eBook Chapters

Introduction

The palmyrah is believed to be a native of tropical Africa. It grows extensively in drier parts of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. It is recognised as the state tree of Tamil Nadu in 1978, recognising its importance. It has been estimated that there are about 8.6 crores of Palmyra palms existing in India, of which 5.02 crores of palms are alone spread over Tamil Nadu and the remaining 3.58 crores of palms are in Andra Pradesh.

Introduction

Papaya has long been known as the wonder fruit of the tropics and is one of the five major fruit crops of the tropical world. Papaya fruits throughout the year are a remunerative fruit crop which is grown in almost every part of the country. Next to bananas, it has the highest yield and income per unit. It is generally grown as a fruit plant in kitchen gardens, home gardens, or nutrition gardens and later as a commercial fruit. Papaya is usually dioecious, but hermaphrodite and gynodioecious types are also Recognized. It is the most remunerative crop (highest net return/unit area) of any other fruit crop. India is the 4^th largest producer in the world. Karnataka has the highest production and productivity in India. A valuable proteolytic enzyme is called papain, which helps in the digestion of protein-rich foods. Transgenic PRSV resistant varieties: Sunup and Rainbow were created from coat protein genes grown in Hawaii in 1992.

Introduction

Commercial in South Africa, Srilanka, Kenya, Cameroon, Hawai, Zimbabwe and Australia. In India, it is growing wild in Nilgeria, Wynad, Kodaiknal, Coorg and Malabar. It is being cultivated in H.P. Nagaland and Mizoram. Brazil is the world’s largest producer. A rich source of vitamin A, it also contains fair amounts of sodium, magnesium, sulphur and chlorides. It gives a very good squash and is used in jam, jelly, nectar and ice cream making. Dried flowers contain an alkaloid called ‘Passiflorin’, which is used for relieving pain and inducing sleepness.

Introduction

It comes to the market early in the season, particularly the low chilling peaches and growers get remunerative prices due to the non-availability of other fresh fruits in the market. It has high nutritive value, being rich in protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Peaches originated in China, where its culture dates back to 3000 years. Although it is not exactly known how and when the peach reached India, it is opined that some traders might have carried over the stones of peach from China to Kashmir. Peaches were introduced by Mr. Alexander Coutts in Himachal Pradesh in 1870. Later on, its cultivation was initiated in the mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh on the advice of an American horticulturist, Prof. R. W. Hodgson. Some low-chilling varieties of peach were also introduced at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in 1968 from California. peach with a strong flavour and aroma.

Introduction

Pears are next only to apples in importance, acreage, production and varietal diversity amongst the temperate fruits. The genus Pyrus probably originated in the mountainous regions of Western China. It is a rich source of carbohydrate as sugars, starch and cellulose and minerals like calcium (8 mg/100 g) phosphorous (15 mg/100 g) and sulphur (14 mg/100 g).

Introduction

The pecan is a valuable horticultural gift from North America to the world. In the USA, it is considered the “Queen of nuts” because of its value both as a wild and cultivated nut. As compared to other nut fruits, which have been grown since time immemorial, pecans have been under cultivation only for about one hundred years but have gained enormous popularity. The pecan occupies fifth rank among the leading tree nuts because of its excellent nutty flavor. Pecan nuts are a rich source of fat (72 g), protein (9 g), carbohydrates (15 g) and minerals. Pecan is usually taken roasted or salted to supplement normal diet. Almost 90 % of the nuts are sold shelled and the rest in shell. The nuts are commonly used to add aroma, flavor and crispness, a rich color, or to garnish a large number of dishes. However, most commonly, it is used in baking dishes and in ice cream. Pecan shell, a bay product, is also used to manufacture tannin, charcoal and abrasives in hand soap. The pecan tree has value as a timber too, due to its strength and hardiness. There is a great demand for its veneer and lumber in decorative paneling, fine furniture, and flooring, as well as in pallet manufacturing. good source of phosphoric acid. The most important nut fruit in the world, 5^th in production.

