier times, humans as man power were deployed on the fields to do all the necessary operations to cultivate the crops, but during the industrial revolution, with development of different farm machines the uses of human labor on the fields were drastically decreased. Further, with advancement of technologies and more availability of computers, Artificial Technology (AI) has been gaining momentum in recent years.

AI has the potential to transform the agricultural sector through cost reduction and increased crop yields, and minimizing environmental impacts. AI can help farmers better manage their land, improve crop quality, and increase their productivity In addition, AI can be used to monitor and analyze the health of crops, livestocks, and soils to identify issues and assist in their resolution. The primary idea of using artificial intelligence in agriculture is due its adaptability, superiority, and cost-viability. The customary techniques that were utilized by the farmers were not adequate enough to satisfy their necessities. (Khan et al. 2022) With the right implementation and technology, AI can be an invaluable tool to help farmers increase their efficiency and profitability. In today’s rapidly evolving world, where the demand for food continues to escalate amidst concerns over environmental sustainability and resource scarcity, Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in agriculture, from optimizing crop production and resource management to enhancing decision-making processes. Globally, AI is changing how we approach farming techniques.

1. Introduction

Climate change includes higher temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, alterations in the frequency and distribution of weather events such as droughts, storms, floods, and heatwaves, sea-level rise, and the consequent impacts on human and natural systems (Riedy, 2018). Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer time. A description of climate includes information on, for example, “the average temperature in different seasons, rainfall, and sunshine. Also, a description of the chance of experiencing extremes is often included. Climate change is any systematic change in the long-term statistics of climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, pressure, or wind sustained over several decades or longer. Climate change can be due to natural external forcings (changes in solar emission or changes in the Earth’s orbit, natural internal processes of the climate system), or it can be human-induced” (Buonocore, 2022).

Introduction 
There is a significant transformation undergoing in the health insurance sector, driven by technological advancements, shift in the regulatory frameworks and uplifting the consumer expectations towards the sector. There is a rise in the healthcare costs in recent times and as a result the insurers are increasingly Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Assam challenged to provide sustainable and equitable coverage to ensure the quality of treatments of the patients. This evolving landscape health insurance claims a comprehensive understanding of the upcoming patterns and trends to shape the future of health insurance. The digital health technologies have evolved recent developments in the form of telemedicine, artificial intelligence and blockchain etc are continuously contributing as how insurance providers assess risk, deliver services, and engage with policyholders. These innovations not only enhance operational effectiveness but also empower consumers to play a more vital role in their healthcare decision making. Thereafter, the importance of the value-based care becomes more remarkable and the insurers are exploring new models that focus upon patient outcomes over volume, aligning incentives between providers and payers. Additionally, the technological advancements along with the demographic shifts that includes aging population and the increasing rate of chronic diseases are changing the direction of health insurance. The service providers must transform their plans and policies to meet the diversified needs of a changing population that significantly prioritizes personalized and accessible care solutions. Since the emergence of alternative insurance models such as on-demand coverage, direct primary care, and self-insured employer plans etc., the industry navigates these changes and results a shift away from traditional insurance practices. Health insurance significantly plays a vital role achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), aiming to secure healthcare and encourage well-being along with poverty reduction and economic growth of the country. By providing financial safeguard against high-cost medical treatments, health insurance minimises the risk of destructive health expenditures which may lead to positioned the individuals and their families into the line of poverty. As the people in India is having access to better healthcare services, the disparities in healthcare services can be reduced and the equality of healthcare services among all the sections in the society can be attained. It boosts the awareness to access the essential healthcare services that includes maternal health, precautionary care and treatment for non-communicable diseases. However, health insurance stimulates sustainable financing for healthcare with an assurance of pooling the funds equitably to cover the needs of various class of people to enhance the attainment of SDG 3 targets and overall sustainability of global health.

