eChapters

Climate change presents a formidable challenge for agriculture, particularly in regions like South Asia and parts of the Pacific. Severe flooding in Bangladesh, droughts in Afghanistan, and rising sea levels in Fiji exemplify how erratic weather patterns disrupt food production. In Pakistan, erratic monsoons damage crop cycles, while in Nepal and Bhutan, glacial melt threatens downstream water availability. Vietnam and Thailand are increasingly vulnerable to salinity intrusion in the Mekong Delta, jeopardizing rice productivity. According to FAO estimates, post- harvest losses in South and Southeast Asia exceed 15% due to inadequate storage and handling (FAO, 2022). Investment in improved storage facilities, resilient farming systems, better transportation infrastructure, and post-harvest technologies is crucial to mitigating such losses. 4.2 Infrastructure Deficits Infrastructure gaps are a major bottleneck for efficient agri-food supply chains. The Regional Logistics Performance Index (LPI) average for South Asia is 2.6, compared to 3.5

8.1 Invest in Climate Resilience • Scale Early-Warning Systems Expand satellite- and phone-based alert networks covering 50+ million smallholders, enabling tracking of weather alerts, pest outbreaks, and flood/drought risk. FAO-ADB reports show timely warnings can reduce crop damage by up to 40% gcca.org+1qassurance.com+1. • Deploy Climate-Resilient Seeds: Subsidize drought- and flood-tolerant rice and vegetable varieties across 20% of the Mekong Delta, Red River, Indo-Gangetic Plain, and Pacific atolls. Carbon finance (e.g., rice methane credits) provides payback via reduced yield loss and new revenue streams farmonaut.com+13fao.org+13fao.org+13. • Create Solar Cold Room Infrastructure via Green Bonds: Support issuance of at least USD 30 million in Vietnam and Indonesia to finance 500 solar- powered cold rooms. Use APEC-style “currency-indexed climate bonds” to minimize interest and currency

This chapter introduces hybridoma technology and its application in producing monoclonal antibodies. It explains the fusion of antibody-producing B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells, selection in HAT medium and the roles of HGPRT and polyethylene glycol. The survival and cloning of hybrid cells and the advantages of monoclonal antibodies are considered. The chapter also discusses tissue and organ transplantation, including autografts, isografts, allografts and xenografts. The immunological mechanisms of acute graft rejection, donor histocompatibility antigens and the involvement of T lymphocytes are addressed. These questions connect laboratory antibody production with transplantation immunology and its diagnostic, therapeutic and research applications.

This chapter introduces soil testing as an essential component of scientific nutrient and land management. It traces the establishment and expansion of soil-testing laboratories in India and explains their role in assessing soil fertility, productivity and physical, chemical and biological conditions. Soil testing helps determine suitable fertilizer and amendment requirements while preventing the excessive or unbalanced application of nutrients. The chapter emphasizes that fertilizer recommendations must reflect differences among soils and fields. It also introduces representative soil sampling as the foundation of dependable laboratory results and outlines important precautions concerning equipment calibration, clean glassware, contamination prevention and safe laboratory practices.

Jalshakti: It is a material (starch based polymer) which can absorb and hold 80-100 times its weight of water. It is a gel on which plant roots lock themselves and tap the water. It can be used on most soils and in all composts to promote vigorous growth and minimise plant stress. It is used by mixing with growing medium at the rate of 1-2% by weight. Plant roots attach themselves to hydrated granules of the chemical and tap their water store. Jalshakti reduces watering needs.

Jam: Concentrated fruit pulp with natural fruit flavour where pectin imparts a good set and high sugar concentration (68%) facilitates its preservation.
 
Jungle: The general Indian term for forest.

X₁, X₂, X₃ : The symbols used to designate the first, second and third generation of X-ray treated plants/seeds.

Xanthophyll : A carotenoid plant pigment (carotene), yellowish in colour, present in chloroplasts and other plants parts where chlorophyll is absent, It assists in photosynthesis.