The aim of the breeder is to improve on various economic traits through selection. However, due to the lesser number of parents used, over a period of time, there creeps in the effect of inbreeding and loss of genetic variability which in turn causes depression and loss of fitness. This is more prominent in finite endangered populations and evaluation for genetic variability also forms an integral part of the animal breeding analysis.

Genetic variability is an integral part of domestic animal populations as fitness is directly related to the variability.

Introduction

It was introduced from China into Japan in ancient times, where most of its improvement work has been done. The term “kaki” is Japanese. In the nineteen century, it was introduced from China to many other countries, namely in the USA, Brazil, Italy, New Zealand, Israel, Australia and South East Asia. In India, the European settlers introduced persimmon in hilly states, namely Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in 1921. In India, it is mostly cultivated in the Kullu valley, where it was introduced. At present, it is grown on a limited scale in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Ripe fruit is delicious, flesh is sweet and jelly-like. The entire fruit is edible except the seeds and calyx. Hexaploid fruit crops, deciduous and monoecious fruit crops. Fruits are highly astringent due to their tannin content. Flowers appear in spring on new growth. Types of flowers: male, female and bisexual. Cross-pollination, Mode of pollination: Insects.

India is the fastest-growing pet care market in the world and the pet population is of an estimate of 28-29 million, with dogs making up the bulk of pet ownership. The rising pet ownership has led to the growth of the pet care ecosystem comprising retail chains, pet nutrition pharmaceuticals, grooming, toys, clothing, diagnostics, and clinical practice. The pandemic of Covid-19 has a significant impact on the Indian economy; and the pet industry has seen a steep growth during the pandemic period. Isolation and anxiety during the lockdown led to many restorations to adopt furry companions. The veterinary graduate has a lot of opportunities, and it depends upon the individual as to what sector the student wants to pursue. Employment opportunities include diverse areas such as clinical practice, teaching, and research, regulatory medicines, public health, wildlife specialist, or lab animals. Depending upon the interest, one can start exploring options to work for the pet industry and join the Veterinary pet practice clinical.

Introduction

Phalsa is a shrub or small tree of Indian origin. Subtropical bushy fruit plants. It is a very hardy fruit, and hence can be planted on marginal soils, where the rest of the fruits can not be grown. Its cultivation is more popular in the vicinity of cities and towns. Phalsa fruit is liked for its acidic taste, coloured squash and syrup. A woody perennial, arid zone fruit crop. suitable for intercropping in mango orchards. Phalsa leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Phalsa fruit has a short shelf life, suitable only for local marketing. It is cultivated on a commercial scale, mainly in the northern and western states of India.

Introduction

Reproduction is the biological process that results in the formation of new progeny or individual organisms. Male and female gametes unite to form a zygote, which develops or produces offspring.

Introduction

It can be grown as a mixed crop in most of the orchards, as a hedge plant or as a pure crop. monocotyledonous, monocarpic, xerophytic, CAM, herbaceous perennial herb. It is drought-tolerant and suitable for marginal lands. Pineapple does not contain starch. Pineapple is a Spanish word, botanically it is called syncarpous (Sorosis) fruit. Brazilian Pineapple, Ananas microstachys is considered to ancestor of cultivated (A. comosuss). The pineapple is a tropical fruit and is known as the “Golden Queen” all over the globe. It can be grown as a mixed crop in most of the orchards, as a hedge plant or as a pure crop. Fruits are relished as dessert in the form of slices, either fresh or canned, juice, squash, jam and mixed jam. Candy is prepared from fruit cores.

Introduction

In India, pistachio cultivation is mainly grown for its edible nuts and it is a deciduous tree in the family Anacardiaceae. On the tree, pistachios grow in grape-like clusters, and the shell has the pistachio inside. The leaves of the pistachio tree are pinnate and composed of five individual oval leaflets. The pistachio tree flowers are small, brownish-green in colour, and lack petals. Pistachio trees can reach up to 20 feet in the wild but are generally smaller under cultivation. It is a famous dry fruit, widely loved by people in India.