Background

Alpha Partners is a large professional services partnership firm comprising over 180,000 professionals with presence in more than 156 countries around the world. It primarily deals in three main businesses - Statutory Audit of listed companies, Taxation Services (both corporate and individuals& Advisory services to leading private companies and governments around the world.

In India, the company has a total of approximately 20000 employees and partners divided between two broad entities - Alpha Partners India (AI) and Alpha Partners Global Services (AGS). AI is the primary client service firm in India and is engaged in professional services to clients in the Indian geography. AGS, on the other hand is a joint venture between Alpha Partners firms in U.S, U.K. and India - all three holding equal shares of AGS

ABSTRACT

Economic growth of a country depends upon the skills of its people and the application of knowledge, inherited or acquired by them. Optimum utilization of human resources undoubtedly leads to considerable degree of economic development of a country. There are over one billion youth (aged 15 – 24) in the world today. Eighty five (85) per cent of these youth live in the developing world, where 99 per cent of population growth is occurring. Around 50 per cent of the population in developing countries live in rural areas. Some 61.5 per cent of youth live in Asia. Many youth are unable to reach their potential because of poverty and associated hunger and poor health. Also, education and training is often of poor quality and is irrelevant and inappropriate for the needs of rural youth and of the labour market. So although many youth today are more educated than their parent’s generation, they often do not possess employable skills. Even when good education and training are available and youth have been well trained, obstacles still exist, such as social customs (for example, caste and traditional values), lack of support mechanisms and lack of access to capital. Corruption is also a problem, as are structural impediments (institutional and governmental). Also, because youth numbers are growing faster than the rate of job creation, too few decent employment opportunities are available for the number of youth seeking them. The result is that a large number of youth are unemployed or underemployed. Not only do these youth lack income, they lack a means of gaining respect and a sense of belonging in their communities. Inability to find decent employment means youth often find employment in the informal sector, with poor working conditions and pay. Rural youth will often look to urban areas for employment and move to cities that adversely affect the household farming in India.

10.1 INTRODUCTION

The fate of plant nutrients in fertilizers added to soils is to be: (1) taken up by crops; (2) retained by the soil; (3) removed in solution in drainage water; (4) lost as a gas; or (5) removed by erosion. These five processes are discussed in this chapter. The purpose of using fertilizers is to increase crop growth and they fail in this unless they are taken up by plants. Table 10.1 gives FAO (1972) data which show that large fertilizer use is restricted to the developed countries which use 65 times the amount used per hectare in developing countries. Within the group of ‘developed’ countries most of North-West Europe uses much fertilizer; outside of Europe large use per hectare is confined to a few countries such as Japan and USA. It is in the developed countries where much fertilizer is applied that efficient uptake of plant nutrients is already important to national economies, and where nutrients lost from agriculture cause eutrophication of natural waters and are regarded as pollutants.

11.1 INTRODUCTION

The heavy metals which, by definition, are elements having a density greater than five in their elemental form, comprise some 38 elements. However, the term usually, and here, refers to twelve metals that are used and discharged by industry, i.e. Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn. Most of the present discussion will centre on those metals that may represent potential hazards to plants or animals; these are Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn.

The heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment, in soils, in plants and animals and in most of their tissues. The concentrations of individual metals in living tissue are ordinarily very low and must be maintained within narrow limits to permit the optimum biological performance of most organisms. Some heavy metals are essential in trace amounts, namely Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn for plants and, in addition, Cr, Ni, Sn for animals; Cd, Hg, and Pb, have not been shown to be essential for either plants or animals. Deficiencies of the essential metals have been frequently reported and substantial benefits have arisen from correcting these by addition to the soil and subsequent transfer from soil to plant is for most increasing concern about the entry into soil of some heavy metals and the possible adverse effects that they might have on plants and animals and, in turn, on human health. The main sources of these heavy metals are: (i) urban industrial aerosols, created by combustion of fuels, metal ore refining and other industrial processes; (ii) liquid and solid wastes from animals and man; (iii) mining wastes; or (iv) industrial and agricultural chemicals. Although in some circumstances there are direct atmospheric inputs to plants, addition to the soil and subsequent transfer from soil to plant is for most heavy metals the major route of entry into the living tissues of plants, animals, and man. The fate of heavy metals added to soils, including their mobility and reactions in the soil and their subsequent uptake and distribution in plants, is therefore of critical importance in relation to man’s health.