Xenia: i) The direct influence of foreign pollen on the endosperm due to phenomenon of double fertiliztion which may allow the male parent to affect the appearance of seed. ii) Changes due to effect of foreign pollen in visible characters of endosporem, e.g. Maize- when variety with white endosperm is pollinated by one with deep yellow endosperm, endosperm of resulting seed is pale yellow.

Yaw: Aircraft rotation around the vertical axis (NCRST).

Yeasts : Unicellular micro-organisms, (fungi) producing zymase (enzyme), which converts sugars into alchohol and CO₂. A single-celled ascomycete fungus, economically important in capable of fermentation and an important source of vitamins.

Yield: Plant part harvested and the quantity of it. In agriculture, necessarily related to a specified crop or crops or to a group of animals or to an area, and to a period of time. For multipurpose trees, the amount of each specified part harvested. See also Production.

The method described here gives an approximate thioglucoside and isothiocyanates contents in rapeseed meal.

Reagents and Apparatus
    1.    Barium chloride (5% solution)
    2.    Volumetric flask, 600 ml
    3.    Steam bath

Method

To 10 g meal (defatted by soxhlet extraction) add 250 ml distilled water, hydrolyse at 54ºC for one hour and then boil for two hours, keeping volume constant. Filter, retaining filtrate and wash residue three times with 50 ml hot water. Add washings to initial filtrate and make up volume to 600 ml. Precipitate barium sulphate by heating and adding excess barium chloride solution. Leave on a steam bath for a few hours and then filter. Ash in muffle furnace and then weigh precipitate.

Complete fracture- It is a fracture in which there is complete loss of bone continuity and the bone is divided into two or more fragments (Fig.1).

Green stick fracture- It is the fracture in which, the cortex opposite to the bending force fractures completely, while the cortex under the force remains in tact, commonly seen in immature animals, (Fig-2)

Overriding fracture-A fracture in which the fragments lie side by side, causing shortening of limb (Fig-3)

Transverse fracture-The fracture line here runs transverse to the long axis of bone. Such type of fracture is caused by bending forces (Fig-4).

Oblique fracture- In this the fracture line runs oblique to the long axis of the bone. Such type of fracture is caused by bending with axial compression (Fig-5).

Spiral fracture-Here the fracture line spirals along the long axis of bone. Such type of fracture is caused by torsion, twisting or rotational forces e.g. in humorous (Fig-6)

Comminuted fracture- In this fracture, at least three fracture lines inter connect each other at one point (Fig-7).

Definition : These are the splints made out of light metal rods or bamboo for correction and immobilization of middle and higher level fracture in animals.

Large animal orthopedic patients are often managed with modified Thomas splints and to achieve an acceptable outcome with this device the following points should be kept in mind.

Animals initially find discomfort with the splint and try to reject it by kicking and often show violent movements. Hence initial acclimatization with the device by close observation and supervision of the patient is essential.

Recumbent animals should be supported in standing position by a sling and they should be managed with the principle “12 hrs on sling and 12 hours on floor”.

Movement of the animal should be restricted.

Definition

Wound with infection with 6 hours of occurrence can be brought to non infected stage by flushing.

Procedure

The infected wound at fracture site is cleaned / flushed thoroughly using sufficient quantity with antiseptic solution.

The site is applied with topical antiseptic / antibiotic and the size of the wound is reduced by placing interrupted stitches for skin closure.

For drainage of inflammatory fluid, the counter opening is made as the distal part of the swelling of the dependent part of flushing catheter is placed inside to carry out regular flushing of the wound without removing the immobilizer.

The fracture site is immobilized as per the conventional procedure using POP cast leaving two window over the opening of counter opening site.

Indicaton: Irreversible damage of both the bovine digits & to provide a foot pad for comfortable walking of animal

Indication: Irreparable damage of metacarpal bone.