Sexual plant propagationis multiplication of the plants by fussion of male and female gametes is called sexual plant propagation e. g seed and seedling plant. It is two types:

A. Sexual Propagation

B. Asexual Propagation

Plantation crops: Plantation crop are a group of commercial crops that are perennial in nature, cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical situations that need employment of labour throughout the year and whose products are usually consumed after processing. ex. Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Rubber, Cocoa, Areca Nut, and Oil Palm.

Introduction

Plum is an important temperate fruit, which is used as a fresh fruit as well as in preserved form. It is next to the peaches in economic importance amongst the stone fruits. It requires a certain period of chilling during winters to break dormancy, so it is cultivated in areas where winters are cool. Fruits are a rich source of minerals, vitamins, sugars and organic acids, in addition to protein, fat and carbohydrates. The types of plums with high sugar content above 18% are known as prunes which can be dried with pit. In India, plum was introduced by Alexander Coutts in 1870 in Himachal Pradesh. After evaluation, only Japanese plum has been recommended for commercial cultivation in the mid hills of the temperate region of the north-western Himalayas. Some low-chilling varieties of plum were also introduced at Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana.

Introduction

Winter hardy and highly drought tolerant. This is an excellent choice crop for the arid and semi-arid conditions of India. Maharashtra is the leading state in India for pomegranate cultivation: Maharashtra. NRC of Pomegranate, Kesaon, Solapur, Maharashtra: Established in 2005. Because of the presence of anthocyanin, the aril and skin have a red color. Dried seeds with pulp are known as ‘Anardana’: It is widely used as a condiment, prepared from a sour type of wild pomegranate is called as Daru. Commonly found in the Himalayan region, has a long productive cycle and is resistant to bacterial blight. Double flower type ornamental plant in it modification of stamens into petals makes them look like rose flowers. Nana or dwarf type is called Bonsai pomegranate, exclusively used for ornamental purposes.

Integrated farming places a strong emphasis on the fundamental functions of agro-ecosystems, balanced nutrient cycles that are adapted to the demands of the crops, the health and wellbeing of the farm’s livestock, and a holistic management strategy that sees the entire farm as one connected system (Kochewad et al. 2017). Family farming, often referred to as integrated farming, provides the opportunity to profitably utilize the farm family’s available labor to the fullest extent throughout the year, leading to an increase in income and family contentment.

Project Planning Matrix

• Generally, a project represents a single, focused effort. Programs are collections of projects together that constitute a complete package of work. The program's overall objectives are achieved through the complementarily of the various projects.
• The PPM is a matrix of four columns and four rows providing sixteen squares for a comprehensive description of a project.
• PPM shows both the project's logical structure (the links between the inputs/activities and the objectives to be achieved under certain Assumptions), and its major quantitative data.

India is an agrarian country and the agriculture and allied sector is the largest employer of workforce as it accounted for a sizeable 18.8 per cent in 2021-22 in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country (Economic Survey 2021-22).Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population and only the food processing industry employs about 1.77 million people (Indian Agriculture and Allied Industries Industry Report, November 2021). In the year 2019-20, gross value added by agriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion). But still farming community has to face lot of hardships. The farmers are still applying chemical fertilizers on the basis of their own experiences as they don’t possess the soil heath cards. Although central government has initiated Soil Health Management (SHM) scheme to assist State Governments to set up new static Soil Testing Laboratories (STLs) and Mini Soil testing Labs (MSTLs). But it is time consuming and cumbersome process. There is great opportunity for Agri-business entrepreneurs with a commercially viable solution to farmers by development of simplified, sensor based and quick soil testing methods to test the nutrients and micronutrients.