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The annual production of organic carbon by photosynthesis on land is about 6x 10¹⁰ tonnes (Table 9.1), most of which eventually decomposes on or in the top 50 cm of the soil. This organic matter can be in lumps as big as a mature oak tree (say 0.5xl0²m³) or as small as a bacterium (0.5 x 10~¹⁸m³). It can be in material as resistant to decay as oil palm nuts, which persist for years in soil in the humid tropics, or as transient as mammalian protein. Yet in the long run, no fraction of the organic matter in plants and animals can withstand decomposition to carbon dioxide and water. If this were not so, any completely resistant fraction would by now cover the surface of the earth. Although under normal conditions organic matter does not accumulate indefinitely in soil, exceptions can occur, as, for example, when a soil becomes permanently waterlogged. When a geologically stable surface has been under the same vegetation for a long time, the soil approaches steady state conditions, with the annual losses of organic matter balancing the annual input. Thereafter the organic matter content of the soil remains constant, until the next vegetational change or geological catastrophe. This process, in which losses and gains proceed simultaneously, is described as turnover and may be defined (for carbon) as ‘the flux of carbon through the organic carbon in a given sample of soil’. Turnover time is then the amount of carbon in the soil system (or part of that system) divided by the annual input of carbon into the system (or part of that system). Turnover and turnover time will be discussed more fully in Section 9.2.5.

Abstract 

In this chapter the origin of flavour in tea have been explained under the light of chemistry of green leaves and made tea. The dependency of flavor in the final product on several factors involved in every step of its manufacturing process has been explained briefly to draw a back ground picture of the subject. On the other hand in-depth explanations on the chemical basis of diversity and complex nature of tea flavour have been given following a simple manner.

Moreover, traditional and recently developed analytical methods have also been reviewed critically. Analytical strategies and details of instrumentation involved to study or quantify the flavour in tea have been depicted in details with their prose and cones under the light of complicacy of the subject. Potential and loop holes of the new technology viz. E-Nose have been explained critically. Finally a hypothesis with little experimental proofs has been explained to meet a probable solution to the present problems in flavour analysis of tea.

28.1 Introduction
This Act established the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to define science-based criteria for food products and control their production, storage, distribution, sale, and import, thereby guaranteeing the availability of safe and nutritious food for humans by aggregating food-related legislation. From the farm to the refrigerator, the FSSAI protects every step to ensure customers all throughout India get milk and milk products free of contamination. The FSSAI has instituted particular rules acknowledging the importance of milk in the Indian diet and the possible health hazards of adulteration or contamination. These criteria cover everything from the quality of dairy farm cleanliness procedures and calf nutrition to processing, packaging, and milk and product distribution. By establishing and following these guidelines, FSSAI not only safeguards the health of millions of people but also fosters consumer trust so that milk and its derivatives may be included into everyday meals.
28.2 The Food Safety and Standards Act
Confusion among consumers, traders, producers, and investors results from the several food laws and several authorities in charge of establishing and enforcing standards across several food industries. Different laws provide different standards by including thorough clauses on the admissibility and degrees of food additives, pollutants, colours, preservatives, and other relevant criteria. Many times rigid and out of line with scientific progress and modernism, these criteria also reflect The developing food processing sector is hampered by this diversity of legislation and the participation of several bodies, therefore hindering the efficient creation and execution of food standards.