Definition : It is a technique in which foreiirnb is amputed from elbow joint. Indication : Incurable damage of radius ulna.

Aim of Rehabilitation

To assist the animal to stand.

To facilitate normal respiration in animal.

To ensure normal feed and water Intake.

To ensure that rumination,defaecation and urination are normal.

Family : Euphorbiaceae

Flowering: July-September

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical description: The plant is a small erect herb, growing up to 60 cm or more. The ascending branches are angled and velvet-hairy. Leaves are broadly ovate, nearly triangular, rather coarsely toothed. Leaf stalks are as long as or longer than the 3-5 cm long blades. Flowers are stalkless, borne on erect axillary spikes longer than the leaves. Male flowers are minute, crowded distally. Female flowers are scattered along the inflorescence axis, each subtended by a conspicuous semicupular leaf-like toothed green bract nearly 7 mm long. Capsule is bristly and1 mm broad.

Ecology: It is mostly found in hot, low to medium altitude, sandy margins of rivers, seasonal water courses and pans, usually in shade of thickets, on rocky hillsides and often in disturbed ground and as a weed of cultivation.

The sense organs are the organs of the body that respond to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the nervous system. The sense organs allow animals to sense changes in the environment around them and in their bodies so that they can respond properly. Animals can sense a wide range of stimuli that include the sense of vision, the sense of hearing, the sense of olfaction (smell), the sense of taste and the sense of touch including pain and pressure. In animals, there are two major groups of senses, the general senses and the special senses.

Jasmonic acid: Jasmonic acid is derived from the fatty acid, linolenic acid. It is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones. It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway. The major function of JA and its various metabolites is regulating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses as a well as plant growth and development processes.

Ketose: A simple sugar in which carbonyl group is a ketone.

Kinases: Enzymes that catalyse phosphorylation of an acceptor molecule such as protein molecule by ATP.

Q₁₀ (Temperature coefficient): The ratio of the rate of chemical reaction at a particular temperature to the rate of that chemical reaction exactly at 10°C lower.

Qualitative photoperiod: Qualitative plants are those in which a particular photoperiod is an absolute requirement for the occurrence of a response. Ex: Common cocklebur

Qualitative response (absolute response, obligatory response): A plant response, usually flowering, that absolutely depends on some day length, temperature, or other environmental stimulus. If the plant does not experience the required stimulus, the response does not occur (e.g., the plant remains vegetative). Opposite to quantitative response.

Quantasomes : Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a para crystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carriers.

Ubiquinone (UQ): It is a lipophilic metabolite that functions in the electron transport chain in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes, and the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes, apart from its roles as an antioxidant and in the regeneration of tocopherols. Also called as Coenzyme Q.

Ubiquitin: It is a small protein that is found in almost all cellular tissues in all eukaryotic organisms,( i.e. it occurs ubiquitously) which helps to regulate the processes of other proteins in the body.

Ultracentrifuge: A high speed centrifuge with speed upto 60,000 rpm and centrifugal field of 500,000 x g

Xanthophylls (Carotenoids): These are tetraterpenes with general formula C₄₀H₅₆O₂. Xanthophylls are a class of oxygen-containing carotenoid pigments, responsible for the color of many of the yellow, orange, and red hues of flowers, fruits, vegetables (corn, pepper, etc.), egg yolks, and feathers, shells, or flesh of many animal species (flamingo, canary, shrimp, lobster, chicken, or salmonids). In plants, they are involved in photosynthesis with chlorophyll and are responsible for the red, yellow, and/or brown colors of autumn foliage as the chlorophyll levels decline.

Xeromorphy: Morphological characteristics, such as small, tough leaves, a heavy cuticle, etc., that are generally important for adaptation to dry environmental conditions.

Yamogenin: A triterpene plant steroid belonging to a group of sapongenins that is obtained from Dioscorea and is used in making oral contraceptives.