Electricity is one of the fundamental phenomena of nature. Electricity or electric current is caused due to the movement of charged particles i.e., electrons. Due to the potential difference between two points in a conductor, electron movement takes place. The potential difference between two points is caused due to the difference in charge density. Electron tends to flow from lower potential to higher potential which causes electricity to flow. In general, the electrons flow from cathode (negative) to anode (positive) but in a wire electricity, electrons flow from anode to cathode when connected to a battery or any electricity source.

Introdution

Rambutan is called “hairy litchi” as the fruits have red-soft spines on the surface. Fruits are produced in bunches and possess long, thick, soft hairs on their surface and are hence called rambutans after the word ‘rambut’, meaning strands of hair in Malay. The external colour of the fruits is attractive in red and yellow. The white is translucent and sub-arid. Its appearance differs from the litchi by having red and soft spines (hairs) covering the whole surface of the fruit. It has since spread to Southeast Asia, Central America, and Africa. The Rambutan-growing countries are Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and India.

Introduction

The main function of the respiratory system is to exchange O₂ and CO₂ between the atmosphere, blood, and cells, which are necessary for animal survival. The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to provide oxygen to cells while eliminating CO₂. O₂ consumption and CO₂ production are determined by cell metabolic activity.

Respiratory volumes or lung volumes refer to the volumes of gas in the lungs at any given point during the respiratory cycle. These volumes vary according to the animals’ physiological state, ambient factors, and health status. This is why; measurements of lung volumes are helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of the respiratory system.

Agribusiness is a term used to describe the sector that encompasses all economic activities that are related to farming, i.e., breeding, crop production/farming, farm machinery, distribution, marketing etc. It relates to industries that are engaged in farming or that produce farm inputs. Examples of agribusiness include farm machinery manufacturing, seed supply, and agrichemicals. It also is used to describe businesses that are involved in the marketing and distribution of farm products. These businesses include warehouses, wholesalers, processors, retailers, and more. Any company that participates in the production, marketing, safety, and distribution of food is involved in agribusiness. More precisely it is defined as a sector that supports the growth of the agricultural industry, which is pivotal to economic growth. It also continues to play a crucial role in the growth of developing countries. Agribusinesses can potentially improve agricultural productivity, which is why governments often offer subsidies to agricultural businesses. Agricultural activities also contribute to an improved system of food security and sustainable food production, as well as income for a majority of the poor in developing countries. However, the activities increase the emission of greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming – which is why innovation is important in the sector to address such problems.

An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or procedures.

Entrepreneurship is an act of being an entrepreneur, or “the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits”. Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation.

An entrepreneur uses their time, energy, and resources into creating value for others. They are rewarded for this effort monetarily and therefore both the consumer of the value created and the entrepreneur are benefitted.

Fruit crops are mostly composite plants consisting of scion and rootstock, except banana, papaya, and strawberry. Rootstock exhibits a great influence on the performance of a scion in terms of production efficiency, yields, quality, adoptability, and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The primary function of a rootstock is to provide anchorage or support to the scion by growing deep into the soil and also regulating the uptake of moisture and nutrients. The rootstock cannot be changed during the life-time of a plant, so it makes it inevitable to pay more focused attention to it because its functions are long-term and complex.

Introduction

The rubber tree is the most important commercial source of natural rubber, an industrial raw material of strategic importance, recovered from its latex. Hevea was first used as a source of rubber by the French. The name rubber is derived from the quality of material in rubbing pencial marks. It was introduced to tropical Asia in 1876 through Kew Garden in the UK with seeds brought from Brazil by Sir Henry Wickham. It is now distributed in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. The major rubber-growing countries are Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cote d’Ivoire, China and India Thailand has the maximum area under rubber, but China has taken the credit for maximum rubber production. India is the second largest producer and consumer of natural rubber in the world. In India, rubber is grown over an area of 7.57 lakh hectares with a production of 12.57 lakh tonnes, 9% of the total world natural rubber output. In India, Kerala is the predominant rubber-growing state. International Rubber Research and Development Board (IRRDB), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

• Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII-1955) is located at Kottayam, Kerala

Introduction

Sapota is a delicious fruit introduced from tropical America. It is also known as sapodilla or chiku in India. Sapota fruits are recommended to adult patients ailing from tuberculosis and children from primary complex. This offers high economic returns even under marginal land and low input management.