Abstract

Indigenous Peoples of northwestern North America have utilized several hundred local plant species, as well as some algae, lichens and fungi, in their traditional diets. Many of these are also used in traditional healing, and some have potentially harmful or poisonous properties that must be taken into account in harvesting and preparation. Other species, known primarily for their medicinal use, also have noted toxicity if used improperly or without constraints. In this study, a total of 375 traditional food and medicine plants, fungi, lichen and algal species, as well as those species reported to be toxic by indigenous knowledge holders, were surveyed across 12 First Nations groups, each with distinct languages, for overlaps across the categories of food, medicine and toxic species. A complex of species use and avoidance emerged, modulated by processing, dosage, and other factors, with significant numbers of food species with reported healing properties, food species also used as medicine, and both food and medicinal species known to be harmful or toxic under some circumstances. Even most of those species considered extremely poisonous have been taken internally as medicines in some way by some groups.

Dr. Chauhan, a celebrated veterinary doctor whose groundbreaking work in rural animal healthcare earned him international accolades, began his journey in a modest setting. Born in 1958 in a  small village near Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Amit grew up surrounded by fields, animals, and the rustic charm of rural India. This environment would unknowingly shape his path toward becoming one of the most sought-after veterinary doctors in the country.
A Humble Beginning
The Chauhan family owned a small plot of farmland and a handful of livestock, which formed their primary source of livelihood. His father, was a hardworking farmer who toiled from sunrise to sunset in the fields, while his mother, Prakash Vati Devi, managed the household and cared for their cows and buffaloes. Despite their modest means, the family placed immense value on education. Ramswaroop, an Intermediate passout in his youth which was quite an achievement few in the village had accomplished—dreamed of giving his children a brighter future.
Dr. Chauhan’s early years were spent observing the rhythm of village life. The crowing of roosters, the mooing of cows, and the occasional bleat of goats were the background score of his childhood. While other children enjoyed chasing buffaloes or playing in the fields, Dr. Chauhan was different. His deep empathy for animals was evident even as a child, as he often helped his mother care for sick cows or newborn calves. It was during these moments that the seeds of his future profession were sown.

Introduction 
Nestled in the heart of Karnataka, Tumakuru District is renowned for its verdant landscapes dotted with vast expanses of coconut and areca nut plantations. The region’s unique climatic conditions, characterized by a harmonious blend of sunshine and seasonal rains, create an ideal environment for the growth of coconut palms, which have become a staple of both the local economy and the cultural fabric of the community. Historically, coconut trees have not only provided sustenance but have also played a pivotal role in the livelihoods of many families in Tumakuru. The fruit is a key ingredient in various local dishes and is widely utilized in traditional ceremonies and celebrations. However, the task of harvesting coconuts from these towering trees has long been a physically demanding endeavour. Traditionally, skilled climbers would ascend the tall, slender trunks, utilizing their agility and experience to pluck coconuts by hand. This craft, which once flourished, has now seen a decline, making it increasingly challenging for coconut planters to find professionals who can perform this labour-intensive task. The decline in manpower has made it evident that traditional methods are no longer sustainable. If coconut farmers wish to keep pace with growing market demands, a new approach is necessary one that balances traditional harvesting practices with modern technology. Recognizing this need, innovative minds have introduced the “Coconut Tree Climber”, a mechanized device specifically designed to address the challenges faced by coconut planters. The Coconut Tree Climber is a user-friendly and efficient device that significantly simplifies the process of climbing and harvesting. Built with a strong and adjustable mechanism, the device allows a person to securely climb tall coconut trees with minimal physical effort. More importantly, it drastically reduces the risk of accidents, ensuring the safety of the user. Unlike traditional methods that rely solely on human strength, the device takes advantage of mechanical power, enabling planters to harvest coconuts faster, safer, and more efficiently. This innovation has proven to be a game-changer in the coconut farming industry. Not only does it empower farmers to become self-reliant, but it also minimizes their dependence on skilled climbers. Additionally, the device can be operated by individuals of varying ages and physical strength, making it accessible to a broader range of people. This, in turn, provides new employment opportunities for those who may not have had the physical ability or training to climb trees in the past.