1. Education 1.1. Some Landmarks of Agricultural Education Including Vegetable Science Year Landmarks 1952 Indian Council of Agricultural Education (ICAE) set up (worked up to 1964 under ICAR). 1958 First ‘Deemed University‘ status bestowed on Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). 1959 Chief of Agricultural Education and ex-officio Secretary to ICAE appointed. 1960 Emergence of SAUs, starting with Pantnagar, based on the recommendations of Joint Indo-American Teams. 1965 Standing Committee on Agricultural Education replaced the Education Panel. 1965 ICAR reorganization with four Divisions including Agricultural Education 1966 ICAR developed Model Act for Agricultural Universities in India.

The large volume, type and nature of animal breeding data and the complex nature of analytical requirement warrants additional tools for handling, storage, retrieval and solving complex equations. Accuracy, speed, computational requirement, applicability, etc., has resulted in the development of numerous software exclusive for animal breeding data analysis. The database management system is already explained in the chapter on ‘Nature of animal breeding data and database management’. This chapter gives a note on the commonly used animal breeding software.

Unemployment is a big challenge in every sector. In Jammu and Kashmir unemployment rate is 22.2 percent as per the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) figures, and the rate is even higher than the National level unemployment rate of 7.1 percent recorded across India. Livestock sector plays an important role in rural livelihood, employment and income generation. There is a huge opportunity in this sector for developing start-up at their own and generation of employment. This is all possible if the skilled graduate of animal husbandry can be motivated for fostering new idea of startup which is market driven. Major livestock products like milk and milk products, meat and eggs contribute around one-sixth of the calories and one-third of the proteins in the per capita food supplies of the world. Animal husbandry is the second largest economic activity of rural India. Animal husbandry is a growth engine and annual growth rate in dairying is 5 % and in poultry it is 10% and will alleviate rural poverty and uplift the rural farmer. The availability of per capita animal protein is 10.8g whereas the requirement as per world average is 25g. National sample survey reports that 70-75% of their food budget is for milk and milk products. The need of the hour is increase in production, productivity and improvement through value addition in the marketing channel. Commercialization of cow dung and urine will also encourage people to not discard cows which have stopped milk production. By-products like urine and dung can be used for medicinal and agriculture purposes. It has been reported that startups would receive upto 60 per cent initial investment from Government for by-products like cow dung and urine. Eco friendly products can be prepared from dung and urine like Bio CNG, vermicompost, incense sticks, flowerpots, dung log etc.

Introduction

The cultivated strawberry is one of the world’s most important soft fruits. Fruit is technically known as an accessory fruit in that the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries (achenes) but from the receptacle. Strawberries are a very nutritive fruit. It is a rich source of vitamins and minerals. Strawberry fruit contains about 0.5% pectin. The flavour of the fruit is due to the presence of volatile esters. Most of the fruits are consumed fresh and some are processed into jams, chutneys, squash, and other foodstuffs. It is used in large-scale ice cream making. The fruits are canned and shipped in frozen conditions to western countries. It is a fruit plant that is monoecious, has a short day, and grows quickly. Strawberry industries in America were started at the beginning of the 18th century, and today nearly 50% of the world’s production is in Europe.

The selection of a system for planting depends on the conditions and topography of the orchard’s location, plant species to be planted and orchard management practices. Generally, six systems of planting are recommended for fruit trees.

Introduction

It is the most popular tree found cultivated throughout India as stray plantations or avenues. Regular orcharding is wanted but common in waste land. The wood is used in cart wheels and rice pounders. Oil mills, etc. The bark is used in tanning. The tender leaves and flowers are eaten as a vegetable. The pulp of fruit is used for culinary purposes. The seeds are rich in pectin. India is the major producer and consumer of this fruit in the world. The seeds are rich in pectin. India is the major producer and consumer of this fruit in the world. Immature fruits are used for chutney, and ripe fruit pulp is an important ingredient in south Indian vegetable dishes to induce sourness. Tamarind is indigenous to tropical Africa and some parts of South India.

Introduction

Tea is the most popular and cheapest beverage consumed by two-thirds of the world population. The stimulative effect of tea is due to the presence of caffeine (1.25–4.5 %). Panthothenic acid, caffeine and theophylline present in tea stimulate the nerves and are good for the heart. Tea is grown in 50 countries, predominantly in Asia, Africa and Europe. Of the major tea producers, India, China, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Russia and Indonesia contribute the maximum share to global production. Though the share of India in global tea production has declined over the years, it still retains its status as the largest tea producer with 30 % of world output (2,780 million kg). India can also boast of producing many varieties of tea. Well-known varieties like Darjeeling, Assam and Nilgiris are well-known for their distinctive characters. Assam (24.86 %), West Bengal (15.20 %), Tamil Nadu (6.28 %) and Kerala (2.28 %) are major tea producing states in the country.

Temperate Fruit Plants

Temperate fruit plants are requiring specific climate. They can tolerate both diurnal and seasonal wide fluctuations in temperature and are grown only where winter is distinctly cold. They require a specific chilling temperature for a certain period to break bud dormancy and to initiate the bud break. These fruit plants are generally deciduous and suitable for higher elevations as they can withstand frost. Examples are: apple, pear, plum, apricot, almond, peach, strawberry, walnut, pecan nut and cherry.

Classification of temperate fruits: Fruits can be classified on several bases, but their classification on the basis of climatic adaptability and morphological features.

Modern silvicultural tools involve in a paradigm shift from a highly manual to mechanize or digital data recording and tight operational control. Now a days many machines or digital tool are being used in silviculture like pitting machine, tree planter, Laser geo hypsometer, Satellite system etc.

Observation recording: Now a days green felling is completely banned. Fuelwood species are managed under clear-felling systems and tree species infected by insects and pests are felled selectively. The students are advised to visit the fuelwood plantations and forests areas where selective felling is going on.

Observation recording: The students are advised to visit the different forests areas and identify various insects and pests damaging trees in various ways like leaf feeding (defoliator), stem boring (stem borer) damaging seeds (seed borer) etc and various pathogens. Collect the specimens from field bring them in laboratory and identify with the help of inhouse specimens in college laboratory or standard literature viz. The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries by Beeson CEC, Forest Pathology: Principles and Practice in Forestry by Bakshi, BK.

Observation recording: The students are advised to visit the different forests areas and identify various insects and pests damaging trees in various ways like leaf feeding (defoliator), stem boring (stem borer) damaging seeds (seed borer) etc and various pathogens.

Observation recording: For correct identification of any tropical tree species, it is necessary to observe the type of leaf, leaf arrangement, surface ornamentation of leaf and various types of margins. The type of leaf, margins and leaf arrangement can be seen without help of any lens whereas to observe the ornamentation a hand lens will be require.

Observation recording: Phenological events are typically quantified by observing the date of onset and the duration of particular phenophases, which include both vegetative and reproductive events like leaf shedding, leaf emergence, flowering and fruiting. To record the phenological events students should note down the emergence of leaf, flowering and fruiting at the interval of 15 days by vising the targeted tree species.

Observation recording: Phenological events are typically quantified by observing the date of onset and the duration of particular phenophases, which include both vegetative and reproductive events like leaf shedding, leaf emergence, flowering and fruiting. To record the phenological events students should note down the emergence of leaf, flowering and fruiting at the interval of 15 days by vising the targeted tree species.

Objective: To study the planting and stand management practices of Kala Shisham (Dalbergia latifolia).

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the shisham plantation or forest for seed collection then sowing the seeds in nursery and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in shisham plantation.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the teak forest or plantation for seed collection then sowing the seeds in nursery and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in teak plantation.